Index

Index

Abenomics, 518–519

Act for the Protection of the Names of Designated Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Products and Foodstuffs (GI Act) (Japan), 508–509, 510–514

ICH and, 518–529

scope of protections, 512

Adan Kayan rice, 501–506

adat communities, in Indonesia, 495–496

Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine (AQSIQ) system, 387–390

Agreement of Trade-Related Aspects to Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

appellations of origin in, 442–445

Bangladesh and, 439–440, 450

GI Act of 2013 and, compatibility with, 448–454

EU violations of, 171–172

GATT and, 39

geographical origins protections under, 30–33

GIs and, 6, 7, 12–14, 40–41, 87–88, 441–444

definitions of, 52–54, 126

in EU, 190, 195

minimum requirements for, 151

reputation-based, 24–25

India and, 341

Inter-American Convention and, 216

ISDS and, 180

levels of protections in, 128–129

Malaysia and, 281, 288

Singapore under, 240

Sri Lanka under, 411–412, 413

sui generis systems and, 449

Taiwan and, 359–361, 364–365, 370–371

terroir under, 64–65

trademarks under, 141

conflicts between, 134–135

definitions of, 453

under WTO law, 180

Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), 171–172

Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), 355–356

agricultural products. See also coffee production; non-agricultural products and handicrafts; wine labeling

in India, 337, 340–341

APEDA certification, 355–356

MOA practice for, 393

in Southeast Asia, from plantations, 97–102

AGWA Act. See Australian Grape and Wine Authority Act

AICs. See authorities for industry and commerce

AIPP. See Asian Indigenous Peoples’ Pact

Algeria, 196

Alphonso mango, 354–357

alternative food networks, 118

Ambalangoda masks, 428–430

American Viticultural Areas (AVAs), 64

Anti-Unfair Competition Law (China), 395

AO. See Appellation d’Origine

AOC. See Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée

APEDA. See Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority

Appellation d’Origine (AO), 44–45, 62

Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée (AOC), 44–45

appellations of origin

in Geneva Act, 441–442

in Lisbon Agreement, 23–27, 441–442

in TRIPS, 442–445

in Vietnam, 314, 320

AQSIQ system. See Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine system

Argumedo, Alejandro, 120

Arunachal Pradesh state, biocultural diversity in, 107–109

ASEAN. See Association of South-East Asian Nations

ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement, 285–286

Asia, GIs in. See also Southeast Asia; tea production

marketing of, 91

MICOs in, 88–89, 90–92, 113–120

alternative food networks and, 118

gender equity in, 116, 117–118

protections frameworks for, 211, 230–233

in bilateral agreements, 192–194

under EU trademark law, 198–208

in international multilateral agreements, 194–197

non-proprietary, 208–210

scope of, 191–192

purpose of, 186

registration of, 190–191

TCEs in, 88

TEK in, 88

Asian Indigenous Peoples’ Pact (AIPP), 100–101

association of producers and communities, 520–525

Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement, 285–286

Geneva Act and, 142–143

GI protections among, 17

multilateral aspects of, 151

Australia. See also wine GIs, in Australia

AGWA Act in, 262–263, 271–272

enforcement procedures under, 264–267

ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement, 285–286

EU and, trade agreements with, 166

GIs in, 149, 164

boundary setting for, 263

costs of, 267–268

enforcement of, 266–267

perceptions of, 268–272

regional benefits of, 272–274, 279

PDOs in, 269–270

PGIs in, 269–270

terroir in, 63, 164

under TPP Agreement, 156

wine making in, 260–266

terroir and, 63, 164

Australian Grape and Wine Authority (AGWA) Act, 262–263, 271–272

enforcement procedures under, 264–267

Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement, 279

authenticity, in ICH, 483, 525–527

authorities for industry and commerce (AICs), 387

AVAs. See American Viticultural Areas

ayllu (holistic territorial approach to life and development), 120

Banarasi sarees, 333–335, 347–350

Bangladesh, GIs in

definition of, 448–449

Fazli mango, 447

under GI Act of 2013, 440–441, 459–460

development history for, 446–448

infringement actions, 451–452

protections under, 449–452

registration strategies under, 451

TRIPS and, compatibility of, 448–454

IPRs and, 453–454

Jamdani, 440–441, 447

historical value of, 456–457

as traditional knowledge, 455–459

NakshiKantha, 447

protections for, 449–452

Jamdani as traditional knowledge, 455–459

rationale for, 444–448

terroir and, 455

trademarks and, 452–454

TRIPS and, 439–440, 450

GI Act of 2013 and, compatibility of, 448–454

Basmati rice, 230–232

Basole, Amit, 487–488

Beeralu lace, 430–431

Besky, Sarah, 92

bilateral trade agreements

Asia GIs and, 192–194

EU GIs and, protection frameworks for, 192–194

for wine making, 192–193

ISDS clauses and, 181–182

bilateral trade and investment agreements (BTIAs)

with EU, 169–170

under TFEU, 169

ISDS and, 178

WTO law and, 178

biocultural diversity

in India, 107–109

in Arunachal Pradesh state, 107–109

MICOs and, 119

in Southeast Asia, 96–113. See also swidden agriculture

on agricultural lands, 100

under CBD, 103–104

ecosystem services and, 102–105

on forest lands, 100

livelihood security and, 102–105

biocultural rights, 119

through community protocols, 119–120

of indigenous farmers, 119–120

collective marks and, 120

of indigenous peoples, 119–120

biomass, in swidden agriculture, 98, 103

border enforcement, under GI Act 2014, 246

Bosnia, 196

Brazil, ICH in, 508

BTIAs. See bilateral trade and investment agreements

Bulgaria, 196

Burkina Faso, 196

business practice laws, in Sri Lanka, 412–413, 415–417

CAA Act of 2003. See Consumer Affairs Authority Act of 2003

Calboli, Irene, 38, 65, 163–164, 188

Cambodia, swidden agriculture in, 99–100

Canada-EU Trade Agreement (CETA), 157–158, 169

carbon stocks, in swidden agriculture, 98, 102

case studies

in India, 344–357

Alphonso mango, 354–357

Banarasi sarees, 333–335, 347–350

Darjeeling Tea, 351–354

Kashmir Pashminas, 350–351

in Vietnam, 320–327

Hạ Long fried calamari, 321–324, 330

Lạng Sơn star anise, 324–327

CBD. See Convention on Biodiversity

certification marks, 137–138

for Cognac, 138–141

defined, 252

CETA. See Canada-EU Trade Agreement

Ceylon Cinnamon, 423–424

Ceylon Sapphires, 425–426

Ceylon Tea, 409–410, 421–423

SLTB and, 422–423

champagne, under sui generis regime, 122–123

Chauvel, Richard, 492–493

Chew, Daniel, 502

Chile, Malaysia-Chile Free Trade Agreement, 285–286

China, GIs in

AICs and, 387

under Anti-Unfair Competition Law, 395

approval of, 389

collective marks, 385–387

control and supervision of, 390

examination of, 389

historical development of, 380–381

international protections for, 405–406

for domestic right holders, 405–406

for foreign right holders, 406

Lạng Sơn star anise, 326–327

under Law on Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests, 395

legal considerations for, 404–408

administrative appeals in, 406–408

international protections, 405–406

through judicial review, 406–408

trademark law and, hierarchy for, 404–405

under Lisbon Agreement, 405

under Madrid Agreement, 405–406

under Paris Convention, 380–381

producer applications for, 390

under Product Quality Law, 395

protections of, 230–233, 381, 390–391, 396–402

through enforcement procedures, 390–391

for foreign products, 391

legislative history for, 382–384

under SAIC, 380–381

under trademark system, 381–387

registration procedures for, 389, 403–404

under sui generis regimes, 387–391, 392–394, 402–404. See also Ministry of Agricultural Practice

