Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T09:27:52.231Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A glacial readvance during retreat of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, British Columbia central coast

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2017

Jordan B. R. Eamer
Affiliation:
Hakai Institute, Calvert Island, British Columbia, Canada Coastal Erosion and Dune Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Dan H. Shugar
Affiliation:
Hakai Institute, Calvert Island, British Columbia, Canada Coastal Erosion and Dune Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Current address: Water, Sediment, Hazards, and Earth-surface Dynamics (waterSHED) Laboratory, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington, USA
Ian J. Walker*
Affiliation:
Hakai Institute, Calvert Island, British Columbia, Canada Coastal Erosion and Dune Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Current address: Applied Geospatial Research Group, Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Olav B. Lian
Affiliation:
Hakai Institute, Calvert Island, British Columbia, Canada Department of Geography and the Environment, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
Christina M. Neudorf
Affiliation:
Hakai Institute, Calvert Island, British Columbia, Canada Department of Geography and the Environment, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
Alice M. Telka
Affiliation:
Paleotec Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
*
*Corresponding author at: Applied Geospatial Research Group, Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] (I.J. Walker).

Abstract

Descriptions of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet retreat after the last glacial maximum have included short-lived readvances occurring during the Older and Younger Dryas stadial periods and into the Holocene, but identification of these events has been largely limited to southwest and central British Columbia and northwest Washington State. We present evidence of a late Pleistocene readvance of Cordilleran ice occurring on the central coast of British Columbia on Calvert Island, between northern Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii. Evidence is provided by sedimentological and paleoecological information contained in a sedimentary sequence combined with geomorphic mapping of glacial features in the region. Results indicate that a cold climate existed between 15.1 and 14.3 cal ka BP and that ice advanced to, and then retreated from, the western edge of the island between 14.2 and 13.8 cal ka BP. These data provide the first evidence of a major fluctuation in the retreating ice sheet margin in this region and suggest that a cold climate was a major factor in ice readvance. These data contribute to the understanding of past temperature, ice loading and crustal response, the nature of ice margin retreat, and the paleoenvironment of an understudied area of the Pacific Northwest.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Allmendinger, R.W., Cardozo, N.C., Fisher, D., 2012. Structural Geology Algorithms: Vectors and Tensors. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Andrews, J.T., Retherford, R.M., 1978. A reconnaissance survey of late Quaternary sea levels, Bella Bella/Bella Coola region, central British Columbia coast. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 15, 341350.Google Scholar
Barrie, J.V., Bornhold, B.D., Conway, K.W., Luternauer, J.L., 1991. Surficial geology of the northwestern Canadian continental shelf. Continental Shelf Research 11, 701715.Google Scholar
Barrie, J.V., Conway, K.W., 1999. Late Quaternary glaciation and postglacial stratigraphy of the northern Pacific margin of Canada. Quaternary Research 51, 113123.Google Scholar
Barrie, J.V., Hetherington, R., Macleod, R., 2014. Pacific margin, Canada shelf physiography: a complex history of glaciation, tectonism, oceanography and sea-level change. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 41, 305313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, L., Burdett, J., Lund, S., Kashgarian, M., Mensing, S., 1997. Nearly synchronous climate change in the Northern Hemisphere during the last glacial termination. Letters to Nature 388, 263265.Google Scholar
Birks, H.H., 2001. Plant macrofossils. In: Smol, J.P., Birks, H.J.B., Last, W.M. (Eds.), Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments Vol. 3. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp. 4974.Google Scholar
Blaise, B., Clague, J.J., Mathewes, R.W., 1990. Time of maximum late Wisconsin glaciation, west coast of Canada. Quaternary Research 34, 282295.Google Scholar
Booth, D.B., Troost, K.G., Clague, J.J., Waitt, R.B., 2003. The Cordilleran Ice Sheet. Developments in Quaternary Sciences 1, 1743.Google Scholar
Bristowe, W.S., 1958. The World of Spiders. HarperCollins, London.Google Scholar
Brown, K.J., Hebda, R.J., 2002. Origin, development, and dynamics of coastal temperate conifer rainforests of southern Vancouver Island, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, 353372.Google Scholar
