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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2022

Panos Merkouris
Affiliation:
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
Jörg Kammerhofer
Affiliation:
University of Freiburg, Germany
Noora Arajärvi
Affiliation:
Hertie School of Governance, Berlin, Germany

Summary

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Abi-Saab, G., 139, 152
Absence in CIL
generally, 6263
acquiescence and, 7273
assertion and, 7172, 85
deductive reasoning and, 6970, 7172, 85
Grundnorm and, 63
improper ICJ treatment of, 73
inconsistency in ICJ treatment of, 73
inductive reasoning and, 6971
Kosovo Advisory Opinion and (See Kosovo Advisory Opinion (ICJ 2010))
law-creating in inductive reasoning, 70
legal positivism and, 6263
‘magic’ argumentative tricks, 7475
‘modern’ deductive reasoning and, 71, 85
non liquet and, 63, 68, 71, 73, 74
‘open-system’ approach, need for, 84, 86
open versus closed system, 6869, 84
persuasive argumentation and, 63, 7375, 85
selectivity in inductive reasoning, 70
silence distinguished, 7576
si loqui debuisset ac potuisset and, 7273
subjectivity in inductive reasoning, 70
superficial rationality and, 85
teleological argumentation and, 74, 85
traditional deductive reasoning and, 71, 85
uti possideti juris and, 74
Abstractness, 62, 74, 415, 457
Accountability in CIL, 434435
Acquiescence
absence in CIL and, 7273
to misinterpretation of CIL, 5960
Actus reus, 5253
Ad absurdum, 360
Adams, Nathan, 372
‘Ad nauseam fallacy’, 343
Adoption, 197
Advisory Committee of Jurists, 354355
Afghanistan
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in, 317
Taliban, 317
African Union, 5556
Agencies of change
generally, 193194, 201202
equity as, 196, 199201
legal fiction as, 196, 197199
legislation as, 196197
Aggression, 106
Ago, Roberto, 139, 171
Agreement on Textiles (1995), 294
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) (1985), 286, 293
Akehurst, Michael, 1314, 377, 383
Algeria
corporal punishment and, 338
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations and, 338
Alland, D., 353, 358, 396397
Allied Control Council Law No. 10, 270
Allott, Philip, 188, 400
Al-Qaeda, 309
Álvarez, Alejandro, 321
American Convention on Human Rights (1969), 337
Ammann, Odile, 491492, 505
Analogic interpretation, 428429
Apartheid, 221223
Applicative construction, 401404
Approximately plausible empowerment norms (AppPENs), 5, 2628
Arajärvi, Noora, 343
Arbitration, 43, 243
de Aréchaga, Jimenez, 232
Arend, Anthony Clark, 313
Argentina, application of ICJ Statute Art. 38 in, 147, 148, 151
Argumenta ad ignorantiam, 7577, 81
Argumenta e silentio, 7576, 78, 8081
Aristotle, 438
Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA)
attribution and, 97
ICJ and, 248, 250251
necessity and, 96
success of, 176
WTO Appellate Body and, 282285, 286, 287
Ascertainment of CIL. See Identification of CIL
Assertion
absence in CIL and, 7172, 85
ICJ, assertion of existence of CIL in, 234
international courts and tribunals, assertion of CIL without demonstration, 240
in WTO Appellate Body, 287
‘Astigmatic pragmatists’, 68
Asylum case (ICJ 1950)
generally, 73, 85
interpretation of CIL in, 428429
silence as objection, 73, 7475
Attribution, 9798, 109110
Austin, John, 190
Australia
authoritative written documents, interpreting CIL norms in, 503
on domestic violence, 320
Austria
generally, 508509
ambiguity regarding CIL in, 529
application of CIL in, 524525, 527, 528529
Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz (B-VG) (Constitution), 508509, 524527, 528
constitutional law outside constitution, 524525
interstate treaties in, 525527
treaties, domestic law and, 508
VCLT and, 527, 529
Verfassungsgerichtshof (VfGH) (Constitiutional Court), 527, 529
Aut dedere aut judicare, 165, 167
Autonomous interpretation of CIL, 493499, 505
Bacon, Francis, 68
Baker, R., 198, 199200
Barcelona Traction case (ICJ 1970)
generally, 445446
community interests in, 223224
diplomatic protection and, 223224
enkapsis and, 224, 225
erga omnes obligations and, 225
general rules of CIL and, 440
interpretation of CIL in, 426, 427
Barthes, Roland, 438
‘Battlefield practice’, 12
‘Battle of the sexes’, 116, 118
Bedjaoui, Mohammed, 364
Belgium
autonomous interpretation of CIL in, 497499
ICJ Statute Art. 38, application in, 148
state official immunity and, 497499
Belief
negation versus, 79
richness of, 7980
Benin
child marriage and, 342
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations and, 342
Bentham, J., 154, 159
Berlin Conference (1885), 223
Bianchi, Andrea, 57, 193
Bilateral investment treaties (BITs), 244245
Billard, Julie, 330
Binding force of treaties, 121122
von Bismarck, Otto, 509
Black’s Law Dictionary, 402, 403
‘Black swans’, 492
Bleckmann, Albert, 397, 411
‘Blindingness’, 434435
Blutman, L., 375
‘Bootstrapping’, 435, 438
Bos, M., 400
Bossa, Solomy Balungi, 55
Botswana, Universal Periodic Review Recommendations and, 328
Botvinik, Mikhail, 357
Brazil, Universal Periodic Review Recommendations and, 328329
Brie, Siegfried, 1617
Brownlie, Ian, 441442
Brunnée, Jutta, 341
Burial law, 474
Cambodia. See Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)
Cameron, AM, 208210
Canada, statutory interpretation in, 490
Cançado Trindade, Antônio Augusto, 436437, 443
Capotorti, F., 397
Carty, A., 31
Cassese, Antonio, 59
Certitudinal aspect, 222223
Chagos Advisory Opinion (ICJ 2019)
CIL in, 437
crystallisation of rules and, 269270, 444445
erga omnes obligations and, 443
estoppel and, 436437
factual background, 435437
general rules of CIL and, 440441
identification of CIL in, 443445
interpretation of CIL in, 428, 442449
limited analysis in, 278
prescription and, 436437
self-determination and, 243244, 269270, 278, 428, 442449
UN General Assembly Resolutions, reliance on, 243244, 269270
uti possidetis juris and, 447448
Chagos Islands, 243. See also Chagos Advisory Opinion (ICJ 2019)
Charlesworth, Hilary, 317
Chasapis Tassinis, O., 396397
Cheng, Bin, 17
Child marriage, 342343
Chile
authoritative written documents, interpreting CIL norms in, 504
ICJ Statute Art. 38, application in, 147148
China, People’s Liberation Army, 316
Choi, S. J., 234, 410
‘Chronological paradox’, 110
CJEU. See Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
Clarification, interpretation as, 388392
Cohen, Harlan, 59
Coherence, 438439
Colombia
Ejército de Liberación Nacional, 317
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, 305
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in, 305, 306, 317
Colombian-Peruvian Asylum case. See Asylum case (ICJ 1950)
Comfort women, 359, 364365
Comity, 441
Command responsibility, 407408
Committee on the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW Committee), 320321
Committee on the Rights of the Child, 337338
Communitarian semantics, 217218
Concept of Law (Hart), 65, 189
Conforti, B., 154
Container/content duality
generally, 371, 372, 385386, 392
clarification, interpretation as, 388392
elements of custom distinguished from CIL, 401
evolutive interpretation and, 388392
identification, interpretation as, 386388
ILC and, 373
light analogy, 375
linguistic formulas and, 373374
state positions and, 374375
state practice as both container and content, 375
statutes as containers, 372373
treaties as containers, 372373
Content determination, 404, 407, 423424, 460461
Contract law, 470471
Conundrum of CIL, 34
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Torture Convention) (1984), 268, 328
Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention) (1951), 503
Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (1997), 318
Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property (2004), 163164, 168, 242243, 500, 501502
Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) (1979), 342
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982), 145, 247248, 502503
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention) (1948), 251
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1989), 337338, 342
Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (1966), 145
‘Convergence theory’, 245
‘Core of settled meaning’, 198
Corporal punishment, 337338
Corporate liability, 489490
Correlative enkapsis, 213
‘Corrupt pedigree’, 40, 5759
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
interpretation of CIL in, 366367
Kadi case, 366367
misinterpretation of CIL and, 53
reference for preliminary ruling, 173
Cowan, Jane, 330
Crawford, James, 171, 176, 441442
CRC. See Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1989)
Creation of CIL
approximately plausible empowerment norms (AppPENs) and, 2628
CIL as primitive form of, 28
default position, 2425
different branches of international law having different rules in relation to, 323
identification of CIL versus, 1720
interpretation of CIL and, 4041
law-creating in inductive reasoning, 70
meta-meta law and, 2324
opinio juris as law-creating element, 18
state interests and, 9596
state practice as law-creating element, 18
temporary dimension, collapse of, 9094
Criddle, E. J., 445
Crimes against humanity, 106, 164
Crystallisation of rules
Chagos case and, 269270, 444445
custom-making moment and, 33
ICTY and, 5455, 264265, 267
ILC and, 180
interpretation following, 504505
jus cogens and, 311312
misinterpretation of CIL and, 48, 61
pacta sunt servanda and, 112
self-determination and, 269270, 444445
state immunity and, 247
state official immunity and, 494, 497499
treaty interpretation and, 411413
VCLT and, 42
Custom
agreement versus, 8990
CIL and, 27
comparative analysis, 141
criticisms of role in CIL, 233
custom in foro versus custom in pays, 154, 156158, 159160
custom-making moment (See Custom-making moment)
‘custom plus’, 48
elements of custom distinguished from CIL, 399401, 405, 406, 413
as historical basis of law, 185186
ICJ and, 411
ICJ Statute Art. 38, custom as source of legal obligation in, 88, 8990
‘instant’ custom, 127128, 130
interpretation of CIL, improper analysis of custom in, 47
‘oceanic’ custom, 441442
‘ontological’ custom, 442
opinio juris and, 8890, 9394, 400
outstanding questions regarding, 231232
PCIJ and, 399400
regional custom, 7475
‘Schrödinger’s custom’, 88, 9094, 101
as source of legal obligation, 8890