AQSIQ system, 387–390

costs of, 403

exclusive rights, 403–404

PPGIP system, 388–389, 390–391

trademarks in conflict with, 400–402

under TM Law 1993, 382–383

under TM Law 2013, 387, 397, 399, 400–401

trademark system in, protections through, 381–387, 402–404

conflicts between, 396–400

costs of, 403

enforcement of, 387

exclusive rights, 403–404

legislative history for, 382–384

registration for, 385–387

Chromy, Josef, 277–278

Civil Code of Vietnam, 320

CJEU. See Court of Justice of the European Union

Cleary, Jen, 149, 261

coffee production

in Ethiopia, 75–80

as export, 80

geographic certification and, 77–79

history of, 79–80

in Indonesia, 491

labeling in, 75–80

in PNG, 84–86

infrastructure for, 84

labeling schemes for, 84–85

non-traditional sources of, 85

Starbucks and, 75–80

single-origin coffees and, 77–80

trademark registrations and, 75–80

Cognac, certification marks for, 138–141

collective action

with India GIs, 345

with Vietnam GIs, 310, 331

collective goodwill, trademarks and, 137–138

collective marks, 62, 120, 139

Darjeeling Tea as, 203–204

defined, 252

EU GIs and, 202–204

in Vietnam, 328–329

collective trademarks, in Taiwan, 372–373

common law, trademarks under, 137–141

collective goodwill under, 137–138

“first-in-time, first-in-right” approach to, 137

in United States, 138

Community Trade Mark Regulation (CTMR), 201–202, 204

conflict palm oil, 113

Consortium for Common Food Names, 248–249

Consumer Affairs Authority Act of 2003 (CAA Act of 2003) (Sri Lanka), 416

Consumer Protection Act 1999 (CPA 1999) (Malaysia), 287, 301

consumer protections, in Sri Lanka, 415–417

contemporary reputation-based GIs, 55–56

Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (CSICH) (2003), 21, 461–462

property rights under, 462

purpose of, 467–468

Representative List in, 468–469

Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), 103–104

Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005), 21

Coombe, Rosemary, 487–488, 521

Costa Rica, 196

Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

EU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement ratification by, 255

Greek Yoghurt case, 42, 43, 209

IP protections and, 176–177

reputation-based GIs and, 42–43

trademark law cases, 198–201

Cowen, Tyler, 74

CPA 1999. See Consumer Protection Act 1999

CSICH. See Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

CTMR. See Community Trade Mark Regulation

Cuba, 196

culinary diplomacy, 477

culinary practices, definitions of, 475

cultural diversity

criteria for, 471–472

culinary practices and, 474–483

Kimjang, Making and Sharing Kimchi in the Republic of Korea, 478–483

Mediterranean Diet, 474–477

GIs and, 469–474

ICH and, 469–474

law’s impact on, 469–474

safeguarding of, 484

UNESCO and, 470–471

customary law communities, 490–491

Czech Republic, 196

Czechoslovakia, 196

Darjeeling Tea, 92–96, 232–233, 351–354

as collective mark, 203–204

cultural impact of, 93

fair trade and, 93–94

political marginalization and, 95–96

female workers and, 94–95

production techniques for, 92–93

Database of Origin and Registration (DOOR), 41

PDOs in, 171

PGIs in, 171

TSGs in, 171

deceptive trademarks, 200

deforestation, in Southeast Asia, 97–102

through palm oil production, 97–99

Democratic Republic of the Congo, 196

denomination of origin, 441–442

dereism, defined, 362

dereistic policies, in Taiwan, 362–367

as IP-centred, 363

negative protections in, 365–367

positive protections in, 365–377

trademarks in, 363–365

design registration, in India, 61

Desseauve, Thierry, 63

developing countries. See also geographical indications

farmers in

economic rents for, 74

in Ethiopia, 75–80. See also coffee production

in India, 80–83. See also Feni liquor

labeling practices for, 73–86

in PNG, 84–86. See also coffee production

under sui generis systems, 74

development. See economic development; social development

Directorate General of Intellectual Property Rights (DGIP), 500–501

dispute settlement understanding (DSU), 178

DOOR. See Database of Origin and Registration

Drahos, Peter, 149

DSU. See dispute settlement understanding

Dumbara mats, 427–428

Dusong, Jean-Luc, 205–206, 207

Dutfield, Graham, 487

EC. See European community

ECHR. See European Convention on Human Rights

economic development

GIs for, 15–22

in Indonesia, through GIs, 485–488

in Taiwan, through GIs, 377–379

ecosystem services, swidden agriculture and, 102–105

ECtHR. See European Court of Human Rights

Eghenter, Cristina, 502

Equal Exchange, 95–96

Ethiopia

coffee production in, 75–80

as export, 80

geographic certification and, 77–79

history of, 79–80

farmers in, 75–80

Starbucks in, 75–80

trademark registrations in, 75–80

EU. See European Union

EU-Canada Comprehensive Trade Agreement, 14

European Commission

on GI protections claims, 65–66

on PDOs, 68

on PGIs, 68

European community (EC)

GATT and, 39

reputation-based GIs recognized by, 51–54

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), GIs under, 175

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), GIs protections and, 175–176

European Union (EU). See also geographical indications, in EU

Australia and, trade agreements with, 166

BTIAs and, 169–170

GATT and, violations of, 171–172

IP in

under BTIAs, 169–170

ISDS and, 169–170

under TFEU, 169

under NAFTA, 170

New Zealand and, trade agreements with, 166

PDOs in, 168, 189

in DOOR, 171

PGIs in, 168, 189

in DOOR, 171

reputation-based GIs in, as multilateral compromise, 51–54

under TPP, 170

trademark regulations in, 133

TRIPS and

GIs and, 190, 195

violations of, 171–172

TSGs in, 168, 189

in DOOR, 171

under TTIP, 169, 212

European Union-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (EUSFTA), 286

EU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement, 166–167, 169, 247–249