Cardozo, N., Allmendinger, R.W., 2013. Spherical projections with OSXStereonet. Computers and Geosciences 51, 193205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clague, J.J., 1985. Deglaciation of the Prince Rupert–Kitimat area, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, 256265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clague, J.J., Armstrong, J.E., Mathews, W.H., 1980. Advance of the late Wisconsin Cordilleran Ice Sheet in southern British Columbia since 22,000 yr B.P. Quaternary Research 13, 322326.Google Scholar
Clague, J.J., James, T.S., 2002. History and isostatic effects of the last ice sheet in southern British Columbia. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 7187.Google Scholar
Clague, J.J., Mathewes, R.W., Guilbault, J-P., Hutchinson, I., Ricketts, B.D., 1997. Pre-Younger Dryas resurgence of the southwestern margin of the Cordilleran ice sheet, British Columbia, Canada. Boreas 26, 261278.Google Scholar
Clague, J.J., Mathewes, R.W., Guilbault, J-P., Hutchinson, I., Ricketts, B.D., 1998. ‘Pre-Younger Dryas resurgence of the southwestern margin of the Cordilleran ice sheet, British Columbia, Canada’: Reply to comments. Boreas 27, 229230.Google Scholar
Clague, J.J., Mathewes, R.W., Warner, B.G., 1982. Late Quaternary geology of eastern Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 19, 17861795.Google Scholar
Clark, P.U., Clague, J.J., Curry, B.B., Dreimanis, A., Hicock, S.R., Miller, G.H., Berger, G.W., et al. 1993. Initiation and development of the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets following the last interglaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 12, 79114.Google Scholar
Coulson, S.J., Birkemoe, T., 2000. Long-term cold tolerance in Arctic invertebrates: recovery after 4 years at below -20°C. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, 20552058.Google Scholar
Easterbrook, D.J., 1992. Advance and retreat of Cordilleran Ice Sheets in Washington, U.S.A. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 46, 5168.Google Scholar
Easterbrook, D.J., Kovanen, D.J., 1998. ‘Pre-Younger Dryas resurgence of the southwestern margin of the Cordilleran ice sheet, British Columbia, Canada’: Comments. Boreas 27, 225228.Google Scholar
Folk, R.L., Ward, W.C., 1957. Brazos River bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 27, 326.Google Scholar
Friele, P.A., Clague, J.J., 2002. Readvance of glaciers in the British Columbia Coast Mountains at the end of the last glaciation. Quaternary International 87, 4558.Google Scholar
Friele, P.A., Ekes, C., Hicken, E.J., 1999. Evolution of Cheekye fan, Squamish, British Columbia: Holocene sedimentation and implications for hazard assessment. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36, 20232031.Google Scholar
Galloway, J.M., Doherty, C.T., Patterson, R.T., Roe, H.M., 2009. Postglacial vegetation and climate dynamics in the Seymour-Belize Inlet Complex, central coastal British Columbia, Canada: palynological evidence from Tiny Lake. Journal of Quaternary Science 24, 322335.Google Scholar
Gosse, J.C., Evenson, E.B., Klein, J., Lawn, B., Middleton, R., 1995. Precise cosmogenic 10Be measurements in western North America: support for a global Younger Dryas cooling event. Geology 23, 877880.Google Scholar
Hammer, M., 1952. Investigations on the microfauna of northern Canada. Part 1: Oribatidae. Acta Arctica 4, 1108.Google Scholar
Hebda, R.J., Howes, D., Maxwell, B., 1997. Brooks Peninsula as an ice age refugium. In: Hebda, R.J., Haggarty, J.C. (Eds.), Brooks Peninsula: An Ice Age Refugium on Vancouver Island. Royal BC Museum, Victoria, BC, Canada, pp. 15.115.7.Google Scholar
Hendy, I.L., Kennett, J.P., Roark, E.B., Ingram, B.L., 2002. Apparent synchroneity of submillennial scale climate events between Greenland and Santa Barbara Basin, California from 30–10 ka. Quaternary Science Reviews 21, 11671184.Google Scholar
Hicock, S.R., Fuller, E.A., 1995. Lobal interactions, rheologic superposition, and implications for a Pleistocene ice stream on the continental shelf of British Columbia. Geomorphology 14, 167184.Google Scholar
Hicock, S.R., Goff, J.R, Lian, O.B., Little, E.C., 1996. On the interpretation of subglacial till fabric. Journal of Sedimentary Research 66, 928934.Google Scholar
Hicock, S.R., Hebda, R.J., Armstrong, J.E., 1982. Lag of the Fraser glacial maximum in the Pacific Northwest: pollen and macrofossil evidence from western Fraser Lowland, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 19, 22882296.Google Scholar
Hicock, S.R., Lian, O.B., 1999. Cordilleran Ice Sheet interactions and glaciotectonic superposition through stadial maxima along a mountain front in southwestern British Columbia. Boreas 28, 531542.Google Scholar
Hicock, S.R., Lian, O.B., Mathewes, R.W., 1999. ‘Bond cycles’ recorded in terrestrial Pleistocene sediments of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Quaternary Science 14, 443449.Google Scholar
Jackson, L.E., Ward, B., Duk-Rodkin, A., Hughes, O.L., 1991. The last Cordilleran Ice Sheet in southern Yukon Territory. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 45, 341354.Google Scholar