as source of rules arising out of general practice, 141151
UN General Assembly Resolutions and, 321322
verbal practice and, 1416
Customary international law (CIL). See specific topic
Customary process, 6, 4041, 5758, 61, 396, 487
Custom-making moment
generally, 32
anonymity and, 3738
crystallisation of rules and, 33
as fiction, 3233
foundationalism and, 3839
ILC on, 3435, 38
impunity and, 3738
in international legal discourse, 3335
presumption of, 3132
two-dimensional temporality of CIL and, 3637
‘Custom plus’, 48
Cyber warfare, 389
D’Amato, Anthony, 4041, 324
d’Aspremont, Jean
communitarian semantics and, 218
on convergence of state practice and opinio juris, 203204
on human rights law, 323
iconoclastic view of CIL and, 46, 811
law-identification versus law-creating, 18, 19
on non-state armed groups (NSAGs), 313
on state interests, 95
verbal practice and, 13, 1415, 16
Daugirdas, Kristina, 304
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1960), 326
Deductive reasoning
absence in CIL and, 6970, 7172, 85
axiomatic principles and, 257
filling lacunae, 256
methodological dualism with inductive reasoning, 256258, 275276
‘modern’ deductive reasoning, 71, 85
traditional deductive reasoning, 71, 85
Deference
‘cycle of contestation and deference’, 454, 464465, 476477
international courts and tribunals, deference of domestic courts to, 499501, 505
De Gaulle, Charles, 95
Deleuze, Gilles, 393
Derrida, Jacques, 393, 438
Descamps, Baron, 231
de Visscher, Charles, 92, 395396, 401
Differentiated responsibility, 219
Differentiation, 393
Dinstein, Y., 141142
Diplomatic immunity, 125
Diplomatic protection, 223224, 225, 427
Discourse vandalism, 39
Discretion of court. See Judicial discretion in ascertaining CIL
Dixon, Martin, 96
Doctrine of sources, 30, 371372
Dolzer, R., 152
Domestic courts, CIL and. See also specific country
authoritative written documents, interpreting CIL norms in, 502504, 505
autonomous interpretation of CIL in, 493499, 505
beyond framework of sources, 463465, 480
concurrent character of decisions, 150151
contributions to interpretation of CIL, 454455, 465466, 481
‘cycle of contestation and deference’, 454, 464465, 476477
development of international law, contributions to, 453454, 461
duality in interaction with international law, 463464
empirical study of domestic courts and CIL, 487489
evolutive interpretation in, 469470, 471474, 475, 479
‘false positives’ of interpretation of CIL in, 489492
in federal states (See Federal states, CIL and)
‘feedback loop’ with international law, 464, 478479
within framework of sources, 461463
general principles of law and, 453, 475476
ICJ as authority for CIL in, 247, 499501
ICJ Statute Art. 38, application of, 146151, 462, 476
identification of CIL versus interpretation of CIL in, 481, 482487
immunities, decisions regarding, 490491, 492493
increasing use of CIL in as reason for learning from, 478, 480
international courts and tribunals, deference to, 499501, 505
interpretation of CIL in, 466470
interpretive method in, 465466, 475477, 479
jus cogens and, 494, 496
opinio juris and, 453
overview of case law, 455
professed interpretation of CIL actually identification of CIL in, 489490
recommendations, 505506
regulation of sources of international law and, 146151
‘reverse’ consistent interpretation in, 491492
state immunity and, 499501
state official immunity and, 493499
state practice and, 453, 475
statutory interpretation versus interpretation of CIL in, 490491
subsidiary means for interpretation of CIL, 476
systemic interpretation in, 475, 479, 505
teleological interpretation in, 469471, 475, 479
tools provided from CIL as reason for learning from, 478479, 480
treaty interpretation and, 453
‘true positives’ of interpretation of CIL in, 481482, 492504
unregulated and underdeveloped state of CIL as reason for learning from, 477478, 480
VCLT and, 462, 494, 495496, 497, 500, 501, 502, 503
Domestic violence, 320321
Domínguez-Redondo, Elvira, 334
Dominican Republic
domestic violence in, 320
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations and, 320
‘Do no harm’ principle, 118, 125
Dooyeweerd, Herman
generally, 204205
communitarian semantics and, 217218
differentiated responsibility, 219
encyclopedic approach to concept of law (See Encyclopedic approach to concept of law)
enkapsis (See Enkapsis)
on inter-legality, 205
jural aspect (See Jural aspect)
modal aspects of reality (See Modal aspects of reality)
theory of entities (See Theory of entities)
Draft Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Law (ILC)
ICJ and, 280
international courts and tribunals and, 233234, 237, 499
international organisations (IOs) and, 333
interpretation and, 46, 58, 397398, 416417
jus cogens and, 361362
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) and, 300, 303304
opinio juris and, 130131, 133
state consent and, 111, 112, 130131, 133
state practice and, 58
treaty interpretation and, 363
two-factor formula in, 259260, 277, 322323
Dupuy, P. M., 138, 363
Duress defence, 265266
Dworkin, Ronald, 65, 184
ECCC. See Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)
Economic theory of negligence, 94
Egypt, on crimes against humanity, 164
El Salvador
Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, 305
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in, 305
Empowerment norms, 23
Encyclopedia of the Science of Law (Dooyeweerd), 204205, 226
Encyclopedic approach to concept of law
generally, 206207
enkapsis (See Enkapsis)
modal aspects of reality (See Modal aspects of reality)
theory of entities (See Theory of entities)
three pillars of, 207
two-factor formula of CIL and, 227
Endicott, T. A. O., 402
Energy Charter Treaty (1994), 23
Enkapsis
generally, 205, 227
communitarian semantics and, 217218
coordinational interests and, 224226
correlative enkapsis, 213
defined, 212213
environmental protection and, 220
inter-legality and, 219221, 225, 227, 228
international humanitarian law (IHL) and, 220
‘legal’ enkapsis, 213, 224226, 227
pluralist ontology and, 218219
positive law and, 212213
public–private divide and, 224226
religious freedom and, 220
social relationships and, 213
territorial enkapsis, 213
unilateral enkapsis, 213
‘Enlightened positivism’, 93
Enrica Lexie Arbitration (2020), 243
Environmental protection, 220
Equidistance principle, 390
Equity
generally, 201202
as agency of change, 196, 199201
human rights law and, 199200
international organisations (IOs) and, 201
Erga omnes obligations, 224, 225, 443
Estoppel, 436437
Ethical aspect, 222223
European Convention on State Immunity (1972), 242
European Court of Human Rights
corporal punishment and, 337
de facto precedent, problem of adopting, 247
interpretation in, 397398
state immunity in, 247
WTO Appellate Body and, 280
European Journal of International Law, 5
Evolutive interpretation, 388392, 469470, 471474, 475, 479
Ex aequo et bono, 433
Exitus acta probat, 49, 52
Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)
Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE) and, 5052
misinterpretation of CIL and, 5052
Extraordinary rendition, 496497
‘Fair play’ principle, 118119
Faith aspect, 222223
False alternatives, fallacy of, 7778
‘False positives’ of interpretation of CIL in domestic courts, 489492
Falsification test, 65
Families
adoption and, 197
CIL and, 187
development of customary law in, 186188
lineage and, 197
states compared, 187, 189
Federal Republic of Germany. See West Germany
Federal states, CIL and
generally, 507, 509
Austria (See Austria)
nature of states in, 508
Weimar Republic (See Weimar Republic)
West Germany (See West Germany)
‘Feedback loop’ between domestic courts and international law, 464, 478479
Female genital mutilation (FGM), 473474
Feminist theory, state consent and, 126, 128
Ferguson, Niall, 439
Fiore’s Draft Code, 357
Formalism
generally, 183184
CIL as contra to existing law, 195196
effect of interpretation of rules on practice, 192193
examples, interaction with rules, 191
formalisation of CIL, 190196
identification of CIL and, 183
interpretation of rules and, 192194
practice versus rules, 191192
strategic formalism, 194196, 202
supplementing versus replacing CIL, 194196
Formal rationality, 7375
Forteau, Mathias, 397398
Fortin, Katharine, 313
Foundationalism, 3839
Fox-Decent, E., 445
Fragmentation of law, ILC and, 165, 167, 170176, 179
France
corporal punishment and, 338
Germany, occupation of, 516
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations and, 338
Freedom of seas, 81
‘Frustrated iconoclasts’, 811
Fuller, Lon, 380
Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros case (ICJ 1997)
generally, 283
interpretation of CIL in, 364
necessity and, 250
state responsibility and, 177
Games versus law, 155156
General norms, 396
General practice accepted as law. See Opinio juris
Geneva Call, 306307, 308, 317
Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf (1958), 236
Geneva Conventions (1949)
Additional Protocol I (1977), 467468
Additional Protocol II (1977), 504
as CIL, 271
Common Article 3, 270271, 301, 408
fair trial and, 270271
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) and, 298, 301
Genocide, 106, 123
Genocide Convention (1948), 251
Germany
ambiguity regarding CIL in, 529
Constitution of 1871, 512
domestic courts, ICJ as authority for CIL in, 500
nature of states in, 507508
Prussia, preeminence of in German Empire, 512
reunification of, 523
state immunity and, 500
treaties, domestic law and, 508
Weimar Republic (See Weimar Republic)
West Germany (See West Germany)
Ghana
criminalisation of same sex relations in, 324325
ICCPR and, 324325
Global Initiative to End Corporal Punishment of Children, 337
Good faith principle, 295
Gorobets, Kostiantyn, 401
Great Belt Bridge, 352
Greece, Code of Civil Procedure, 356
Gros, André, 419420
Grotius, Hugo, 421422
Group of 77, 331
Grundnorm, 24, 26, 63, 69
Guastini, R., 272
Guillaume, Gilbert, 173, 176, 411
Gujadhur, S., 331332
Gulati, M., 234, 410
Günther, Herbert, 2526
Habit, state practice distinguished, 376377, 383
Hafner, Gerald, 96, 99
Hague Convention on Rules and Regulations covering Land Warfare (1899), 220
Hakimi, Monica, 376
Hamster, Jorian, 478
‘Hand-waving’, 439
Hart, H.L.A.