CJEU ratification of, 255

establishment of, 235

purpose of, 235

EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement, 169, 192, 193–194

EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement, 169, 305

“evocation” imitation and, 191

Examination Guidelines of 2007 (Taiwan), 371–375

Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET), 181

Fair Trade Act (Taiwan), 360–361

fair trade label, 72

for Darjeeling Tea, 93–94

political marginalization in production of, 95–96

Fair Trade Labelling Organizations International (FLO), 95

Fair Trade USA, 95–96, 117–118

fallow periods, in swidden agriculture, 103, 104

farmers. See also coffee production

in developing countries

economic rents in, 74

in Ethiopia, 75–80. See also coffee production

in India, 80–83. See also Feni liquor

labeling practices for, 73–86

in PNG, 84–86. See also coffee production

under sui generis systems, 74

indigenous, in Southeast Asia, 101–102

subsistence, women as, 109

Fazli mango, 447

female genital mutilation, 467

Feni liquor, 80–83

GI application for, 81–83

production of, 81

types of, 81, 82

FET. See Fair and Equitable Treatment

“first-in-time, first-in-right” approach, 137

FLO. See Fair Trade Labelling Organizations International

foodstuffs, in India, 337

forest lands, in Southeast Asia, 100

FPIC principles. See Free, Prior and Informed Consent principles

France

GIs in, 10–12

INAO regulation of, 219

wine labeling laws, 10–11

Lisbon Agreement and, 196

terroir and, 62–63, 122–123

wine making in, 62–63

Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) principles, 108–109

of indigenous peoples, 119–120

free market economies, terroir in, 136

free trade agreements (FTAs). See also mega-regional trade agreements; Trans-Pacific Partnership

bilateral, 152

expansion of, 151

GIs and, 4–5, 14–15, 17–18

status of play, 14

Guatemala and, 178–179

international, 14

ISDS and, 185

Malaysia in, 285–286

multilateral, 151

Peru and, 178–179

policy approaches to, incompatibilities between, 158–165

local law as factor in, 160

terroir and, 159

with US, 222

under WTO law, 178–179

From Modern Production to Imagined Primitive: The Social World of Coffee from Papua New Guinea (West), 84

FTAs. See free trade agreements

Gabon, 196

Gangjee, Dev, 24, 137, 508, 526

gastrodiplomacy, 477

GATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

gender equity, in MICOs, 116, 117–118. See also women

gendered labour. See also women

in Southeast Asia, 109–113

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

EU violations of, 171–172

TRIPS and, 39

General Inter-American Convention for Trademark and Commercial Protection (Inter-American Convention), 212–224

geographical terms in, 216, 219

GI protections under, 229–230

in Latin America, 221–222

long-term influence of, 221–224

objective of, 220–221

purpose of, 214–215

as self-executing treaty, 223

signatory countries, 214

standard-setting by, 218–219

TRIPS and, 216

unfair competition protections in, 216–217, 218

US Trademark Act and, 213, 220

generic names. See names

genericide

defined, 131

Geneva Act prohibitions against, 132, 135

IP and, 131–132

Lisbon Agreement and, 131–132

sui generis systems and, 132

Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration (Geneva Act), 4–5, 26–27. See also trademarks

appellations of origin in, 441–442

ASEAN countries and, 142–143

development of, 122–126

future of, 141–143

genericide prohibition in, 132, 135

GIs under

definitions of, 40–41

in EU, 197

levels of protections under, 128–129

maintenance fees under, 129

OAPI and, 141

registration-related issues, 129–131

reputation-based GIs under, 40–41

sui generis systems under, 142

terminological issues, 126–127

terroir and, 64–65, 123

TPP and, 143

WIPO and, 122

geographical collective trademarks, 375–376

Geographical Indication (Registration and Protection) Act 2013 (GI Act 2013) (Bangladesh), 440–441, 459–460

development history for, 446–448

infringement actions, 451–452

protections under, 449–452

registration strategies under, 451

TRIPS and, compatibility with, 448–454

Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act of 1999 (GI Act) (India), 344–345, 346

Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration & Protection) Rules of 2002 (GI Rules) (India), 344

geographical indications (GIs). See also Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration; Lisbon Agreement; reputation-based GIs

ASEAN and, 17

in Australia, 149, 164

as badge of accountability, 18–19

benefits of, 15–22

under common law, 135–143

in free market economies, 135–137

trademarks and, 137–141

consumer information through, 19–21

culinary cultural practices and, 462–463

cultural diversity and, 469–474

defined, 25–26, 36–37

delocalized model of production and, 23

denomination of origin, 441–442

diverse stakeholders and, 89–90

under ECHR, 175

for economic development, 15–22

for Feni liquor, application for, 81–83

under French laws, 10–12

wine labeling laws, 10–11

FTAs and, 4–5, 14–15, 17–18

status of play, 14

generic names and, 13

global debates on, 3–4, 8–15

expansion of, 9–10, 34

geographical origins protections, 11–12

global reputations of, 159

green, 118–119

indication of source, 441–442

IP regimes and, 37

ISDS and, 180–184

limitations of, 90–91

Lisbon Agreement and, 6, 23–24

localized reputations of, 159

as marketing tool, 28–29

in Asia, 91

PDOs, 25–26, 37

PGIs, 25–26, 37, 62

as policy tool, 86

poorly designed, 89

prices influenced by, 124

problems of, 15–22

production focus of, 124–125

promises of, 15–22

as property, 175–178

purpose of, 123–124

registries for, 5, 18

in Asia, 190–191

in EU, 38

terroir and, 24–25

rural development and, 259

scope of, 62

for social development, 15–22

sui generis systems and, 5, 9–10

terroir and, 62–65

in France, 62–63

third-party use of, 29

traditional knowledge compared to, 165

TRIPS and, 6, 7, 12–14, 24–25, 40–41, 87–88, 441–444

definitions of GIs under, 52–54, 126

minimum requirements for GIs, 151

under UNESCO framework, 21

Western interests and, 9

WIPO and, 37

WTO and, 4, 36–37

EU violations of, 168, 171–172

member requirements for, 12

protections for GIs, 12

geographical indications (GIs), in EU, 165–167

Asia and, protection frameworks for, 211

in bilateral agreements, 192–194

under EU trademark law, 198–208

in international multilateral agreements, 194–197

non-proprietary, 208–210

scope of, 191–192

cultural factors in, 187–189

economic factors in, 187–189

increased costs of GI products, 188

under EU trademark law, 198–208

collective marks, 202–204

geographical term use, 198–201

protection as trademark, 198–201

registration of, 198–201

scope of protections, 201–202

“evocation” and, 191

under Geneva Act, 197

incompatibilities in, 167

legal factors in, 187–189

under Lisbon Agreement, 196–197

under Madrid Agreement, 195–196

under Paris Convention, 194

PDOs, 168, 189

PGIs, 168, 189

product specifications for, 171–175, 185

as property, 175–178

protection frameworks for, 189–197, 226, 227–228

in bilateral agreements, 192–194

comparisons to US, 224–228

in international multilateral agreements, 194–197

non-proprietary, 208–210

scope of, 191–192

registered names and, protections of, 210

registries for, 38

under Regulation 1151/2012, 189–191

under Regulation 2081/92, 189–191

TRIPS and, 190, 195

TSGs, 168, 189

WTO and, 168, 171–172, 190

geographical indications (GIs), protections of, 65–70. See also protected geographical indications

