Introduction
The Mediterranean is a semi-enclosed sea with only two narrow openings, namely, the straits of Gibraltar and the Suez Canal. The Mediterranean has become intensively invaded by non-indigenous fish species (Edelist et al., Reference Edelist, Golani, Carlton and Spanier2013; Golani et al., Reference Golani, Azzurro, Dulčić, Massutí, Orsi-Relini and Briand2021). The phenomenon of fish invasions into the Mediterranean continues with no sign of cessation. Golani et al. (Reference Golani, Azzurro, Dulčić, Massutí, Orsi-Relini and Briand2021) updated the list of exotic fish species in the Mediterranean by presenting 188 species, of which 106 are from the Red Sea and Indo-Pacific origin and over 50 species from the Atlantic Ocean. The first record of an alien species in a new region is of scientific interest. However, reports of second and third records are also of great importance, since they enable documentation of the spread and establishment in the new region.
In the present paper we report the second record of the West central Atlantic species Stegastes variabilis from the Mediterranean coast of Israel, over 2000 km from the first Mediterranean record from Malta (Vella et al., Reference Vella, Agius Darmanin and Vella2015).
Materials and methods
On 29 April 2022 a single specimen of Stegastes variabilis, 83.2 mm SL (104.6 mm TL) (Figure 1) was speared at a depth of 4 m near Caesarea at the Mediterranean coast of Israel (32°30′28″N 34°53′28″E). No other specimen was observed. The collected specimen did not have any observed special behaviour. The specimen was deposited in the National Fish Collection of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and received the catalogue number HUJ 21202.
Fig. 1. Stegastes variabilis (HUJ 21202), 83.2 mm (SL), 29 April 2022, speared at 4 m near Caesarea at the Mediterranean coast of Israel (photograph: D Golani).
Results
Short description
Body orbicular and compressed, its height 1.9 times in SL. Small head, 3.3 times in SL. Small, slightly oblique mouth. Maxilla reaching back to the vertical of anterior of eye. A single row of close-set teeth. Large eye, its diameter (3.9), wide interorbital (2.8), both times in head length. Preopercular strongly serrated. Lower limb of first gill arch with 9 rakers including the one in the middle and 5 rakers on the upper limb. Continuous dorsal fin with XII spines and 14 rays. Anal fin originated under the 10th dorsal ray, with II spines and 13 rays. Pectoral fin with 18 rays. Pelvic fin with one spine and 5 rays, the first filamented. Caudal fin slightly forked. Lateral line with 20 scales, terminating under the 9th dorsal ray.
Colour
Head and upper flank bluish-grey with many light blue dots. Lower part of the body yellow with 11 thin vertical dark lines. Dorsal fin bluish-grey, its posterior 5–6 rays yellow. Rest of fins yellow with a black margin of pelvic, anal and caudal fins. Black dot on the upper caudal peduncle. Eye dark with yellow ring.
Discussion
The family of Pomacentridae includes 428 species in four subfamilies and 29 genera (Nelson et al., Reference Nelson, Grande and Wilson2016; Fricke et al., Reference Fricke, Eschmeyer and Fong2022). The genus Stegastes Jenyns, 1840 consists of 37 species in the subfamily Pomacentrinae, found in all tropical and subtropical regions. The genus Stegastes is characterized by serration on the posterior edge of the preoperculum, one row of teeth in the jaws and usually two spines and 12–14 rays in the anal fin (Edwards, Reference Edwards, Carpenter and De Angelis2016). It was first described by Castelnau (Reference Castelnau1855) under the genus Pomacentrus Lacepède, 1802. Later it was placed in the genus Eupomacentrus Bleeker, 1877 which is a synonym of Stegastes Jenyns, 1840 (Emery & Allen, Reference Emery and Allen1980). In the Mediterranean, there is a single indigenous damsel species (Chromis chromis) and seven exotic species (Golani et al., Reference Golani, Azzurro, Dulčić, Massutí, Orsi-Relini and Briand2021), two of which, Abudefduf saxatilis and A. vaigiensis, are morphologically very similar, so that in the Mediterranean, there may be only a single species (Dragičević et al., Reference Dragičević, Fricke, Ben Souissi, Ugarković, Dulčić and Azzurro2021).
The morphology, counts and colour pattern of the Israel specimen match perfectly that of Stegastes variabilis (see Randall, Reference Randall1968, p. 192) under the genus Eupomacentrus. Originally S. variabilis inhabited the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. This species inhabits coral reefs to depths of 30 m. It feeds on sessile organisms, algae and small invertebrates. During the spawning season they live in pairs. The eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate; the male guards the eggs until hatching. Larvae and postlarvae are planktonic.
Vella et al. (Reference Vella, Agius Darmanin and Vella2015) reported the first record of Stegastes variabilis from the Mediterranean based on the DNA sequence of a specimen that was collected from Malta in September 2013 and had an atypical colouration pattern. Although Souza et al. (Reference Souza, Ilarri, Medeiros, Sampaio and Floeter2011) showed the variability of colour pattern within S. variabilis, none of them was similar to the Maltese specimen. Vella et al. (Reference Vella, Agius Darmanin and Vella2015) assumed that this species had reached the Mediterranean either by ballast or as an aquarium escapee. Specimens of this species were never imported to Israel (S. Khalil, Fishery Department, Ministry of Agriculture, pers. comm.). Therefore, the record from Israel suggests that the species has established a small population in the Mediterranean, similar to another western Atlantic coral reef associated species, Acanthurus coeruleus, Bloch and Schneider, 1801, that was recorded in several locations in the eastern Mediterranean (Langeneck et al., Reference Langeneck, Marcelli and Simak2012; Golani et al., Reference Golani, Askarov and Appelbaum-Golani2015; Golani et al., Reference Golani, Azzurro, Dulčić, Massutí, Orsi-Relini and Briand2021).
Author contributions
All authors contributed equally to the MS.
Financial support
This research received no financial support.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare none.