generally, 184
‘fair play’ principle and, 118119
Grundnorm and, 26
on law as science, 65
legal positivism and, 10, 6263
non-manipulation principle and, 119
on practice, 378
primary rules versus secondary rules, 140, 152
on Roman law, 190191
rule of recognition and, 69, 155, 156, 372
on sovereignty, 189
state consent and, 107, 129
Harvard Draft Convention on the Law of Treaties, 290291
Hayek, G., 194
Head of state immunity, 5556, 106, 435, 440
Henderson, 204
Henkin, Louis, 88, 94, 158, 232, 233
Heraclitus, 393
Hermeneutics, 437438
Hierarchy of CIL
generally, 2022
approximately plausible empowerment norms (AppPENs), 2628
empowerment norms, 23
legal methodology and, 21
meta-law, 23
meta-meta law, 2324
structural analysis and, 20, 2122
substantive norms, 23
Higgins, Rosalyn, 321322
‘Historically first constitution’, 23
Hmoud, Mahmoud D., 397398
Hobbes, Thomas, 96, 97
HRC. See Human Rights Council (HRC)
Hudson, Manley, 165
Human Rights Committee, 324325
Human Rights Council (HRC)
child marriage and, 342
creation, 321
ICCPR and, 342
Resolution 16/21, 333334
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations (See Universal Periodic Review Recommendations)
Human rights law
abuses by states, impact on state practice, 323324
debate regarding prohibited practices, 324325
equity and, 199200
ICJ and, 324
identification of CIL in, 322326
obligation, state attitudes toward, 325
realist criticisms of, 323324
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations (See Universal Periodic Review Recommendations)
Hume, David, 6768
Hybrid interpretation, 358
Hypothetical nature of CIL, 433434
Ibáñez Carranza, Luz Del Carmen, 55
ICC. See International Criminal Court (ICC)
ICJ. See International Court of Justice (ICJ)
ICJ Statute Art. 38
adoption of, 144
application outside ICJ, 143151
as codificatory of CIL rules, 154
custom as source of legal obligation in, 88, 8990
as declaratory of CIL rules, 151153
domestic courts, application in, 146151, 462, 476
elements of CIL in, 4446
identification of CIL versus interpretation of CIL, 485
international courts and tribunals, application in, 143144, 176177
judicial discretion and, 264
law-identifying versus law-creating, 70
‘oceanic’ custom distinguished from CIL in, 442
opinio juris and, 235, 277, 299, 399
as positive law, 145146
as reflective of CIL rules, 151153
regulation of sources of international law and, 137138, 141, 143154, 159
state practice and, 144151, 235
treaties, application in, 145
two-factor formula in, 4446, 277, 399
Iconoclastic view of CIL
generally, 4, 5
belief system, international law as, 811
‘frustrated iconoclasts’, 811
noncognitivism and, 10
problems with, 56
reductivism and, 811
‘ruleness’ versus, 10
ICRC. See International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
ICTY. See International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
Identification of CIL
content determination distinguished, 259260
determination versus, 37
dynamic of CIL and, 424425
as empirical assessment, 88
formalisation in legal scholarship, 421
formalism and, 183
in human rights law, 322326
ICJ Statute Art. 38, identification of CIL versus interpretation of CIL, 485
as intellectual operation, 422
in international courts and tribunals (See International courts and tribunals)
interpretation as identification, 386388
interpretation of CIL distinguished, 394, 404407, 413, 417418, 420429, 459460
in investment tribunals, 241
in investor–state dispute settlement, 244246
justification of rules distinguished, 262
as law ascertainment and content determination, 404
law-creating versus, 1720
meta-law on, 234
observer, role of, 9094, 101
opinio juris as law-identification element, 18
realism and, 183184
‘Schrödinger’s custom’, 88, 9094, 101
state interests and, 100, 101
state practice as law-identification element, 18
temporary dimension, collapse of, 9094
traditional method (See Traditional method of ascertaining CIL)
two-factor formula and, 226, 235236, 273274
universal methodology, myth of, 260261
in WTO Appellate Body (See World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body)
Identification of Customary Law Project (ILC)
argumentative strategy versus epistemological method for identifying CIL, 259263
convergence of state practice and opinio juris, 203204
formalisation and, 421422
judicial discretion and, 258
law-identification versus law-making, 1819
pragmatic view of CIL and, 45, 67
state consent and, 108
Ignorance, fallacy of, 7677, 8182
IHL. See International humanitarian law (IHL)
Ihlen Declaration between the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Norway and Denmark, 352
ILA. See International Law Association (ILA)
ILC. See International Law Commission (ILC)
Immunities
diplomatic immunity, 125
domestic court decisions regarding, 490491, 492493
head of state immunity, 5556, 106, 435, 440
state immunity, 247, 425427, 499501
state official immunity, 493499
Incidents of statehood, 442
India
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in, 316
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations and, 328
Indonesia
child marriage and, 342
ICJ Statute Art. 38, application in, 148
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations and, 342
In dubio mitius, 281282, 360
Inductive reasoning
absence in CIL and, 6971
law-creating in, 70
methodological dualism with deductive reasoning, 256258, 275276
opinio juris and, 256257
selectivity in, 70
state practice and, 256257
subjectivity in, 70
Inference, 8283
Inheritance law, 471473
‘Instant’ custom, 127128, 130
Institut de Droit International, 361, 419
Interactionism, 186
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 280, 337
Inter-legality, 205, 219221, 225, 227, 228
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), 177179, 457
International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, 300, 314
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
Customary IHL, 299300, 314
on hostilities, 468
international humanitarian law (IHL) and, 440
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) and, 299300, 314, 319
on opinio juris versus state practice, 13, 267
on verbal practice, 12
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
generally, 24
absence in CIL and (See Absence in CIL)
acceptance by majority of states and, 498499
Application of the Convention of Genocide case, 251
argument from silence in, 8081
ARSIWA and, 248, 250251
assertion of existence of CIL in, 234
Asylum case (See Asylum case (ICJ 1950))
as authority for CIL, 442
Barcelona Traction case (See Barcelona Traction case (ICJ 1970))
Burkina Faso/Mali Frontier Dispute case, 74
Certain Activities case, 248
Chagos Advisory Opinion (See Chagos Advisory Opinion (ICJ 2019))
classification of approaches to CIL, 234
Colombian–Peruvian Asylum case (See Asylum case (ICJ 1950))
Construction of a Wall case, 74
Corfu Channel case, 271
Croatia–Serbia Genocide case, 363364
custom and, 411
Diallo case, 177, 182
diplomatic protection and, 223224, 225
domestic courts, ICJ as authority for CIL in, 247, 499501
draft articles, use of, 177
elements of custom distinguished from CIL, 400
erga omnes obligations and, 224, 225
Fisheries case, 75, 8081
flexibility in identifying CIL, problems with, 253255
Frontier Dispute case, 457458
Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros case (See Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros case (ICJ 1997))
Genocide Reservations Advisory Opinion, 321
Gulf of Maine case, 71, 349, 419420
Habré case, 179180
human rights law and, 324
ILC as authority for CIL in, 179180, 182, 239240, 250252
ILC Draft Conclusions and, 280
improper generalisations regarding CIL in, 247248
international courts and tribunals, ICJ as authority for CIL in, 239240, 247249
interpretation of CIL in, 349, 354, 363364, 457458 (See also specific case)
interpretation of treaties in, 43
judicial discretion in, 269270
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State case (See Jurisdictional Immunities of the State case (ICJ 2012))
jus cogens and, 312
Kosovo Advisory Opinion (See Kosovo Advisory Opinion (ICJ 2010))
Land, Island and Maritime Dispute case, 74
Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 Advisory Opinion (See Chagos Advisory Opinion (ICJ 2019))
Legality of the Threat and Use of Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion (See Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion (ICJ 1996))
meta-law on identification of CIL and, 234
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua case (See Nicaragua case (ICJ 1986))
Nicaragua case (See Nicaragua case (ICJ 1986))
North Sea Continental Shelf case (See North Sea Continental Shelf case (ICJ 1969))
Nuclear Tests case, 353
Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion (See Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion (ICJ 1996))
opinio juris and, 1617
Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh case, 7273
persuasive argumentation in, 63, 7375
role in international law, 173
South West Africa Advisory Opinion, 221223, 484
standing in, 221
state practice and, 376377
Statute Art. 38 (See ICJ Statute Art. 38)