in Asia, 211, 230–233

in bilateral agreements, 192–194

under EU trademark law, 198–208

in international multilateral agreements, 194–197

non-proprietary, 208–210

scope of, 191–192

in Bangladesh, 449–452

for Jamdani, as traditional knowledge, 455–459

rationale for, 444–448

in China, 230–233, 381, 390–391, 396–402

through enforcement procedures, 390–391

for foreign products, 391

international, 405–406

legislative history for, 382–384

under SAIC, 380–381

under trademark system, 381–387

EC claims on, 65–66

in ECtHR cases, 175–176

in EU

alternate approaches to, 228–230

compared to US, 224–228

generic terms and, 226

legal approaches to, 227–228

GI prices correlated to, 66

under Inter-American Convention, 229–230

in Japan

non-proprietary, 209

scope of, 509

in Kenya, 67

through legal means, 67–69

PDOs and, 68

as policy tool, 86

public beliefs in, 69–70

in Singapore, 237–240, 247–254

after GI Act (1999), 238–240

before GI Act (1999), 237–238

through registration systems, 247–249

relationships between owners and rights holders, 249–254

in Sri Lanka, 412–421

through business practice laws, 412–413, 415–417

through consumer protections, 415–417

through sui generis regimes, 414–415, 419–420, 434–435

through trademark law, 413–414, 417–419

in US

alternate approaches to, 228–230

compared to EU, 224–228

history of, 212–214

legal approaches to, 227–228

under trademark law, 227–228

weakness of, 420–421

Geographical Indications Act (GI Act) (1999) (Singapore), 235, 237–240

Geographical Indications Act (GI Act) (2014) (Singapore), 235–236, 240–246

border enforcement measures, 246

enhanced protections through, 245–246

existing holders under, 250–251

GIs under

cancellations of, 245

definitions of, 242

PGI owners under, 250–254

registry establishment under, 241–245

trademarks under, 242

owners of, 251–253

users of signs, 253–254

Geographical Indications Act 2000 (GIA Act 2000) (Malaysia), 281–283, 287–296

amendment of, 287

institution of proceedings under, 293–296

PGIs under, 289

registration system under, 289–291

rights and exceptions under, 291–293

geographical origins

marketing of, 70–73

appeal of, 70–72

in developed countries, 71–72

in developing countries, 71–72

labeling and, 72–73

protections for, 11–12, 28–34

interpretations of, 30–31

under Lisbon Agreement, 11–12

under Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False and Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods (Madrid Agreement), 11

under Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, 11

under TRIPS, 30–33

geographical terms

under EU trademark law, 198–201

in Inter-American Convention, 216, 219

in Madrid Agreement, 219

Georgia, 196

Germany

Ethiopian coffee imported into, 80

non-proprietary protections of GIs, 210

reputation-based GIs in, 47–48

terroir paradigm in, 47–48

GI Act. See Act for the Protection of the Names of Designated Agricultural, Forestry and Fishery Products and Foodstuffs; Geographical Indication of Goods Act of 1999

GI Act (1999). See Geographical Indications Act

GI Act (2014). See Geographical Indications Act

GI Act 2013. See Geographical Indication (Registration and Protection) Act 2013

GI Rules. See Geographical Indication of Goods Rules of 2002

GIA Act 2000. See Geographical Indications Act 2000

GIs. See geographical indications

gluten-free labels, 72

Government Regulation No. 51/2007 (Indonesia), 498–499

Greek Yoghurt case, 42, 43, 209

green GIs, 118–119

Guatemala, FTAs and, 178–179

Hạ Long fried calamari, 321–324, 330

Haiti, 196

handicrafts. See non-agricultural products and handicrafts

historic reputation-based GIs, 55–56, 58–59, 60

holistic territorial approach to life and development. See ayllu

Howard, Sir Albert, 63

Hughes, Justin, 22

Huizenga, Daniel, 521

human rights, in ICH, 467

Hungary, 196

ICH. See intangible cultural heritage

ICSID. See International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes

INAO. See Institut National de l’Origine et de la Qualité

India, GIs in

for agricultural products, 337, 340–341

APEDA certification, 355–356

Banarasi sarees, 333–335, 347–350

Basmati rice, 230–232

biocultural diversity in, 107–109

in Arunachal Pradesh state, 107–109

case studies for, 344–357

Alphonso mango, 354–357

Banarasi sarees, 333–335, 347–350

Darjeeling Tea, 351–354

Kashmir Pashminas, 350–351

collective action problems, 345

Darjeeling Tea, 92–96, 232–233, 351–354

as collective mark, 203–204

cultural impact of, 93

fair trade and, 93–94, 95–96

female workers and, 94–95

production techniques for, 92–93

design registration applications in, 61

farmers in, 80–83

for foodstuffs, 337

under GI Act, 344–345, 346

under GI Rules, 344

information asymmetry regarding, 336–337

Lạng Sơn star anise in, 326–327

liquor production in, 84–86

for Feni, 80–83

patent applications in, 61

PDOs, 341–342

PGIs, 338, 341–342

quality for, relevance of, 336–339

under Regulation 510/2006, 340

under Regulation 1151/2012, 189–191, 340

regulations of, 339–343

EU influences on, 339–342

for geographical names, 342–343

under sui generis systems, 339–342

trademark-style protections in, 342–343

US influences on, 342–343

reputation-based GIs in, 59–60

SMOI and, 349–350

Sri Lankan policy influenced by, 432–433

sui generis systems in, 339–342, 445

Tea Act in, 352, 353

Tea Board and, 352–354

trademark registration applications in, 61

traditional knowledge libraries for, 432

under TRIPS, 341

vanity GIs, 335

women’s TEK in, 107–109

indication of source, 441–442

indigenous farmers

biocultural rights of, 119–120

collective marks and, 120

FPIC of, 119–120

in Southeast Asia, 101–102

swidden agriculture and, 101–102

Indonesia, GIs in

Adan Kayan rice, 501–506

adat communities and, 495–496

for coffee production, 491

cultural heritage and, 485–488

customary law communities and, 490–491

decentralization policies for, 488–496, 506–507

economic development and, 485–488

Government Regulation No. 51/2007 in, 498–499

IPR and, 492–495

DGIP and, 500–501

Jepara furniture, 501–506

legal framework for, 496–501

palm oil production and

monocropping and, 112

RSPO certification, 112

smallholder schemes, 111

women’s role in, 109–113

under Plant Varieties Protection Act, 503–504

under Protection of Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Papuans, 493

