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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 September 2024
This essay takes as its starting point the newly discovered first state print of the large topographical plan of the Campus Martius of ancient Rome made by Giovanni Battista Piranesi in the years around 1760. There are significant differences between the first and the more common second state (which was bound into the Campus Martius volume published in 1762) and they concern the form of the circuses, six of which are included by Piranesi in his plan. This essay will investigate those changes and propose a hypothesis regarding the motivations for them by looking at the antiquarian context with which Piranesi was familiar and taking into consideration his enthusiasm for on-site examination of ancient remains. Particularly relevant are the ruins of the circus of Maxentius on the via Appia just outside the city, a site which preoccupied Piranesi at various times throughout his career in Rome. The antiquarian material examined includes earlier writings on circuses, which had a marked effect on the way that Piranesi drew his circuses in the first state of the plan and on the changes he made, clearly visible in the copper plates from which the prints were made. The circus Maximus and circus of Maxentius as described by Pirro Ligorio, Onofrio Panvinio and Raffaele Fabretti are key to the genesis and development of the Campus plan.
Questo saggio prende spunto dalla prima redazione della grande pianta topografica del Campo Marzio di Roma antica, realizzata da Giovanni Battista Piranesi intorno al 1760 e recentemente scoperta. Le differenze tra la prima e la più comune seconda redazione (che fu inserita nel volume Campus Martius pubblicato nel 1762) sono significative e riguardano la forma dei circhi, sei dei quali sono inclusi da Piranesi nella sua pianta. Questo saggio analizzerà questi cambiamenti e proporrà ipotesi sulle motivazioni che li hanno determinati, prendendo in considerazione il contesto antiquario che Piranesi conosceva e tenendo conto del suo entusiasmo per l'esame autoptico dei resti antichi. In questo quadro particolarmente rilevanti sono le rovine del circo di Massenzio sulla via Appia, appena fuori città, un sito che ha interessato Piranesi in diversi momenti della sua carriera a Roma. Il materiale antiquario esaminato comprende scritti precedenti sui circhi, che hanno avuto forti conseguenze sul modo in cui Piranesi ha disegnato i suoi circhi nella prima redazione della grande pianta topografica del Campo Marzio e sulle successive modifiche apportate, chiaramente visibili nelle lastre di rame da cui sono state ricavate le stampe. In particolare il circo Massimo e il circo di Massenzio descritti da Pirro Ligorio, Onofrio Panvinio e Raffaele Fabretti sono infatti fondamentali per la genesi e lo sviluppo grande pianta topografica del Campo Marzio.
Colleagues and friends – and also my children – have enlightened my thinking and assisted my research into the Campus Martius plan over the last couple of years; I thank them all for their generosity, their insights and their patience. I thank the anonymous readers and the editors of PBSR for the opportunity to publish here. AMDG.
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