systemic issues regarding identifying CIL in, 253255
Temple of Preah Vihear case, 7273
Territorial and Maritime Dispute in the Caribbean Sea case, 74, 247248
territorial tort exception and, 242243, 425427
torture and, 179180
traditional method of ascertaining CIL, ignoring, 234
treaties, locating CIL in, 242244
two-factor formula and, 357
UN General Assembly Resolutions and, 322, 343
on unilateral acts of states, 353
use of force and, 220
uti possidetis juris and, 457458
WTO Appellate Body, as authority for CIL in, 247, 280, 283, 287, 296
International courts and tribunals. See also specific court or tribunal
generally, 234235
absence of decision on CIL in, 248249
accepting agreement of parties as to CIL, 240241
assertion of CIL without demonstration, 240
de facto precedent, problem of adopting, 247
domestic courts, deference by, 499501, 505
draft articles, use of, 177
ICJ as authority for CIL in, 239240, 247249
ICJ Statute Art. 38, application of, 143144, 176177
ILC as authority for CIL in, 175, 176180, 239240, 249252
ILC Draft Conclusions and, 233234, 237, 499
improper generalizations regarding CIL in, 247248
institutional constraints in identifying CIL, 238
investment tribunals, 177179, 241
judges, role of, 237238
legal fiction in, 197198
practical constraints in identifying CIL, 238
regulation of sources of international law and, 143144
shortcuts in identifying CIL, 239241, 252253
traditional method of ascertaining CIL in, 235239
treaties, locating CIL in, 239240, 241246
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (1966), 324325, 342
International Criminal Court (ICC)
Al Bashir case, 55
head of state immunity and, 5556, 435
interpretation of CIL in, 354
Rome Statute (1998), 163164, 354, 503
South Africa case, 56
International criminal law, judicial discretion in, 258
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE) and, 270
judicial discretion in, 270271
Kayishema & Ruzindana case, 270271
Rwamakuba case, 270
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
actus reus in, 5253
command responsibility and, 407408
crystallisation of rules and, 5455, 264265, 267
duress defence and, 265266
Erdemović case, 265266, 267
extensive empirical test in, 265266
Furundžija case, 266, 268, 408409
Hadžihasanović case, 271, 363, 407408, 409
interpretation of CIL in, 363, 458
Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE) and, 5052
judicial discretion in, 264268, 270271
Kordić case, 271
Kupreškić case, 5355, 267268
Martić case, 267
misinterpretation of CIL and, 5055
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) and, 300, 314
Orić case, 408
Perisić case, 5253
rape and, 408409
relation of opinio juris to state practice in, 5355, 267268
reprisals and, 267
sufficiently widespread practice standard in, 266
Tadić case, 5051, 270, 271
torture and, 268
treaty interpretation in, 407409
International humanitarian law (IHL)
as CIL, 440
enkapsis and, 220
equal application of, 315316
ICRC and, 440
non-state armed groups (NSAGs), incorporation into CIL (See Non-state armed groups (NSAGs), incorporation into CIL)
protective standards, 316318
International Law as a Belief System (d’Aspremont), 4, 811, 19
International Law Association (ILA), 333, 343, 380381
International Law Commission (ILC)
generally, 163
ability to make choices and, 181
acceptance by majority of states and, 498499
Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (See Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA))
on aut dedere aut judicare, 165, 167
codification attempts, 231
container/content duality and, 373
on crimes against humanity, 164
‘crucible approach’ to interpretation of CIL, 350
current activity, 166169
on custom-making moment, 3435, 38
draft articles leading to treaties, 163164, 168
draft articles not leading to treaties, 164, 168, 177
Draft Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Law (See Draft Conclusions on Identification of Customary International Law (ILC))
elements of custom distinguished from CIL, 400401
as epistemic authority, 7
fragmentation of law and, 165, 167, 170176, 179
guidelines, 161163, 164165, 166167
Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties, 166167, 181
Guiding Principles applicable to Unilateral Declarations of State, 456457
historical background, 163166
ICJ, ILC as authority for CIL in, 179180, 182, 250252
identification of CIL versus interpretation of CIL, 486
Identification of Customary Law Project (See Identification of Customary Law Project (ILC))
identification versus determination, 37
international courts and tribunals, ILC as authority for CIL in, 175, 176180, 239240, 249252
investment tribunals and, 177179
jus cogens and, 312
law-creating, insufficiency of approach to, 24
law-identification versus law-creating, 1819
legality of activities, 169170
legal scholarship and, 172, 174175
on MFN clause, 165, 167, 178179, 181
opinio juris and, 181
pragmatism and, 181
progressive development and, 169
quotability, 180181
on reservations, 179
restatements of law, 161163
shift away from draft articles and treaties, 161163, 170176, 180
shift from prescriptive to descriptive work, 161163, 170176, 180
state practice and, 181, 376377
Statute, 169170
studies, 165, 167168, 178179
topics addressed by, 163166
two-factor formula and, 226, 235236
UN Charter and, 169
on unilateral acts of states, 353, 456457
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations and, 343
VCLT and, 162, 168, 179
verbal practice and, 12, 13
weakening of international law, 174
Working Group on the Long-Term Programme, 170
International Law in Domestc Courts (ILDC) (database), 487488
International Law (Maine), 188
International Law Reports (ILR), 488
International legal reasoning, scientific method and. See Social science, law as
International Military Tribunal, 270
International organisations (IOs)
applicability of CIL to, 483
equity and, 201
ILC Draft Conclusions and, 333
International relations theory, 94
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, 172173, 248
Interpretation of CIL
generally, 395, 449, 455
analogic interpretation, 428429
as applicative construction, 401404
‘bootstrapping’ and, 435, 438
in case law, 347348, 356361
in CJEU, 366367
as clarification, 386388
as cognitive act, 275, 415
coherence and, 438439
construction versus, 403
content determination in, 404, 407, 423424, 460461
contributions of domestic courts, 454455, 465466, 481
as creative, 369
‘crucible approach’, 350
crystallisation of rules, following, 504505
custom, improper analysis of, 47
defined, 394395, 402, 404, 413, 418420
deriving norms from state practice, 404406
different sources of law and, 433
difficulty in, 347, 393394
in domestic courts, 466470
in domestic law generally, 353354, 369
in domestic legislation, 355356
dynamic of CIL and, 424425
elements of custom distinguished from CIL, 399401, 405406, 413
evidence of opinio juris and state practice confused with, 424
evolutive interpretation, 388392, 469470, 471474, 475, 479
formalisation in legal scholarship, 421
general rules of CIL and, 439440
‘hand-waving’ and, 439
hybrid interpretation, 358
hypothetical nature of CIL and, 433434
in ICC, 354
in ICJ, 349, 354, 363364, 457458 (See also specific case)
ICJ Statute Art. 38, identification of CIL versus interpretation of CIL, 485
in ICTY, 363, 458
as identification, 386388
identification of CIL distinguished, 394, 404407, 413, 417418, 420429, 459460
by ILC, 46
ILC Draft Conclusions and, 46, 58
inconsistent state practice and opinio juris, 404405, 406
intent of parties, 44
in international law generally, 353354, 369
judicial acts viewed as, 404407
jus cogens as limiting, 361362
law-creating and, 4041
as legal operation, 422
legal positivism and, 414415
in legal scholarship, 395398
in legislation, 347348
limitations of, 348, 361368
logical interpretation, 357
merger of content with existence, objection to interpretability based on, 348349, 399, 456
methodological questions regarding, 4344
methods of, 4647
misinterpretation (See Misinterpretation of CIL)
modification distinguished, 362364
moment of application and, 423424, 427428, 429430
as negentropic, 369
in new situations, 432433
objections to interpretability, 347, 348353, 399
opinio juris and, 101
oral agreements and, 350352
in PCIJ, 354355
practical reasoning in, 370371
by proxy, 358
questions regarding, 416, 430431
relevance of, 414415
restrictive interpretation, 428429
‘reverse’ consistent interpretation, 368, 491492
revision distinguished, 362364
state positions and, 404405, 406
systemic integration, 358359, 368
systemic interpretation, 475, 479, 491, 505
teleological interpretation, 359, 365366, 469471, 475, 479
‘this may represent international law’, 433
treaty interpretation distinguished, 394, 407413, 429, 454, 456
two-factor formula and, 347, 348349
type of legal system, effect of, 416
uncertain nature of CIL and, 433434
unilateral acts of states and, 353, 456457
unwritten nature of CIL, objection to interpretability based on, 349353, 399, 456457
unwritten rules, 429
VCLT and, 42, 350, 364, 397
in WTO Appellate Body, 458
Interpretive approach, 163
Interpretive method in domestic courts, 465466, 475477, 479