Trade Marks Act of 2001 in, 496, 498–499

Institut National de l’Origine et de la Qualité (INAO), 37

establishment of, 219

intangible cultural heritage (ICH)

authenticity in, 483

in Brazil, 508

CSICH and, 21, 461–462, 464–469

property rights under, 462

purpose of, 467–468

Representative List in, 468–469

culinary practices and, 462–463, 474–483

Kimjang, Making and Sharing Kimchi in the Republic of Korea, 478–483

Mediterranean Diet, 474–477

cultural diversity and, 469–474

culture and, definitions of, 467

definition of, 466

domains of, 465

human rights context for, 467

Indonesia and, 485–488

intergenerational nature of, 465

in Japan, 510–514

association of producers and communities and, 520–525

authenticity of production process and, 525–527

GI Act and, 518–529

openness of product specification and, 527–529

law’s impact on, 469–474

for traditional culture, 465–466

UNESCO and, 461–462

intellectual property (IP)

in CJEU cases, 176–177

disincentivizing of, 161–162

in EU

under BTIAs, 169–170

ISDS and, 169–170

under TFEU, 169

GIs and, 37

global trade rules for, 150, 160–162

incentivizing of, 161–162

ISDS and, 169–170, 182–183

in Malaysia, GIs as distinct from, 281–282

national treatment principle for, 453

property-style rules for, 162–163

in Taiwan

under dereistic policies, 363

laws for, 359–360

under WTO rules, 162–163

Intellectual Property Act of 2003 (IP Act of 2003) (Sri Lanka), 415–416, 418, 419–420, 426, 428

Intellectual Property Law (IP Law) (Vietnam), 313–314

intellectual property rights (IPR) systems

in Bangladesh, 453–454

in Indonesia, 492–495

DGIP and, 500–501

MICOs and, 120

in Taiwan, 359–360

Inter-American Convention. See General Inter-American Convention for Trademark and Commercial Protection

International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), 182

investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS)

in bilateral trade agreements, 181–182

FET and, 181

GIs and, 180–184

BTIAs and, 178

FTAs under, 178–179

TRIPS and, 180

ICSID and, 182

IP and, 169–170, 182–183

NAFTA and, 181–183

plain packaging and, 178

UNCITRAL and, 180–181, 182

WTO and, 178–180, 185

BTIAs and, 178

FTAs under, 178–179

TRIPS and, 180

IP. See intellectual property

IP Act of 2003. See Intellectual Property Act of 2003

IP Law. See Intellectual Property Law

IPR systems. See intellectual property rights systems

Iran, 196

ISDS. See investor–state dispute settlement

Israel, 196

Italy

geographical origins protections in, 32

Lisbon Agreement and, 196

invalidation of, 197–198

non-proprietary protections of GIs, 209

PDOs in, 174–175

reputation-based GIs in, 60

Ives, Sarah, 521

Jamdani, 440–441, 447

historical value of, 456–457

as traditional knowledge, 455–459

Japan, GIs in

Abenomics and, 518–519

application process for, 514–518

amendments to, 516–517

cancellations in, 517–518

quality control in, 518

refusal of, 515–516

registration as part of, 514–515

GI Act in, 508–509, 510–514

ICH and, 518–529

scope of protections of, 512

ICH and, 510–514

association of producers and communities and, 520–525

authenticity of production process and, 525–527

GI Act and, 518–529

openness of product specification and, 527–529

under Law for the Protection of Cultural Property, 521

monopoly rights and, 522

protections for

non-proprietary, 209

scope of, 509

TCE and, 510

TPP and, 512

traditional knowledge and, 510

Jepara furniture, 501–506

Kashmir Pashminas, 350–351

Kenya, GI protections in, 67

Keys, Ancel, 475

Kimjang, Making and Sharing Kimchi in the Republic of Korea, 478–483

Codex standard for, 481–482

knowledge, traditional, 165

in India, libraries for, 432

Jamdani as, 455–459

in Japan, 510

Kobe beef, 208–209

Kolia, Marina, 50–51

Komesar, Neil, 521

labels, labeling and

in coffee production, 75–80

in PNG, 84–85

farmers and, in developing countries, 73–86

geographical origin marketing and, 72–73

types of, 72

for wine, in France, 10–11

Ladas, Stephen, 213, 215, 220. See also General Inter-American Convention for Trademark and Commercial Protection

landholders, women as, 109

Lạng Sơn star anise

in China, 326–327

in India, 326–327

as Vietnam GI, 324–327

Lanham Act (US), 140, 342–343

Latin America, Inter-American Convention in, 221–222

Latvia, reputation-based GIs in, 58

Law for the Protection of Cultural Property (Japan), 521

Law of Passing Off (Malaysia), 296–299

Law on Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests (China), 395

Layton, Ron, 78

Lenzerini, Federico, 526

Li, Tania, 109–110

Limburg, Germany, 183

Limburg Grotto Cheese, 183–184

liquor production

for Cognac, 138–141

Feni, 80–83

GI application for, 81–83

production of, 81

types of, 81, 82

in India, 80–83

Lisbon Agreement (1958). See also Geneva Act of the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration; trademarks

appellations of origin in, 23–27, 441–442

future of, 141–143

generic terms under, 133–135

genericide, 131–132

geographical origins protections under, 11–12

GIs and, 6

in China, 405

in EU, 196–197

Geneva Act definitions of, 40–41

invalidation of, 197–198

level of protections under, 127–129

maintenance fees under, 130–131

national parties to, 125

original member states of, 196

registration-related issues, 129–131

reputation-based GIs under, 23–24, 45

Geneva Act, 40–41

scope of protections under, 196–197

Sri Lanka under, 410–411

terminological issues, 126–127

terroir under, 64–65

travaux in, 127

usurpation in, 127

Vietnam GIs under, 313

livelihood security, 102–105

Loong, Lee Hsien, 255–256

Macedonia, 196

Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False and Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods (Madrid Agreement), 11, 195

China and, 405–406

geographical terms in, 219

Sri Lanka under, 410–411

maintenance fees, for trademarks

under Geneva Act, 129, 130–131

under Lisbon Agreement, 130–131

under PCT, 130

Malaysia, GIs in

applications for, 282–283

ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement and, 285–286

CPA 1999 in, 287, 301

for cultural heritage, 285

establishment of, 281–284

EUSFTA and, 286

in FTAs, 285–286

GIA 2000 in, 281–283, 287–296

amendment of, 287

institution of proceedings under, 293–296

PGIs under, 289

registration system under, 289–291

rights and exceptions under, 291–293

IP as distinct from, 281–282

Law of Passing Off in, 296–299

legal protections of, 286–303

scope of, 301–303

Malaysia-Chile Free Trade Agreement and, 285–286

MEUFTA, 286

sui generis systems and, 445

TDA 2011 in, 300–301

TMA 1976 in, 287, 299–300

Trade Marks (Amendment) Act 2000 in, 299–300

as trade tool, 284–286

TRIPS and, 281, 288

Malaysia-Chile Free Trade Agreement, 285–286

Malaysia-European Union Free Trade Agreement (MEUFTA), 286

Malmström, Cecilia, 152

Marie-Vivien, Delphine, 38–39

marketing

of Asian GIs, 91

in Vietnam, 330

of geographical origins, 70–73

appeal of, 70–72

in developed countries, 71–72

in developing countries, 71–72

labeling and, 72–73

GIs as tool in, 28–29

collective, 62, 120, 139

under Lanham Act, 140

marks indicating conditions of origin (MICOs)

