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Contents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 February 2022

Rolf K. Baltzersen
Rolf K. Baltzersen
Affiliation:
Ostfold University

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Chapter
Information
Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence
Patterns in Problem Solving and Innovation
 , pp. vii - xii
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Contents

  1. List of Figures

  2. List of Tables

  3. 1What Is Collective Intelligence?

    1. 1.1The Need for New Types of Collective Problem Solving

    2. 1.2Theoretical Perspectives on CI

      1. 1.2.1A General Group Intelligence Factor

      2. 1.2.2Self-Organization

      3. 1.2.3The Role of Diversity

    3. 1.3Top Solvers in Online Innovation Teams

    4. 1.4A Cultural-Historical Perspective on CI

    5. 1.5The Methodological Steps

      1. 1.5.1Step 1: Review Current CI Practices

      2. 1.5.2Step 2: Identifying CI as Three Types of Collective Problem Solving

      3. 1.5.3Step 3: A Historical Analysis of the Problem-Solving Types

      4. 1.5.4Step 4: Design of CI

  4. 2Crowdsourcing

    1. 2.1What Is Crowdsourcing?

    2. 2.2Online Innovation Contests

      1. 2.2.1Background

      2. 2.2.2The IdeaRally: Rapid Problem Solving in Large Groups

      3. 2.2.3The Climate CoLab: Transparent Innovation Contests

    3. 2.3Online Citizen Science

      1. 2.3.1Zooniverse: Online Citizen Science Platforms

      2. 2.3.2FoldIt: Citizen Science Games

    4. 2.4Summary

      1. 2.4.1Crowdsourcing Skills

      2. 2.4.2Design of Crowdsourcing

  5. 3Open Online Knowledge Sharing

    1. 3.1Background

    2. 3.2Open Sharing of Scientific Knowledge

      1. 3.2.1Open Access Publishing

      2. 3.2.2Open Database Projects

      3. 3.2.3Open Textbooks

      4. 3.2.4Wikipedia

      5. 3.2.5The Polymath Project

      6. 3.2.6Galaxy Zoo Quench

    3. 3.3Open Sharing of Practical Knowledge

      1. 3.3.1Open Sharing of Videos

      2. 3.3.2Open Sharing of Geographical Resources

      3. 3.3.3Open Sharing of Corporate Knowledge

      4. 3.3.4Open Sharing of Political Arguments

    4. 3.4Summary

  6. 4Human Swarm Problem Solving

    1. 4.1Background

    2. 4.2Decision Threshold Methods

      1. 4.2.1Quorum Decisions as Swarm Problem Solving among Animals

      2. 4.2.2Human Quorum Response as Swarm Problem Solving

      3. 4.2.3Majority Decisions

    3. 4.3Averaging

      1. 4.3.1Averaging as Swarm Problem Solving in Animals

      2. 4.3.2Human Averaging as Swarm Problem Solving

    4. 4.4Large Gatherings

      1. 4.4.1Large Gatherings as Swarm Problem Solving among Animals

      2. 4.4.2Large Gatherings as Human Swarm Problem Solving

    5. 4.5Heterogeneous Social Interaction

      1. 4.5.1Heterogeneous Social Interaction in Animal Swarm Problem Solving

      2. 4.5.2Human Heterogeneous Social Interaction as Human Swarm Problem Solving

    6. 4.6Environmental Sensing

      1. 4.6.1Environmental Sensing in Animal Swarm Problem Solving

      2. 4.6.2Human Environmental Sensing

    7. 4.7What Is Human Swarm Problem Solving?

      1. 4.7.1Predefined Problems

      2. 4.7.2Prespecified Problem-Solving Procedures

      3. 4.7.3Rapid Time-Limited Problem Solving

      4. 4.7.4Individual Learning

      5. 4.7.5Summary of the Basic Characteristics in Human Swarm Problem Solving

  7. 5The Origins of Human Swarm Problem Solving

    1. 5.1Background

    2. 5.2The Emergence of Group Hunting

    3. 5.3The Emergence of Premodern Trade

    4. 5.4Human Swarm Problem Solving in Ancient Athens

      1. 5.4.1Maximizing Information about the Athenian Territory

      2. 5.4.2Heterogeneous Social Interaction through Rotation and Randomization

      3. 5.4.3Decision Threshold Methods in the Assembly and the People’s Court

      4. 5.4.4Large Gatherings in Athens

    5. 5.5A Summary of Human Swarm Evolution

      1. 5.5.1The Evolution of Synchronized Swarm Problem Solving

      2. 5.5.2The Evolution of Pinpointed Swarm Problem Solving

  8. 6Human Stigmergic Problem Solving

    1. 6.1What Is Stigmergic Problem Solving?

      1. 6.1.1Background

      2. 6.1.2Quantitative Stigmergy

      3. 6.1.3Qualitative Stigmergy

      4. 6.1.4Sematectonic Stigmergy

      5. 6.1.5Marker-Based Stigmergy

      6. 6.1.6Human Stigmergic Problem Solving Is Solution-Centered

    2. 6.2Rating Complete Solutions

      1. 6.2.1Search Engines and Collaborative Filtering

      2. 6.2.2Different Rating Methods

    3. 6.3Reestimating Solutions

    4. 6.4Completing Solutions

    5. 6.5Adapting Complete Solutions

      1. 6.5.1Background

      2. 6.5.2Open Textbooks

      3. 6.5.3Internet Memes

    6. 6.6What Is Human Stigmergic Problem Solving?