Interpretive process, 193, 448449
Investment tribunals, 177179, 241
Investor–state dispute settlement and, 244246
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 309
Island of Palmas Arbitration (1928), 43
Israel
authoritative written documents, interpreting CIL norms in, 503504
evolutive interpretation in, 469470
interpretation of CIL in, 359, 360, 365366, 367, 466470
‘reverse’ consistent interpretation in, 491
targeted killing of terrorists, 466470
teleological interpretation in, 469470
treaty interpretation in, 469
Italy
autonomous interpretation of CIL in, 496497
constitution, 366367
domestic courts, ICJ as authority for CIL in, 499500
extraordinary rendition and, 496497
interpretation of CIL in, 358359, 366367
state immunity and, 499500
state official immunity and, 496497
statutory interpretation in, 490
UN Charter and, 366
Jacobsson, Marie G., 397398
JCE. See Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE)
Jennings, Robert Y., 141, 148, 153, 172, 411
Jo, Hyeran, 306
Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE), 5052, 270
Joyner, Christopher, 336
Judicial discretion in ascertaining CIL
generally, 258, 274276
argumentative strategy, 276
authoritative verbalisation of rules, 258
defined, 263264
extensive empirical test, 265266
in ICJ, 269270
ICJ Statute Art. 38 and, 264
in ICTR, 270271
in ICTY, 264268, 270271
ILC Identification of Customary Law Project and, 258
in international criminal law, 258
norm-descriptive statements and, 272274
in practice, 263269
prior written formulations of unexpressed rules and, 269274
rules of interpretation and, 258
sufficiently widespread practice standard, 266
‘Judicialisation,’ 172
Jural aspect
generally, 226227
anticipations, 209210, 225
architectonic structure of, 210211, 216, 227
constitutive aspects, 209210
disclosure and, 209210
regulative aspects, 209210
retribution and, 208209
retrocipations, 209210, 224225
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State case (ICJ 2012)
domestic courts, ICJ as authority for CIL in, 247, 499501
ILC Draft Conclusions and, 273
interpretation of CIL in, 366367, 418, 425427, 429430, 501502
territorial tort exception and, 242243, 425427
two-factor formula in, 4446, 242243
Jus ad bellum, 315, 411
Jus cogens
CIL distinguished, 440441
crystallisation of rules and, 311312
as ‘custom plus’, 48
domestic courts and, 494, 496
ICJ and, 312
ILC and, 312
ILC Draft Conclusions and, 361362
interpretation of CIL, as limiting, 361362
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) and, 311312
state consent and, 106, 112, 123, 134135, 136
Jus in bello, 315, 411
Kammerhofer, Jörg, 68, 84, 402403
Kanetake, M., 464465
Kant, Immanuel, 9899, 203
Kellogg–Briand Peace Pact (1928), 131
Kelsen, Hans
generally, 84, 189, 442
on custom, 401
formal laws and, 213214
Grundnorm and, 26, 63, 69
on hierarchy of law, 2122, 23, 26
on interpretation, 419420
on law as science, 6667
on logic in law, 6667
on sources of international law, 138
Kenya
burial law in, 474
evolutive interpretation in, 471474
female genital mutilation (FGM) in, 473474
inheritance law in, 471473
interpretation of CIL in, 471474
Judicature Act, 472474
Kissinger, Henry, 95
Kohen, Marcelo, 178179
Kolb, R., 353
Koskenniemi, Martti, 95, 135136, 385
Kosovo Advisory Opinion (ICJ 2010)
generally, 73
argument from silence in, 8182, 8586
declarations of independence in, 7778
fallacy of false alternatives in, 7778
fallacy of ignorance in, 8182
inference in, 8283
internal inconsistency of, 84
logical fallacies in, 7584
syllogistic fallacy in, 8283
Kreća, Milenko, 363364
Kuyper, Abraham, 204
Lamond, G., 155157, 159160
Landmines, 317
Lauterpacht, Hersch, 149, 153, 154, 158, 428429
Law formation. See Creation of CIL
League of Nations, 165, 221222, 355
Le Droit des Gens (de Vattel), 95
Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 Advisory Opinion. See Chagos Advisory Opinion (ICJ 2019)
Legal discourse, 437438
‘Legal’ enkapsis, 213, 224226, 227
Legal fiction
generally, 201202
as agency of change, 196, 197199
in international courts and tribunals, 197198
ultra vires and, 198
Legality of the Threat and Use of Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion. See Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion (ICJ 1996)
Legal obligation, custom as source of, 8890
Legal positivism
absence and, 6263
doctrine of sources and, 372
iconoclastic view of CIL and, 10
interpretation and, 414415
Legislation as agency of change, 196197
Legitimate authority. See State consent
Leiden Journal of International Law, 453454
Lepard, Brian D., 154, 325326, 335, 336337, 344
Levi-Strauss, Claude, 437438
Lex ferenda, 40, 4748, 69, 300
Lex hypothetica, 434
Lex lata, 69, 92, 299300
Libya, National Transitional Council, 318
Limon, M., 331332
Lineage, 197
Logical fallacies, 7584
Logical interpretation, 357
Loschin, Lynn, 335
Lotus case (PCIJ 1927)
generally, 77, 79, 83
argument from silence in, 81
freedom of seas and, 81
non-state actors and, 84
opinio juris and, 130131
presumption in favour of state action, 6869
restrictions on states and, 25, 78
state practice and, 388
MacCormick, N., 107, 119
Maine, Henry
generally, 183, 184, 195
on agencies of change, 193194, 196
on equity, 199, 200
evolutionary narrative of CIL, 202
on family as institution, 186188
on formalism, 193194, 202
historical basis of law and, 184185
jurisprudence and, 184
on legal fiction, 197
on origins of CIL, 185190
on practice, 191
on primacy of CIL over states, 189
reconceptualisation of CIL based on, 202
on Roman law, 190191
on sovereignty, 188, 190
Marceau, G., 288289
Marek, K., 141
Martens Clause, 420421
Mauritius, Chagos Islands and, 243, 435437. See also Chagos Advisory Opinion (ICJ 2019)
McDonald, Gabrielle Kirk, 265266
McMahon, Edward, 327329
McNair, Arnold, 484
Mendelson, Maurice, 9192, 143144, 156
Merkouris, Panos, 287, 394, 397398, 404, 407, 485, 486487, 492, 505
Meta-law, 23, 234
Meta-meta law, 5, 2324
Meta-norms, 292
Mexico
Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, 317
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in, 317
MFN clause. See Most favoured nation (MFN) clause
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua case. See Nicaragua case (ICJ 1986)
Military Tribunal for the Far East, 60
Mill, John Stuart, 68
Miller, David, 448
Minto, William, 83
Misinterpretation of CIL
acquiescence to, 5960
actus reus and, 5253
avoiding, 6061
Bush Doctrine and, 57
change in CIL and, 4748
‘CIL as path’ metaphor and, 4142
consensus legitimising, 58
consequences of, 40, 47, 5760
‘corrupt pedigree’, 40, 5759
crystallisation of rules and, 48, 61
defined, 40
discovered in subsequent proceedings, 5053
exitus acta probat, 49, 52
expectation and, 5657
fallacious misinterpretation, 4950, 5355
fluidity of CIL and, 42, 58
head of state immunity and, 5556
ICTY and, 5055
identifying, 61
Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE) and, 5052
as lex ferenda, 40, 4748
misinterpretation of rule as whole versus misinterpretation of opinio juris or state practice, 4849
motivation, irrelevance of, 48
negligent misinterpretation, 49, 5253
political motivation, 57
process and, 47
reasons for, 40
relation of opinio juris to state practice and, 5355
relevance of, 61
revision of CIL versus, 43
‘self-fulfilling prophecy’, 5758, 5960, 61
subsequent state practice legitimising, 58
torture and, 57
Modal aspects of reality
generally, 205
certitudinal aspect, 222223
enumeration of, 208
ethical aspect, 222223
faith aspect, 222223
jural aspect (See Jural aspect)
moral aspect, 222223
psychic aspect, 214215, 227
theory of entities compared, 211212
Monaco, R., 153
Moral aspect, 222223
Morelli, Gaetano, 422, 428
Most favoured nation (MFN) clause, 165, 167, 178179, 181
Müller, F., 353
Murray, Daragh, 313
Necessity, 96
Negation versus belief, 79
Negligent misinterpretation, 49, 5253
Nepal, non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in, 316
Netherlands
ICJ Statute Art. 38, application in, 147
on ILC Draft Conclusions, 46
VCLT, application in, 482483
Network of reasons, state practice as, 382385
New Critique of Theoretical Thought (Dooyeweerd), 205
NIAC. See Non-international armed conflict (NIAC)
Nicaragua case (ICJ 1986)
generally, 271, 283
enkapsis and, 220
interpretation of CIL in, 423
opinio juris and, 81, 133
rule of non-intervention in, 58
treaty interpretation and, 411
two-factor formula in, 4446, 357
Nihilism, 39
Nollkaemper, A., 465
Nolte, Georg, 168, 397398
Noncognitivism, 10
Nondomination, state consent and, 114, 118, 127128
Non-international armed conflict (NIAC), 298, 309, 315316
Non liquet, 63, 68, 71, 73, 74, 241
Non-manipulation principle, 107108, 119, 123124, 127
Non-refoulement, 106
Non-state actors, 84
Non-state armed groups (NSAGs), incorporation into CIL
generally, 298299
arguments supporting, 301
compliance argument in favor of, 305308
consequentialist approach, 318319
current state of law, 299300
equal application, implications for, 315316
Geneva Conventions Common Article 3 and, 298, 301
ICRC and, 299300, 314, 319
ICTY and, 300, 314
ILC Draft Conclusions and, 300, 303304
jus cogens and, 311312
legal implications of, 312318