Argumedo on, 120

in Asia, 88–89, 90–92, 113–120

alternative food networks and, 118

gender equity in, 116, 117–118

biocultural diversity and, 119

biocultural rights and, 119

through community protocols, 119–120

of indigenous peoples, 119–120

collective marks, 62, 120

IPR systems and, 120

WIPO and, 91

Mediterranean Diet, 474–477

mutations in, 477

mega-regional trade agreements, 153–158. See also Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement

CETA, 157–158

RCEP, 151, 156–157

negotiating members of, 156–157

MEUFTA. See Malaysia-European Union Free Trade Agreement

Mexico, 196

MICOs. See marks indicating conditions of origin

Ministry of Agricultural (MOA) practice, 392–394

for agricultural products, 393

approval in, 392–393

control and supervision in, 393

examination in, 392–393

protection terms in, 393

enforcement and, 394

for foreign GIs, 394

registration procedures, 392

Moldova, 196

monocropping

palm oil production and, 112

in swidden agriculture, 106

women and, 106

monopoly rights, 522

Montenegro, 196

Moratuwa furniture, 430–431

multilateral trade agreements, Asia GIs and, 194–197

NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement

NakshiKantha, 447

names, generic

GIs and, 13

under Lisbon Agreement, 133–135

national identity, terroir and, 122–123

National Office of Intellectual Property (NOIP), 311–312

national treatment principle, 453

Naylor, Lindsay, 117

New Zealand

ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement, 285–286

EU and, trade agreements with, 166

exports from, 166

Nicaragua, 196

NOIP. See National Office of Intellectual Property

non-agricultural products and handicrafts, reputation-based GIs for, 43–44

non-GMO labels, 72

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

EU under, 170

ISDS and, 181–183

North Korea, 193–194

Lisbon Agreement and, 196

OAPI. See Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle

OLPs. See Origin Labelled Products

organic labels, 72

Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle (OAPI), 141

Origin Labelled Products (OLPs), 310

Oxfam, 76, 77, 80

palm oil production

conflict palm oil, 113

deforestation through, 97–99

Fair Trade USA and, 117–118

in Indonesia

monocropping and, 112

RSPO certification, 112

smallholder schemes, 111

women’s role in, 109–113

industry reform for, 113–115

through certification regimes, 114–115

by corporations, 113–114

regulatory standards for, 115–116

through sustainability, 115

Snack Food 20 and, 113

Papua New Guinea (PNG)

coffee production in, 84–86

infrastructure for, 84

labeling schemes for, 84–85

non-traditional sources of, 85

farmers in, 84–86

Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, 11

China GIs under, 380–381

EU GIs under, 194

patents under, 131–132

Sri Lanka under, 410–411

trademarks under, 131–132

unfair competition and, 218

Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT), 130

patents

applications for, in India, 61

under Paris Convention, 131–132

PCT. See Patent Cooperation Treaty

PDOs. See protected designation of origins

Peru

FTAs and, 178–179

Lisbon Agreement and, 196

PRS in, 178–179

PGIs. See protected geographical indications

the Philippines, swidden agriculture in, 100–101

Phu Quoc products, 22

Plant Varieties Protection Act (Indonesia), 503–504

plantation agriculture, in Southeast Asia, 97–102

female landholders and, 109

gendered labour and, 109–113

for palm oil production, 109–113

subsistence farming and, 109

PNG. See Papua New Guinea

Portugal, 196

PPGIP system. See Provisions on the Protection of Geographical Indication Products system

price range system (PRS), 178–179

prices, GIs as influence on, 124

Product Quality Law (China), 395

property rights, under CSICH, 462

protected designation of origins (PDOs), 25–26, 37, 62

in Australia, 269–270

in EU, 168, 189

GI protections and, 68

in India, 341–342

in Italy, 174–175

TPP and, 153–154

protected geographical indications (PGIs), 25–26, 37, 62

in Australia, 269–270

in EU, 168, 189

European Commission on, 68

under GI Act 2014, 250–254

under GIA Act 2000, 289

in India, 338, 341–342

reputation-based GIs and, 44–47

in Taiwan, 362

TPP and, 153–154

in Vietnam, 315

Protection of Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Papuans (Indonesia), 493

Provisions on the Protection of Geographical Indication Products (PPGIP) system, 388–389, 390–391

PRS. See price range system

qualitative methodology, 311–312

quality control

for Japan GIs, 518

for wine GIs, 277–278

Raja, Indranee, 249

Rangnekar, Dwijen, 69, 74, 80–81. See also Feni liquor

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), 151, 156–157

negotiating members of, 156–157

registered names, 210

registration protection principle, 366

registries and registrations, of GIs

in China, 385–387

MOA practice for, 392

DOOR, 41

PDOs in, 171

PGIs in, 171

TSGs in, 171

under EU trademark law, 198–201

under GI Act 2013, 451

under GI Act 2014, 241–245

under GIA Act 2000, 289–291

for GIs, 5, 18

in Asia, 190–191

in EU, 38

terroir and, 24–25

in Japan, 514–515

in Singapore, 247–249

in Sri Lanka, 410, 435

in Taiwan, 370–371

TRIPS and, 370–371

in Vietnam, 312–320

criteria requirements for, 312–314

product types and, 314–315

public policies for, 318–320

as state-driven top-down process, 316–318, 329

Regulation 510/2006 (India), 340

Regulation 1151/2012 (India), 189–191, 340

Regulation 2081/92 (European Union), 189–191

reputation-based GIs, 23–28, 40–54

attributability of, 54–59

in India, 59–60

in Italy, 60

in Latvia, 58

relevance of, 54–55

in Spain, 57–58

in CJEU cases, 42–43

Greek Yoghurt case, 42, 43, 209

as compromise, 44–54

as multilateral template, within EU, 51–54

for PGIs, 44–47

contemporary aspects of, 55–56

defined, 40–41

DOOR and, 41

EC recognition of, 51–54

historic aspects of, 55–56, 58–59, 60

under Lisbon Agreement, 23–24, 45

Geneva Act, 40–41

for non-agricultural products and handicrafts, 43–44

product history and, 55–56, 57

production techniques in, 56

terroir paradigm and, 24–25, 47–51

in Germany, 47–48

under TFEU, 48

trademarks and, 137

under TRIPS, 24–25

under unfair competition laws, 45–47

WTO legislation and, 40

Rogers, Edward, 213, 220. See also General Inter-American Convention for Trademark and Commercial Protection

Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), 112

Ruhunu Curd, 426–427

rules of origin, WTO criteria for, 150

rural development, GIs and, 259

Ryan, Paul, 152

SAIC. See State Administration for Industry and Commerce

Saudi Arabia, Ethiopian coffee imported into, 80

Sen, Debarati, 94

Serbia, 196

shade-grown labels, 72

shifting cultivation. See swidden agriculture

Silk Mark Organization of India (SMOI), 349–350

Singapore. See also Geographical Indications Act

EU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement, 166–167, 169

CJEU ratification of, 255

establishment of, 235

purpose of, 235

under GI Act (1999), 235, 237–240

GI protections in, 237–240, 247–254

after GI Act (1999), 238–240

before GI Act (1999), 237–238

through registration systems, 247–249

relationships between owners and rights holders, 249–254

Trade Marks Act 1938 in, 237

Trade Marks Act 1998 in, 237–238

Trade Marks (Amendment) Act 2004 in, 254

under TRIPS, 240

US-Singapore Free-Trade Agreement, 166–167, 254

Singh, Ranjay K., 107

single-origin coffees

from Ethiopia, 77–79

Starbucks and, 77–80

Slovakia, 196

SLTB. See Sri Lanka Tea Board

smallholder schemes, 111

SMOI. See Silk Mark Organization of India

Snack Food 20, 113

social development

GIs for, 15–22

in Vietnam, through GIs, 308–309, 320–327

social movements, swidden agriculture and, 100–101

The Soil and Health (Howard), 63

soil fertility, swidden agriculture and, 103

South Korea

EU-South Korea Free Trade Agreement, 169, 192, 193–194

Kimjang, Making and Sharing Kimchi in the Republic of Korea, 478–483

Codex standard for, 481–482

under TPP Agreement, 156

Southeast Asia. See also Bangladesh; China; India; South Korea; Sri Lanka; Taiwan

