In the UK, detentions under the Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA) are reported to have risen steadily over the past three decades.Reference Hotopf, Wall, Buchanan, Wessely and Churchill1,Reference Keown, Murphy, McKenna and McKinnon2 This rise may be because of more people being detained, an increase in re-detention or both. However, it has not been possible, using national statistics, to measure directly any increase in the level of re-detention. This historical cohort study used patient-level data to explore trends in detention in two secondary mental health trusts in inner London from 2007–2008 to 2016–2017.
Method
Data were extracted from the Case Register Interactive Search (CRIS) systems at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLAM) and Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust (C&I). CRIS allows researchers to search and retrieve de-identified electronic mental health records within an approved governance framework.Reference Stewart, Soremekun, Perera, Broadbent, Callard and Denis3,Reference Perera, Broadbent and Callard4 Individuals receiving active care by SLAM or C&I at any time in a given fiscal year during the observation period (the 2007–2008 to 2016–2017 fiscal years at SLAM, inclusive, and the 2009–2010 to 2015–2016 fiscal years at C&I) were included. Active care was defined as at least one face-to-face clinical encounter and/or a ward stay of at least 1 day. The population studied was working age adults (18–65 years, inclusive) from the SLAM and C&I catchment areas (based on their residential or general practitioner's address). This excluded non-resident patients transferred out of area to receive care at SLAM and C&I (these patients generally required national and specialist services and may not have been representative of locally resident patients), and patients detained to private hospitals. Homeless people are included. Part 2, part 3 and supplementary sections were included.
Analyses focused on episodes of detention under the MHA (‘detention episodes’) and were conducted separately by site and fiscal year. Multiple sections of the MHA can be applied during a detention episode (for example a person may be detained for assessment under section 2, then detained for treatment under section 3). If sections were used contiguously, they were a single episode. If there was a gap of more than 1 day between the end of one section and the start of a new section, this was a new episode.
Analyses considered whether any increase in total number of detention episodes was accounted for by more people being detained at least once, or by those who were detained experiencing this more frequently. We analysed (a) whether the number and proportion of patients detained at least once in a fiscal year increased year on year; and (b) whether, among those detained at least once in a fiscal year, the median number of detentions per person per year increased year on year. Analyses also considered duration of detention over time, in order to investigate whether any increase in detentions might be explained by a decrease in the number of days per detention.
Ethical approvals were provided by the Oxford C Research Ethics Committee (18/SC/0372 – SLAM) and the National Research Ethics Service Committee East of England – Cambridge Central (14/EE/0177 – C&I). The SLAM and C&I CRIS Oversight Committees approved the presented analyses.
Results
An increase in the number of detention episodes initiated per fiscal year was recorded at both Trusts, accompanied by an increase in the number of active patients. The proportion of active patients with at least one detention episode initiated during the fiscal year remained relatively stable (Table 1). At SLAM, the number of detention episodes increased from 1786 in 2007–2008 to 2374 in 2016–2017 (a 33% increase). During the same period the number of active patients increased from 23 226 to 27 153 (a 17% increase) and the proportion detained changed from 6.4 to 6.8%. The greatest increase occurred between 2007–2008 and 2009–2010, during which time there was a 12% increase in the number of detentions (from 1786 to 2005) and an 11% increase in the number of active patients (from 23 226 to 25 673). Data from C&I were available for 2009–2010 to 2015–2016 only. There was more year on year variation, but an overall increase in the number of detention episodes from 655 to 739 (a 13% increase). During the same period the number of active patients increased from 12 131 to 15 123 (a 25% increase) and the proportion detained changed from 4.6 to 4.2%.
Table 1 Detention episodes at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLAM) and Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust (C&I)
The median number of detention episodes initiated per patient per fiscal year (our measure of re-detention) was stable over time at each Trust, the median being uniformly 1.0 in SLAM and in C&I across the observation period. Different patterns were observed regarding the median duration of detention for active patients who had at least 1 day detained during the fiscal year. At SLAM the median duration of detention ranged from 39 to 54 days, with no clear trend over time. An increase in the median duration of detention was observed at C&I, from 51 days in 2009–2010 to 61.5 days in 2015–2016. Further, when considering mean detention rates over the course of the study and between trusts, SLAM had a small increase (from 1.2 to 1.3) whereas these were stable at C&I (at 1.2).
Discussion
Analyses showed a rising trend in detention under the MHA: the number of detention episodes increased by 33% in SLAM between 2007–2008 and 2016–2017 and by 13% in C&I between 2009–2010 to 2015–2016. This increase is less pronounced than would have been expected from national data, which indicated that detentions increased by 47% nationally between 2005–2006 and 2015–2016.5 This discrepancy may add weight to the hypothesis, advanced by the Care Quality Commission (CQC), that the increase in the rate of detention since 2010 is in part as a result of national data becoming more complete or to increased problems of double counting.6 This disparity may also reflect the increase in detention to private hospitals.5
Analyses also show that the increase in detentions at these Trusts may reflect an increase in the number of patients seen, with only modest changes to the proportion of patients being detained and little evidence that the same individuals were being detained more often over time. There are many potential reasons for such an increase,Reference McManus, Bebbington, Jenkins and Brugha7,Reference Baker8 including – and as highlighted by the CQC - the increase in the local population.6 Population estimates indicate that the population served by C&I increased by 14% between 2009 and 2015; the population served by SLAM similarly increased by 14% between 2007 and 2016.9 Reasons may also include increased risk of developing a mental disorder because of social and economic change, increased help-seeking,Reference McManus, Bebbington, Jenkins and Brugha7,Reference Baker8 and increased awareness and responsiveness to mental disorder among healthcare professionals.Reference Keown, Murphy, McKenna and McKinnon2 Further discussion of the findings is provided in Box 1 by a member of the NIHR Mental Health Policy Research Unit's Lived Experience Working Group.