      1. 6.6.1Solution-Centered Collective Problem Solving

      2. 6.6.2“Rating Complete Solutions” as Marker-Based, Quantitative Stigmergy

      3. 6.6.3“Reestimating Solutions” as Quantitative, Sematectonic Stigmergy

      4. 6.6.4“Completing Solutions” as Qualitative, Sematectonic Stigmergy

      5. 6.6.5“Adapting Complete Solutions” as Sematectonic, Qualitative Stigmergy

      6. 6.6.6Improvement of Solutions as the Basis for Human Stigmergic Problem Solving

  9. 7The Origins of Human Stigmergic Problem Solving

    1. 7.1Background

    2. 7.2The Invention of Writing

    3. 7.3The Invention of the Printing Press

      1. 7.3.1Mass Copying of Printed Information

      2. 7.3.2Flexible Modification of Printed Information

    4. 7.4A Summary of Human Stigmergic Evolution

      1. 7.4.1The Invention of Writing

      2. 7.4.2The Invention of the Printing Press

      3. 7.4.3The Invention of the Internet

  10. 8Collaborative Problem Solving

    1. 8.1Background

    2. 8.2Working Well with Others

      1. 8.2.1Being in a Symmetrical Group Relationship

      2. 8.2.2Interest in Meeting People Who Are Different

    3. 8.3Cognitive Diversity

    4. 8.4Equal Participation

    5. 8.5Joint Coordination

      1. 8.5.1Establishing a Shared Understanding of the Problem

      2. 8.5.2Planning the Process

      3. 8.5.3Staying Focused on Shared Goals

      4. 8.5.4Ensuring the Conversational Flow

  11. 9The Origins of Collaborative Problem Solving

    1. 9.1Background

    2. 9.2Antecedents to Mutual Collaboration

      1. 9.2.1Mutual Collaboration Originates from Gestural Communication

      2. 9.2.2Three Communicative Motives

      3. 9.2.3The Joy of Collaboration

    3. 9.3Antecedents to Collaborative Culture

      1. 9.3.1The Emergence of a Community of Learners

      2. 9.3.2Equal Participation

    4. 9.4A Summary of the Evolution of Collaborative Problem Solving

  12. 10Intelligent Engagement

    1. 10.1Background

    2. 10.2Mass Deliberation

      1. 10.2.1Citizens’ Council in Ostbelgien

      2. 10.2.2Better Reykjavík

    3. 10.3Mass Voting

    4. 10.4Transparent Collective Work

      1. 10.4.1Crowd Peer Review

      2. 10.4.2The Icelandic Experiment

      3. 10.4.3Crowdsourcing Bills of Law

    5. 10.5Social Media Activism

    6. 10.6Dysfunctional Engagement

    7. 10.7Summary

  13. 11Intelligent Contributions

    1. 11.1Background

    2. 11.2Many Different Perspectives on the Same Work

    3. 11.3The Golden Middle Way Is the Best Solution

      1. 11.3.1Meeting at the Quantitative Middle Point

      2. 11.3.2Finding a Balanced Representation of All Sides

      3. 11.3.3Identifying Commonalities

    4. 11.4Searching for the Unexpected Solution

    5. 11.5Modularizing the Tasks

      1. 11.5.1A Modularization Strategy

      2. 11.5.2Modularization in Strongly Interconnected Content Structures

      3. 11.5.3Modularization in Loosely Connected Content Structures

    6. 11.6Summary

  14. 12Intelligent Evaluations

    1. 12.1Background

    2. 12.2The Reputation Society

      1. 12.2.1The Emergence of the Reputation Society

      2. 12.2.2Online Reputations Moving into New Domains

      3. 12.2.3Reputation Score Systems in Social Media

    3. 12.3Evaluating the Collective Work

      1. 12.3.1Shared Coordination

      2. 12.3.2The Need for Coordinators

    4. 12.4Institutionalizing Critical Discourse

      1. 12.4.1The Nomothetai

      2. 12.4.2The Citizen’s Assembly in Ireland

      3. 12.4.3Knowledge Commons

    5. 12.5Summary

  15. 13COVID-19 as a Wicked Problem

    1. 13.1Background

    2. 13.2The Test and Trace Strategy

    3. 13.3Effective Communication about the Pandemic

    4. 13.4Rule Compliance

    5. 13.5COVID-19 in a CI Perspective

      1. 13.5.1Transparent Information

      2. 13.5.2Citizen Responsibility

      3. 13.5.3Collective Learning

  16. 14Motivation to Contribute

    1. 14.1Background

    2. 14.2Being Immersed

      1. 14.2.1Being Immersed in Simple Tasks

      2. 14.2.2Being Immersed in Complex Tasks

    3. 14.3Being Recognized

    4. 14.4Being Part of a Community

    5. 14.5Learning as Motivation

      1. 14.5.1Individual Learning as Motivation

      2. 14.5.2Collective Learning as Motivation

      3. 14.5.3Transformative Learning as Motivation

    6. 14.6Economic Motivation

    7. 14.7Making Societal Contributions

    8. 14.8Summary

  17. 15The Intelligent Society

    1. 15.1Background

    2. 15.2Instrumentarian Intelligence

    3. 15.3Civic Intelligence

  18. References

  19. Index

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  • Contents
  • Rolf K. Baltzersen
  • Book: Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence
  • Online publication: 03 February 2022
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  • Contents
  • Rolf K. Baltzersen
  • Book: Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence
  • Online publication: 03 February 2022
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  • Contents
  • Rolf K. Baltzersen
  • Book: Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence
  • Online publication: 03 February 2022
Available formats
×