biocultural diversity in, 96–113. See also swidden agriculture

on agricultural lands, 100

under CBD, 103–104

ecosystem services and, 102–105

on forest lands, 100

livelihood security and, 102–105

deforestation in, 97–102

through palm oil production, 97–99

indigenous farmers in, 101–102

plantation agriculture in, 97–102

female landholders and, 109

gendered labour and, 109–113

for palm oil production, 109–113

subsistence farming and, 109

Spain, reputation-based GIs in, 57–58

species richness, swidden agriculture and, 103

Sri Lanka, GIs in

Ambalangoda masks, 428–430

Beeralu lace, 430–431

CAA Act of 2003 in, 416

Ceylon Cinnamon, 423–424

Ceylon Sapphires, 425–426

Ceylon Tea, 409–410, 421–423

SLTB and, 422–423

definitions of, 410–412

Dumbara mats, 427–428

Indian influences on, 432–433

IP Act of 2003 in, 415–416, 418, 419–420, 426, 428

under Lisbon Agreement, 410–411

under Madrid Agreement, 410–411

Moratuwa furniture, 430–431

under Paris Convention, 410–411

protections for, 412–421

through business practice laws, 412–413, 415–417

through consumer protections, 415–417

through sui generis regimes, 414–415, 419–420, 434–435

through trademark law, 413–414, 417–419

weakness of, 420–421

registration-based system for, 410, 435

Ruhunu Curd, 426–427

sui generis regimes in, 414–415, 419–420, 434–435, 445

under TRIPS, 411–412, 413

Sri Lanka Tea Board (SLTB), 422–423

stakeholders, diverse, 89–90

Starbucks, 75–80

single-origin coffees and, 77–80

State Administration for Industry and Commerce (SAIC), 380–381

status of play, 14

subsistence farming, women and, 109

sui generis systems. See also Ministry of Agricultural practice

in Asian countries, 445

champagne under, 122–123

in China, 387–391, 392–394, 402–404. See also Ministry of Agricultural practice

AQSIQ system, 387–390

costs of, 403

exclusive rights, 403–404

PPGIP system, 388–389, 390–391

trademarks in conflict with, 400–402

farmers under, in developing countries, 74

genericide and, 132

under Geneva Act, 142

GIs and, 5, 9–10

in India, 339–342, 445

in Sri Lanka, 414–415, 419–420, 434–435

in Taiwan, 378

TPP and, 142

TRIPS and, 449

in Vietnam, 308, 312

sustainable, as label, 72

swidden agriculture, 97–102

biomass in, 98, 103

carbon stocks in, 98, 102

under CBD, 103–104

criminalization of, 99–100

ecosystem services and, 102–105

fallow periods in, 103, 104

in global social movements, 100–101

indigenous farmers and, 101–102

livelihood security and, 102–105

political and strategic advantages of, 100

soil fertility and, 103

species richness and, 103

women’s TEK in, 105–109

Sykes, Friend, 63

Taiwan, GIs in

dereistic policies for, 362–367

as IP-centred, 363

negative protections in, 365–367

positive protections in, 365–377

trademarks in, 363–365

economic development through, 377–379

under Examination Guidelines of 2007, 371–375

under Fair Trade Act, 360–361

IP and

under dereistic policies, 363

laws for, 359–360

IPRs and, 359–360

PGIs, 362

registration of, 370–371

TRIPS and, 370–371

registration protection principle and, 366

sui generis systems, 378

under TMA 2003, 360–361, 366, 367, 368–370, 373–374

under TMA 2012, 368, 375–377

under Tobacco and Alcohol Administration Act, 360–361

trademarks and

collective, 372–373

under dereistic policies, 363–365

geographical collective, 375–376

TRIPS and, 359–361, 364–365, 370–371

for wine and spirits, 362

in WTO, 359, 360–361

Taiwan Intellectual Property Office (TIPO), 360–361, 364–365, 372, 373–374

TBT. See Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

TCEs. See traditional cultural expressions

TDA 2011. See Trade Descriptions Act 2011

Tea Act (India), 352, 353

Tea Board, in India, 352–354

tea production, Darjeeling Tea, 92–96

cultural impact of, 93

fair trade and, 93–94, 95–96

female workers and, 94–95

production techniques for, 92–93

TEK. See traditional environmental knowledge

terroir. See also geographical origins

in Bangladesh, 455

cultural context for, 63

defined, 36, 63

in France, 62–63, 122–123

in free market economies, 136

FTA policy and, 159

GATT and, 39

Geneva Act and, 64–65, 123

under Lisbon Agreement, 64–65

microclimactic elements of, 63

national identity and, 122–123

reputation-based GIs and, 24–25, 47–51

in Germany, 47–48

under TFEU, 48

soil composition and, 63

TPP Agreement and, 123

under TRIPS, 64–65

wine making and, 62–65

in Australia, 63, 164

in France, 62–63

in United States, 64

TFEU. See Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

Thailand, sui generis systems and, 445

TIPO. See Taiwan Intellectual Property Office

TM Law 1993. See Trade Mark Law of 1993

TM Law 2001. See Trade Mark Law of 2001

TM Law 2013. See Trade Mark Law of 2013

TMA 1976. See Trade Marks Act 1976

TMA 2003. See Trade Mark Act 2003

TMA 2012. See Trade Mark Act 2012

Tobacco and Alcohol Administration Act (Taiwan), 360–361

Togo, 196

TPP Agreement. See Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement

Trade Descriptions Act 2011 (TDA 2011) (Malaysia), 300–301

Trade Mark Act 2003 (TMA 2003) (Taiwan), 360–361, 366, 367, 368–370, 373–374

Trade Mark Act 2012 (TMA 2012) (Taiwan), 368, 375–377

Trade Mark Law of 1993 (TM Law 1993) (China), 382–383

Trade Mark Law of 2001 (TM Law 2001) (China), 383

Trade Mark Law of 2013 (TM Law 2013) (China), 387, 397, 399, 400–401

trade marks. See trademarks

Trade Marks Act 1938 (Singapore), 237

Trade Marks Act 1976 (TMA 1976) (Malaysia), 287, 299–300

Trade Marks Act 1998 (Singapore), 237–238

Trade Marks (Amendment) Act 2000 (Malaysia), 299–300

Trade Marks (Amendment) Act 2004 (Singapore), 254

Trade Marks Act of 2001 (Indonesia), 496, 498–499

Trademark Act (US), 213, 220

trademark law

in China, 404–405

in Sri Lanka, 413–414, 417–419

trademarks. See also General Inter-American Convention for Trademark and Commercial Protection

in Bangladesh, 452–454

certification marks and, 137–138

for Cognac, 138–141

in China, 381–387, 402–404

conflicts between GIs and, 396–400

costs of, 403

enforcement of, 387

as exclusive rights, 403–404

legislative history for, 382–384

registration for, 385–387

in CJEU cases, 198–201

collective

geographical, 375–376

in Taiwan, 372–373

under common law, 137–141

collective goodwill under, 137–138

“first-in-time, first-in-right” approach to, 137

in United States, 138

conflicts over

EU Council regulations for, 133

under Geneva Act, 135

under Lisbon Agreement, 133–135

under TRIPS, 134–135

CTMR and, 204

deceptive, 200

EU GIs under, 198–208

collective marks, 202–204

geographical term use, 198–201

protection as trademark for, 198–201

registrability of, 198–201

scope of protections for, 201–202

under GI Act 2014, 242

owners of trademarks, 251–253

under Lanham Act, 140, 342–343

maintenance fees for

under Geneva Act, 129, 130–131

under Lisbon Agreement, 130–131

under PCT, 130

under Paris Convention, 131–132

registrations for

in Ethiopia, 75–80

in India, 61

Starbucks and, 75–80

reputation-based GIs and, 137

in Taiwan

collective, 372–373

under dereistic policies, 363–365

geographical collective, 375–376

under TRIPS, 134–135, 141

definitions of, 453

in Vietnam, 328–329

traditional cultural expressions (TCEs)

in Asia, 88

in Japan, 510

traditional environmental knowledge (TEK)

in Asia, 88

for women, 105–109

FPIC principles and, 108–109

in India, 107–109

traditional knowledge. See knowledge

traditional specialties guaranteed (TSGs), 153–154

in EU, 168, 189

Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)

EU under, 169, 212

multilateral aspects of, 151

US under, 212

Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement, 14–15, 153–156, 225

Australia under, 156

EU under, 170

Geneva Act and, 143

Japan and, 512

member nations in, 15

multilateral aspects of, 151

PDOs and, 153–154

PGIs and, 153–154

South Korea under, 156

sui generis systems and, 142

terroir and, 123

TSG and, 153–154

travaux, 127

Treaty of Athens, 193–194

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

IP under, 169

reputation-based GIs and, 48

terroir paradigm and, 48

TRIPS. See Agreement of Trade-Related Aspects to Intellectual Property Rights

TSGs. See traditional specialties guaranteed

TTIP. See Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership

Tunisia, 196

UNCITRAL. See United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

UNCTAD. See United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNESCO. See United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

unfair competition

under Anti-Unfair Competition Law, 395

Inter-American Convention and, 216–217, 218

Paris Convention and, 218

reputation-based GIs and, 45–47

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), 180–181, 182

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 337

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 21, 440–441

cultural diversity and, 470–471

ICH and, 461–462

United States (US). See also General Inter-American Convention for Trademark and Commercial Protection

Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement, 279

AVAs in, 64

FTAs with, 222

GIs in, 165–167

incompatibilities in, 167

Lanham Act in, 140, 342–343

protection of GIs in

comparisons with EU, 224–228

history of, 212–214

legal approaches to, 227–228

under trademark law, 227–228

terroir and, for wine making, 64

Trademark Act in, 213, 220

trademarks in, 138

under TTIP, 212

wine making in, 64

US-Singapore Free-Trade Agreement, 166–167, 254

usurpation, 127

van Caenegem, William, 149, 261

Vietnam, GIs in

appellations of origin and, 314, 320

case studies for, 320–327

Hạ Long fried calamari, 321–324, 330

Lạng Sơn star anise, 324–327

Civil Code of Vietnam, 320

collective action dynamics in, 310, 331

collective marks in, 328–329

commercial channels for, 330

development and establishment of, 305–310

EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement, 169, 305

institutional frameworks for, 309–310, 328–329

IP Law in, 313–314

legal frameworks for, 309–310, 328–329

under Lisbon Agreement, 313

marketing channels for, 330

NOIP and, 311–312

OLPs and, 310

PGIs in, 315

qualitative methodology approach to, 311–312

registration of, 312–320

criteria requirements, 312–314

product types and, 314–315

public policies for, 318–320

as state-driven top-down process, 316–318, 329

socio-economic development through, 308–309, 320–327

sui generis systems and, 308, 312

trademarks in, 328–329

Vietnam Intellectual Property Law, 311–312

West, Paige, 84–85

wine GIs, in Australia, 260–266

communities and, 277–278

costs of, 267–268

enforcement procedures for, 266–267

in Granite Belt, 274–276, 280

quality standards for, 277–278

reciprocal spillovers for, 280

size of region for, 263–265, 274–276

in Tasmania, 271–272

wine labeling, laws on

in France, 10–11

in Taiwan, 362

wine making

in Australia, 260–266

terroir and, 63, 164

AVAs and, 64

bilateral trade agreements for, 192–193

terroir and, 62–65

in Australia, 63, 164

in France, 62–63

in United States, 64

WIPO. See World Intellectual Property Organisation

women

in alternative food networks, 118

in Darjeeling Tea production, 94–95

as landholders, 109

in plantation economies, 109–113

in palm oil production, 109–113

in subsistence farming, 109

in swidden agriculture, 105–109

monocropping and, 106

rice cultivation, 106

TEK for, 105–109

FPIC principles and, 108–109

in India, 107–109

World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)

Geneva Act and, 122

GIs and, 37

MICOs and, 91

World Trade Organization (WTO)

discrimination between trading partners, 453

DSU, 178

GIs and, 4, 36–37

in EU, 168, 171–172, 190

member requirements for, 12

protections for, 12

IP and, 162–163

ISDS and, 178–180, 185

BTIAs and, 178

FTAs under, 178–179

TRIPS and, 180

reputation-based GIs and, 40

rules of origin criteria, 150

Taiwan accession to, 359, 360–361

Yugoslavia, 196

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