Box 1 NIHR Mental Health Policy Research Unit's lived experience working group commentary
The findings of this study demonstrate that at both sites, both the number of detentions per year and the number of active patients rose over the considered time period. However, although the percentage of active patients detained under the Mental Health Act (MHA) increased slightly over the time period for one site, for the other it decreased slightly. As a patient who has experienced detention under the MHA, I am aware of the extent to which it can be both traumatising and damaging to one's confidence in mental health services. Detention is best avoided and is seldom experienced as therapeutic or helpful, even when perceived by an individual as having potentially saved their life.Reference Hotopf, Wall, Buchanan, Wessely and Churchill1 Therefore, it is positive that the overall number of detentions per individual did not increase over time; although it is unfortunate that at both sites the actual number of detentions per year did increase, and that at one site the mean length of detention per active patient detained also increased.
It is interesting to note also that at both sites the number of active patients increased and prompts the question as to why? In the discussion section the assumption is made that the number of active patients explains the increase in number of detentions per year, which is supported by the relative stability over the considered time period of the ratio of active patients detained. The discussion section also suggests possible causes for the increase in the number of active patients.
In one site the increase in number of detentions was matched by a proportionate increase in the population of the site, yet in the other the increase in the number of detentions was proportionately over twice the increase in the population of the site. It would be useful to determine the reasons behind this difference; for instance, whether it is because of differences in changes in mental health service provision and/or socio-environmental factors between the two sites over the considered time period.
This study suggests that the national rise in the rate of detentions under the MHA may be the result of increases in the number of people detained rather than increases in the number of detentions per individual. Given the adverse nature of patients' experiences of detention under the MHA, as evidenced by the current Independent Review of the MHA,10 this increase needs to be better understood with a view to reversing the current trend.
Sarah Markham
(S. Markham, personal communication, 2019)
Strengths and limitations
CRIS offers several advantages over other types of routine data in investigating trends in MHA use. It provides patient-level, longitudinal data on demographic and clinical factors and on MHA detentions. In contrast with some national data that provides only the raw number of detentions,5 we could account for the number of individuals receiving care. However, there are limitations. Data are drawn from two London-based NHS trusts that are diverse both in terms of deprivation and ethnicity and may not be representative of wider national trends.5 Analyses do not account for potential confounders and it was beyond the scope of this study to investigate drivers of clinical decision-making or the impact of sociodemographic and economic factors.
Implications
In addition to highlighting the need for reliable routine data systems, this study reveals that the rising number of detentions may mainly reflect the rise of the number of people receiving mental healthcare. Future research should include investigation of this increase and multivariate analyses to investigate drivers of changes in the number of detentions and re-detentions over time and across different areas of England. Analyses should be replicated in trusts outside of London with access to systems such as CRIS and consideration given to developing similar systems in trusts lacking this type of resource.
Funding
This paper is based on independent research commissioned and funded by the National Institute for Health Research Policy Research Programme and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, the Department of Health and Social Care or its arm's length bodies, and other government departments. CRIS is further supported by the Guy's and St Thomas' Trustees and the South London and Maudsley Trustees. R.D.H. receives salary support from the NIHR Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. M.H. is an NIHR senior investigator. N.W. is supported by the University College London Hospitals National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre.
Data availability
A dedicated CRIS Security Model has been developed to ensure that the ethical and legal rights of patients are protected. Access to CRIS data requires approval by the CRIS Oversight Committee.
Author contributions
S.O. led the analysis and interpretation of data from Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust and drafted the first version of the manuscript. C.C. led data extraction, analysis and interpretation for the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust site. M.P. made substantial contributions to data extraction and the interpretation of the data structure and results. M.K. provided guidance on statistical aspects of the paper and assisted with interpretation of the analysis. D.F.d.F. made substantial contributions to the interpretation of data. L.T.-M. made substantial contributions to the interpretation of data. J.D. contributed to the interpretation of data and provided guidance on the underlying clinical practice reflected in the data. B.L.-E. made substantial contribution to the design of analysis conducted at Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust and to the interpretation of findings. S.M. made substantial contributions to the interpretation of data. N.W. led on data acquisition for analysis conducted at Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust. C.-K.C. provided epidemiological support and assisted with study design. S.J. made substantial contributions to the design of analysis conducted at Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust and to the interpretation of findings. M.H. made substantial contributions to the overall conceptualisation and design of the work and to the interpretation of data. R.D.H. led the conceptualisation and design of the work and to the interpretation of data from South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. All authors drafted and/or critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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