legitimacy problem regarding, 301305
negative practices of, 310311
non-international armed conflict (NAIC) and, 309, 315316
ownership argument in favor of, 305308
policy-making perspective, 319
practice of NSAGs, based on, 309312
protective standards, implications for, 316318
rationales for, 301308
ratione materiae and, 309312
ratione personae and, 308309
scope of, 308312
selected NSAGs, 308309
sovereignty and, 302303
state practice and, 313
structure of CIL, implications for, 313314
Normative nature of state practice, 370371, 379381, 392
Norms
approximately plausible empowerment norms (AppPENs), 5, 2628
empowerment norms, 23
general versus particular norms, 396
justification based on, 386388
meta-norms, 292
moral norms, state consent versus, 135136
peremptory norms (See Jus cogens)
pre-existing norms, state consent and, 121
reasons versus, 382385, 392
state practice based on, 386388
substantive norms, 23
treaty norms, 485
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1993), 244245
North Macedonia
contract law in, 470471
interpretation of CIL in, 470471
teleological interpretation in, 470471
North Sea Continental Shelf case (ICJ 1969)
generally, 444
acceptance by majority of states and, 498499
adoption of norms as creating CIL, 216
as authority for CIL, 442
identification of CIL in, 236, 239, 266
interpretation of CIL in, 4446, 259, 357, 409410, 422, 428
judicial discretion in, 264
silence and, 81
state motivation and, 7172, 80
two-factor formula in, 4446, 257, 259, 273, 357
NSAGs. See Non-state armed groups (NSAGs), incorporation into CIL
Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion (ICJ 1996)
interpretation of CIL in, 420421
jus cogens and, 312
opinio juris and, 81, 336
treaty interpretation and, 411
Nuremberg Principles, 165, 504
‘Oceanic’ custom, 441442
Oligarchies, 190
Ontological critiques of CIL, 183, 189190, 201
‘Ontological’ custom, 442
Onuf, Nicholas, 96
‘Open-system’ approach, 84, 86
Opinio juris. See also specific topic
absence in (See Absence in CIL)
as conventional criterion, 387
convergence with state practice, 203204
custom and, 8890, 9394, 400
differing interpretations of, 259
domestic courts and, 453
as epistemic tool, 1920
in ICJ, 1617
ICJ Statute Art. 38 and, 235, 277, 299, 399
ICRC and, 13, 267
ICTY, relation of opinio juris to state practice in, 5355, 267268
identification of, 8889
ILC and, 181
ILC Draft Conclusions and, 130131, 133
ILC Identification of Customary Law Project and, 203204
inductive reasoning and, 256257
as intellectual construct, 261
interpretation and, 101
as law-creating element, 18
as law-identifying element, 18
misinterpretation of versus misinterpretation of CIL, 4849
in PCIJ, 1617
psychic aspect and, 227
relation to state practice, 5355
social reality, as grounded in, 2931
state consent and, 129133
state practice in absence of, 377
state practice versus, 13, 14
subjective nature of, 261262
UN General Assembly Resolutions and, 81
universal methodology for ascertaining, myth of, 260261
UN on, 417
WTO Appellate Body and, 296
Oppenheim, L., 115116
Orakhelashvili, A., 394, 397398, 407
Orthodoxy, culture of, 8
Ottawa Convention (1997), 317
Oxford University Press, 487488
Pacta sunt servanda
crystallisation of rules and, 112
regulation of sources of CIL and, 142
state consent and, 125, 134
in VCLT, 112, 121, 125
Pal, Radhabinod, 60
Palombella, G., 203, 219, 225
Particular norms, 396
Path metaphor of CIL, 4142
Paulus, Andreas, 93
PCIJ. See Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)
Peat, D., 193
Pellet, A., 153
‘Penumbra of uncertainty’, 198
Peremptory norms. See Jus cogens
Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)
argument from silence in, 81
custom and, 399400
drafting of Statute, 231
interpretation of CIL in, 354355
Lotus case (See Lotus case (PCIJ 1927))
opinio juris and, 1617
oral agreements and, 350351
SS Lotus (France v. Turkey) (See Lotus case (PCIJ 1927))
Statute Art. 38, 143144, 152153, 154, 158, 204
Persuasive argumentation, 63, 7375, 85
Peters, A., 117
Petersen, N., 234
Petitio principii, 141142, 148, 159
Petric, Ernest, 397398
Philimore, Lord, 355
Philippines
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in, 316
on UN General Assembly, 321
war crimes, prosecution of, 220
Piracy, 502503
Pluralist ontology, 218219
Popper, Karl, 65
Postema, Gerald, 374, 380, 381
Practical reasoning in interpretation of CIL, 370371
Practice. See State practice
Pragmatic view of CIL
generally, 4, 5
‘astigmatic pragmatists’, 68
ILC Identification of Customary Law Project and, 45, 67
insufficiency of, 24
orthodoxy, culture of, 8
practice as solving theoretical problems, 7
problems with, 56
‘theory’, etymology of, 7
Precautionary principle in WTO Appellate Body, 286, 293294, 296
Predictability, state consent and, 115, 118, 128
Prescription, 436437
‘Presumed’ consent, 110111, 129
Principle of Established Practices, 126
Proportionality principle in WTO Appellate Body, 283284, 286, 287288, 293, 294295, 296
Prussia
interstate disputes involving in Weimar Republic, 511513
preeminence of in German Empire, 512
Psychic aspect, 214215, 227
Pure Theory of Law (Hart), 65
Quotability, 180181
Rape, 408409
Rawls, John, 118119, 405
Raz, Joseph, 65, 383384
Reductivism, 811
Refugee Convention (1951), 503
Regional custom, 7475
Regulation of sources of international law
generally, 137138, 139140, 159160
CIL as law on sources, 151158
custom as source of rules arising out of general practice accepted as law, 141151
custom in foro versus custom in pays, 154, 156158, 159160
domestic courts and, 146151
ICJ Statute Art. 38 and, 137138, 141, 143154, 159
international courts and tribunals and, 143144
normativity and, 159
pacta sunt servanda and, 142
petitio principii objections, 141142, 148, 159
rule of recognition and, 155157
skepticism regarding, 142
state practice and, 144151
treaties and, 145
Relativism, 39
Religious freedom, 220
Reprisals, 267
‘Residual negative principle’, 25
Restrictive interpretation, 428429
‘Reverse’ consistent interpretation, 368, 491492
Ricci-Busatti, Arturo, 355
Roberts, Anthea, 310, 314, 332, 340, 463464
Robinson, Patrick, 266
Rome (Ancient), XII Tables, 190191
Rome Statute (1998), 163164, 354, 503
Ross, Alf, 272
Roughan, Nicole, 340341
‘Rulebook conception’ of CIL, 376
Rule of recognition, 69, 155157, 372
Rules
crystallisation of (See Crystallisation of rules)
custom as source of rules arising out of general practice accepted as law, 141151
effect of interpretation on practice, 192193
examples, interaction with, 191
guidelines versus, 455
interpretation of, 192194
practice versus, 191192
states and, 188
The Rules of Interpretation of Customary International Law (TRICI-Law), 455, 466, 481, 504
Russia, on crimes against humanity, 164
Rwanda. See International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
Ryngaert, Cedric, 368
‘Sacred trust of civilization,’, 221222
Same sex relations, criminalisation of, 324325
San Francisco Conference (1945), 321
San Remo Manual on International Law applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea (1990), 503504
Sassòli, Marco, 305, 309
Scanlon, T.M., 107, 119, 126
Scelle, Georges, 92, 157
Schmalenbach, K., 352
Schmitt, Carl, 5, 95
Schomburg, Wolfgang, 408
Schrödinger, Erwin, 87, 91
‘Schrödinger’s custom’, 88, 9094, 101
Schwarzenberger, Georg, 6970
Science, defined, 64
Scientific method, defined, 64
SCSL. See Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)
Seabed Disputes Chamber, 248
Self-defence, 125
Self-determination
Chagos Advisory Opinion and, 243244, 269270, 278, 428, 442449
crystallisation of rules and, 269270, 444445
defined, 443
states, limiting to, 448
UN Charter and, 443, 444, 448
UN General Assembly Resolutions and, 269270, 428, 445
uti possidetis juris and, 447448
‘Self-fulfilling prophecy,’ 5758, 5960, 61
Self-production, 30
Semiotics, 438
Sender, O., 287
Senegal
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations and, 328
violence against women in, 328
Separate legal order, CIL as, 27
Serbia, Constitution, 82
Shahabuddeen, Mohamed, 420421
Shaw, Malcolm, 94, 96, 334
Sierra Leone
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in, 316
Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) (See Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL))
Silence
absence distinguished, 7576
argument from, 7576, 78, 8081
richness of, 80
Si loqui debuisset ac potuisset, 7273
Simma, Bruno, 78, 93
Sinclair, I., 142
Single source of CIL, 2728
Skillen, JW, 207, 212
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, 310, 314
Slavery, 106
Social reality, CIL grounded in, 2931, 3536, 38
Social science, law as
generally, 64, 6768
falsification test and, 65
lack of testability, 66
lack of traditional method in, 6566
narrow subject matter of law and, 6566
normative nature of law and, 6465, 6667
quasi-logical nature of law and, 66, 67
Somek, A., 100
Sørensen, Max, 7172, 80, 409410
Sources of international law
assumptions regarding, 139
CIL as law on sources, 151158
custom as source of legal obligation, 8890
defined, 138
doctrine of sources, 30, 372
regulation of (See Regulation of sources of international law)
single source of CIL, 2728
South Africa
apartheid in, 221223
statutory interpretation in, 490
South Korea
comfort women and, 359, 364365
constitution, 365
interpretation of CIL in, 359, 364365, 367
on state practice, 150
Sovereignty
CIL and, 188
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) and, 302303
state consent and, 117
state practice and, 387
Spain, Universal Periodic Review Recommendations and, 328329
Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)
actus reus in, 5253
misinterpretation of CIL and, 5253
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) and, 301
Taylor case, 5253
Special Rapporteur, 14, 46, 142
Speech acts, 16
SPS Agreement (1995), 286, 293
SS Lotus (France v. Turkey).See Lotus case (PCIJ 1927)
State consent
challenges of CIL, 106, 108109
‘chronological paradox’, 110
coerced consent to peace treaties, 122, 134
consent-based CIL as superior to treaties, 124126
coordination for mutual gain and, 116117
defence of, 108, 113114, 127128
diplomatic immunity and, 125
excusing conditions, 121122
expectations, inducing, 119120, 123127
hypothetical consent, 106107
ILC Draft Conclusions and, 111, 112, 130131, 133
ILC Identification of Customary Law Project and, 108
impossibility of, 127
impracticality of, 127
individuals acting on behalf of state and, 109110
jus cogens and, 106, 112, 123, 134135, 136
material aspects of domain of valid treaties, 123
moral norms versus, 135136
as necessary normative basis of CIL, 109111
non-consent based CIL versus, 108, 112, 134
in non-democratic states, 118, 122
nondomination and, 114, 118, 127128
non-manipulation principle, 107108, 119, 123124, 127
opinio juris and, 129133
pacta sunt servanda and, 125, 134
predictability and, 115, 118, 128
pre-existing norms, 121
‘presumed’ consent, 110111, 129
procedural aspects of becoming bound by consenting to treaties, 121122
self-defence and, 125
sovereignty and, 117
status equality and, 115116, 118, 128
strategic control over future and, 114115, 118, 128
‘tacit’ consent, 110111, 129
transaction costs and, 123
treaties, normative bases for legitimate authority of consent and, 118120
VCLT and, 107, 110, 112, 121, 134
voluntariness, 111
Statehood, incidents of, 442
State immunity, 247, 425427, 499501
State interests
generally, 88
constitutionalist arguments regarding, 99100
enumeration of, 9697
existence of, 9495
identification of CIL and, 100, 101
individuals acting on behalf of state and, 9798
law creation and, 9596
structural arguments regarding, 9899
State official immunity, 493499
State practice. See also specific topic
absence in (See Absence in CIL)
in absence of opinio juris, 377
container/content duality (See Container/content duality)
convergence with opinio juris, 203204
defined, 1314, 370371
differing interpretations of, 259
domestic courts and, 453
double meaning of, 13
dual inquiry into existence of, 237
as epistemic tool, 1920
habit distinguished, 376377, 383
ICJ and, 376377
ICJ Statute Art. 38 and, 144151, 235
ICRC and, 13, 267
ICTY, relation of opinio juris to state practice in, 5355, 267268
identification of, 8889
ILA on, 380381
ILC and, 181, 376377
ILC Draft Conclusions and, 58
ILC Identification of Customary Law Project and, 203204
inductive reasoning and, 256257
as intellectual construct, 261
international relations theory and, 94
invariable pattern and, 378379
as law-creating element, 18
as law-identifying element, 18
legal obligation and, 377378
misinterpretation of versus misinterpretation of CIL, 4849
as network of reasons, 382385
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) and, 313
normative nature of, 370, 371, 379381, 392
norms, based on, 386388
opinio juris versus, 13, 14
regulation of sources of international law and, 137138, 144151
relation to opinio juris, 5355
social reality, as grounded in, 2931
sovereignty and, 387
subjective nature of, 261262
UN General Assembly Resolutions and, 269270
universal methodology for ascertaining, myth of, 260261
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations and, 332335
usage distinguished, 376377
verbal practice (See Verbal practice)
State responsibility. See Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA)
States
families compared, 187, 189
primacy of CIL over, 189
rules and, 188
Status equality, state consent and, 115116, 118, 128
Steinberg, Richard, 9596
Strategic control over future, state consent and, 114115, 118, 128
Strategic formalism, 194196, 202
Strathern, Margaret, 437438
Strati, A., 145
Study Group on Content and Evolution of the Rules of Interpretation, 461
Suarez, F., 110111
Submarine warfare, 215216
Substantive norms, 23
Sudan
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in, 317
People’s Liberation Army, 317
People’s Liberation Movement, 318
Sunstein, Cass R., 263264
Sur, S., 138, 151152, 153, 349, 369, 396, 401
Switzerland
autonomous interpretation of CIL in, 494
interpretation of CIL in, 360
state official immunity and, 494
on state practice, 150
war crimes and, 494
Syllogistic fallacy, 8283
Systemic integration, 358359, 368
Systemic interpretation, 475, 479, 491, 505
‘Tacit’ consent, 110111, 129
Taliban, 317
Talmon, Stefan, 234, 332, 486
Tams, C. J., 158, 234
Tanaka, Kōtarō, 223, 259, 357
Targeted killing of terrorists, 466470
Teleological argumentation, 74, 85
Teleological interpretation, 359, 365366, 469471, 475, 479
Temporality of CIL, 3637
Territorial enkapsis, 213
Territorial tort exception, 242243, 425427
Teson, Fernando, 40, 58, 59, 343
Theory of entities
generally, 205, 226227
founding function, 211
modal aspects of reality compared, 211212
qualifying function, 211
Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (1973), 419420
Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), state consent and, 126, 128
Thirlway, Hugh, 192, 195196, 302, 323
Timeline of CIL, 459
Tolkien, J. R. R., 435
Tomka, Peter, 8586, 253
Tomuschat, C., 152
Toope, Stephen, 341
Torture, 106, 123, 179180, 268, 324, 405
Torture Convention (1984), 268, 328
Trachtman, Joel, 335
Traditional method of ascertaining CIL
ICJ ignoring, 234
in international courts and tribunals, 235239
two-factor formula, 235236
Transaction costs, 123
Transparency in CIL, 434435
Treaties. See also specific treaty
bilateral investment treaties (BITs), 244245
CIL distinguished, 439440
coerced consent to peace treaties, 122, 134
consent-based CIL as superior to, 124126
container/content duality and, 372373
context of, 412
domestic courts, treaty interpretation and, 453
evolutive interpretation of, 390391
ICJ, treaty interpretation in, 43
ICJ locating CIL in, 242244
ICJ Statute Art. 38, application of, 145
ICTY, treaty interpretation in, 407409
identification and interpretation as distinct processes, 420421
ILC Draft Conclusions and, 363
international courts and tribunals locating CIL in, 239240, 241246
interpretation of, 44, 432
interpretation of CIL, treaty interpretation distinguished, 394, 407413, 429, 454, 456
intersection with CIL, 219
investor–state dispute settlement locating CIL in, 244246
material aspects of domain of valid treaties, 123
modification of, 362363
normative bases for legitimate authority of consent and, 118120
procedural aspects of becoming bound by consenting to, 121122
regulation of sources of international law and, 145
revision of, 362363
travaux preparatoires, 44, 409410, 411, 412413
treaty norms, 485
UN Security Council Resolutions compared, 484
use of CIL in treaty interpretation, 410412
WTO Appellate Body, treaty interpretation in, 279282
Treaty norms, 485
Treaty of London (1930), 216
‘True positives’ of interpretation of CIL in domestic courts, 481482, 492504
Truyol y Serra, A., 138, 139
Tunkin, G. I., 139
Turkey, on crimes against humanity, 164
TWAIL (Third World Approaches to International Law), state consent and, 126, 128
Two-dimensional temporality of CIL, 3637
Two-factor formula
ICJ and, 357
in ICJ Statute Art. 38, 4446, 277, 399
identification of CIL and, 226, 235236, 273274
ILC and, 226, 235236
in ILC Draft Conclusions, 259260, 277, 322323
interpretation of CIL and, 347, 348349
in Jurisdictional Immunities of the State case, 4446, 242243
in Nicaragua case, 4446, 357
in North Sea Continental Shelf case, 4446, 257, 259, 273, 357
opinio juris (See Opinio juris)
state practice (See State practice)
Uganda, non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in, 316
Ulpian, 421422
Ultra vires, legal fiction and, 198
Uncertain nature of CIL, 433434
UNCLOS. See Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1982)
Unger, R., 39
Unilateral acts of states
ICJ on, 353
ILC on, 353, 456457
interpretation of CIL and, 353, 456457
Unilateral enkapsis, 213
Unitary nature of CIL, 313314
United Kingdom
Chagos Islands and, 435437 (See also Chagos Advisory Opinion (ICJ 2019))
statutory interpretation in, 490
United Nations. See also specific Convention
Charter (See United Nations Charter (1945))
Commission on Human Rights, 321, 327
General Assembly Resolutions (See United Nations General Assembly Resolutions)
Human Rights Council (See Human Rights Council (HRC))
on opinio juris, 417
Security Council Resolutions (See United Nations Security Council Resolutions)
Sixth Legal Committee, 175, 250, 252
Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 419420
United Nations Charter (1945)
adoption of, 144
ILC and, 169
Italian case law and, 366
obligations of members under, 484
self-defence and, 125
self-determination and, 443, 444, 448
UN Security Council Resolutions and, 484
use of force, prohibition on, 23
United Nations General Assembly Resolutions
Chagos Islands and, 243244, 269270, 436
custom and, 321322
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1960), 326
ICJ and, 322, 343
opinio juris and, 81
reprisals and, 267
self-determination and, 269270, 428, 445
state practice and, 269270
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations and, 327, 331333
United Nations Security Council Resolutions
ICTY and, 264
Resolution 1244 (1999), 82
treaties compared, 484
UN Charter and, 484
VCLT and, 482485
United States
authoritative written documents, interpreting CIL norms in, 502503
autonomous interpretation of CIL in, 494495
Bush Doctrine, 57
Chagos Advisory Opinion and, 443
corporate liability, 489490
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 495
Germany, occupation of, 516
ICJ Statute Art. 38, application in, 146147
identification of CIL versus interpretation of CIL in, 489490
interpretation of CIL in, 360
Offenses Clause, 489
piracy and, 502503
state official immunity and, 494495
statutory interpretation in, 490
torture and, 57
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations
generally, 321, 322
categories of, 327329
child marriage and, 342343
communication of state positions on, 333334
constructivist interpretation of CIL and, 344
corporal punishment and, 337338
criticisms of framework, 343344
domestic violence and, 320321
empiricist interpretation of CIL and, 344
ILC and, 343
number of, 327
obligation and, 340343
‘paradigm shift’ in, 343
quantification of, 336340
rationalist interpretation of CIL and, 344
realist interpretation of CIL and, 344
rejection of, 335
rules, accepted Recommendations as, 336340
state behaviour, effect on, 326332
state practice, accepted Recommendations and, 332335
UN General Assembly Resolutions and, 327, 331333
as verbal practice, 333
Unwritten nature of CIL, objection to interpretability based on, 349353, 399, 456457
Uruguay
corporal punishment and, 338
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations and, 338
Usage, state practice distinguished, 376377
Use of force
ICJ and, 220
prohibition on, 23
United Nations Charter, prohibition under, 23
Usus, 1517, 5354, 214215, 267, 380
Uti possidetis juris, 23, 74, 437, 439, 447448, 457458
Ut res magis valeat quam pereat, 89, 281282, 357, 360, 365
van Steenberghe, Raphaël, 311
van Woudenberg, 204, 211
de Vattel, Emer, 95, 421422
VCLT. See Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) (1969)
Verbal practice
generally, 11, 149
acceptance of, 1213
‘battlefield practice’ versus, 12
custom and, 1416
doctrinal objections to, 1314
ICRC on, 12
ILC and, 12, 13
speech acts and, 16
theoretical objections to, 1416
Universal Periodic Review Recommendations as, 333
Verdier, P. H., 52
Verdross, Alfred, 27, 153, 158
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (VCCR) (1961), 496
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (VCDR) (1961), 498
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) (1969)
generally, 432, 454, 456, 485
applicability beyond treaties covered by, 482485
Austria and, 527, 529
codification of rules of interpretation, 402, 407, 415
construction versus interpretation, 403
crystallisation of rules and, 42
domestic courts and, 462, 494, 495496, 497, 500, 501, 502, 503
evolutive interpretation and, 391
identification of CIL versus interpretation of CIL, 487
ILC and, 162, 168, 179
interpretation of CIL and, 42, 350, 364, 397
legal interpretation and, 357
oral agreements and, 350352
pacta sunt servanda and, 112, 121, 134
state consent and, 107, 110, 112, 121, 134
successive treaties, application of, 4243
techniques of interpretation and, 421
UN Security Council Resolutions and, 482485
use of CIL in treaty interpretation, 411
WTO Appellate Body and, 279282, 286, 287, 295
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations (not in force), 422423, 483
Vietnam
National Liberation Front, 305
non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in, 305
Villiger, Mark, 1213
Virally, M., 140
de Vitoria, Francisco, 223
Voeten, E., 52
Vohrah, Lal Chand, 265266
Voyiakis, Emmanuel, 340
Waibel, Michael, 263
War crimes, 220, 494
Watts, A., 141, 148, 153
Weimar Republic
generally, 508
application of CIL in, 510511, 513514, 516, 528
Baden, interstate disputes involving, 512513
Bremen, interstate disputes involving, 511512
Brunswick, interstate disputes involving, 512
Constitution of 1919, 509516, 517, 526527, 528
friendly co-existence of states in, 514516
historical background, 509
interstate disputes in, 511514
limited sovereignty of states in, 514515
Lübeck, interstate disputes involving, 512
Mecklenburg–Strelitz, interstate disputes involving, 512
Prussia, interstate disputes involving, 511513
Reichsverwaltungsgericht (Fedreal Administrative Court) (proposed), 510
Staastgerichtshof für das deutsche Reich (RStGH) (Federal State Court), 508, 509516, 528
Thuringia, interstate disputes involving, 512
Württemberg, interstate disputes involving, 512513
Weiss, Edith Brown, 172
West Germany
generally, 508
application of CIL in, 521522, 523524, 528
Baden–Württemburg, creation of, 516519
Basic Law, 517520, 526527
Bavaria, interstate disputes involving, 520521
Bundesverfassungsgericht (BVerfG) (Federal Constitutional Court), 508, 516524, 528
Coburg, interstate dispute regarding, 520521
as continuation of Reich, 523
creation of states in, 517
East Germany, treaty with, 522524
French occupation zone, 516
interstate disputes in, 516521
Thuringia, interstate disputes involving, 520521
US occupation zone, 516
Windsor, M., 193
Withhold/deny fallacy, 79
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 6263, 191
Wolff, Christian, 9899
Wolfke, Karol, 15, 299
Wood, Michael C.
on assertion, 287
on identification of CIL, 233234
ILC and, 168
law-identification versus law-creating, 24, 46
pragmatic view of CIL and, 4, 58
on regulation of sources of CIL, 138, 142
on VCLT, 484
verbal practice and, 1213, 14
World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body
generally, 278279, 296297
absence of decision on CIL in, 249
Agreement on Textiles (1995), 294
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) (1995), 286, 293
ARSIWA and, 282285, 286, 287
assertion versus identification, 287
‘boundaries’ of interpretation of CIL in, 292296
Brazil – Desiccated Coconut case, 281
China—Publications and Audiovisual Products case, 282
de facto precedent, problem of adopting, 247
Dispute Settlement Body, 172173
Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU), 279280, 281, 289, 295
EC – Hormones case, 282, 286, 293
EC and Certain Member States – Large Civil Aircraft case, 282, 285, 286
good faith principle in, 295
hesitancy in identification of CIL in, 286287
ICJ as authority for CIL in, 247, 280, 283, 287, 296
interpretation of CIL in, 458
Japan – Alcoholic Beverages II case, 281282
jurisdiction, 278, 289292
limited areas of identification of CIL in, 285286
methodology of identification of CIL in, 279
opinio juris and, 296
precautionary principle in, 249, 286, 293294, 296
proportionality principle in, 283284, 286, 287288, 293, 294295, 296
SPS Agreement (1995), 286, 293
state responsibility and, 282285
treaty interpretation in, 279282
trends in identification of CIL in, 285288
US – Carbon Steel case, 281
US – Cotton Yarn case, 287288, 294
US – Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China case, 284285, 286
US – Gasoline case, 280281
US – Line Pipe case, 283284, 294295
US – Softwood Lumber IV case, 281
use for interpretation versus application of CIL in, 288289, 292296
VCLT and, 279282, 286, 287, 295
WTO Appellate Body. See World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body
Zander, J., 294

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  • Index
  • Edited by Panos Merkouris, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands, Jörg Kammerhofer, Noora Arajärvi
  • Book: The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law
  • Online publication: 05 May 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009025416.026
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  • Index
  • Edited by Panos Merkouris, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands, Jörg Kammerhofer, Noora Arajärvi
  • Book: The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law
  • Online publication: 05 May 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009025416.026
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  • Index
  • Edited by Panos Merkouris, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands, Jörg Kammerhofer, Noora Arajärvi
  • Book: The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law
  • Online publication: 05 May 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009025416.026
Available formats
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