Jermy, A.C., Simpson, D.C., Foley, M.J.Y., Porter, M.S., 2007. General structure of Cyperaceae. Sedges of the British Isles. In: Jermy, A.C., Simpson, D.A., Foley, M.J.Y., Porter, M.S. (Eds.), Sedges of the British Isles. BSBI Handbook No. 1. 3rd ed. Botanical Society of the British Isles, London, pp. 226.Google Scholar
Josenhans, H.W., Fedje, D.W., Conway, K.W., Barrie, J.V., 1995. Post glacial sea levels on the Western Canadian continental shelf: evidence for rapid change, extensive subaerial exposure, and early human habitation. Marine Geology 125, 7394.Google Scholar
Kelly, R.L., 2003. Maybe we do know when people first came to North America; and what does it mean if we do? Quaternary International 109–110, 133145.Google Scholar
Kiefer, T., Kienast, M., 2005. Patterns of deglacial warming in the Pacific Ocean: a review with emphasis on the time interval of Heinrich event 1. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 10631081.Google Scholar
Kienast, S.S., McKay, J.L., 2001. Sea surface temperatures in the subarctic northeast Pacific reflect millennial-scale climate oscillations during the last 16 kyrs. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 15631566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovanen, D.J., Easterbrook, D.J., 2002. Timing and extent of Allerød and Younger Dryas age (ca. 12,500–10,000 14C yr B.P.) oscillations of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in the Fraser Lowland, western North America. Quaternary Research 57, 208224.Google Scholar
Kovanen, D.J., Slaymaker, O., 2003. Lake Terrell upland glacial resurgences and implications for late-glacial history, northwestern Washington State, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, 17671772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovanen, D.J., Slaymaker, O., 2004a. Glacial imprints of the Okanogan Lobe, southern margin of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. Journal of Quaternary Science 19, 547565.Google Scholar
Kovanen, D.J., Slaymaker, O., 2004b. Relict shorelines and ice flow patterns of the northern Puget Lowlands from lidar data and digital terrain modelling. Geografiska Annaler 86, 385400.Google Scholar
Lacourse, T., 2005. Late Quaternary dynamics of forest vegetation on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 105121.Google Scholar
Lacourse, T., Delepine, J.M., Hoffman, E.H., Mathewes, R.W., 2012. A 14,000 year vegetation history of a hypermaritime island on the outer Pacific coast of Canada based on fossil pollen, spores and conifer stomata. Quaternary Research 78, 572582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakeman, T.R., Clague, J.J., Menounos, B., 2008. Advance of alpine glaciers during final retreat of the Cordilleran ice sheet in the Finlay River area, northern British Columbia, Canada. Quaternary Research 69, 188200.Google Scholar
Lian, O.B., Hickin, E.J., 1996. Early postglacial sedimentation of lower Seymour Valley, southwestern British Columbia. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 50, 95102.Google Scholar
Lian, O.B., Hicock, S.R., 2000. Thermal conditions beneath parts of the last Cordilleran Ice Sheet near its centre as inferred from subglacial till, associated sediments, and bedrock. Quaternary International 68–71, 147162.Google Scholar
Lowe, J.J., Hoek, W.Z., INTIMATE group. 2001. Inter-regional correlation of palaeoclimatic recores for the Last Glacial–Interglacial Transition: a protocol for improved precision recommended by the INTIMATE project group. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 11751187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lowell, T.V., Heusser, C.J., Andersen, B.G., Moreno, P.I., Hauser, A., Heusser, L.E., Schlϋchter, C., Marchant, D.R., Denton, G.H., 1995. Interhemispheric correlation of late Pleistocene glacial events. Science 269, 15411549.Google Scholar
Luternauer, J.L., Conway, K.W., Clague, J.J., Blaise, B., 1989. Late Quaternary geology and geochronology of the central continental shelf of western Canada. Marine Geology 89, 5768.Google Scholar
Margold, M., Jansson, K.N., Kleman, J., Stroeven, A.P., Clague, J.J., 2013. Retreat pattern of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in central British Columbia at the end of the last glaciation reconstructed from glacial meltwater landforms. Boreas 42, 830847.Google Scholar
Mark, D.M., 1973. Analysis of axial orientation data, including till fabrics. Geological Society of America Bulletin 84, 13691374.Google Scholar
Mathews, W.H., 1991. Ice sheets and ice streams: thoughts on the Cordilleran Ice Sheets symposium. Géographie physique et Quaternaire 45, 263267.Google Scholar
Mathewes, R.W., Heusser, L.E., 1981. A 12 000 year palynological record of temperature and precipitation trends in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Botany 59, 707710.Google Scholar
Mathewes, R.W., Heusser, L.E., Patterson, R.T., 1993. Evidence for a Younger Dryas-like cooling event on the British Columbia coast. Geology 21, 101104.Google Scholar
McCrumb, D.R., Swanson, T.W., 1998. Cosmogenic CI-36 age constraints on the deglaciation history of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet from Howe Sound, British Columbia. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 30, A125.Google Scholar
McLaren, D., Fedje, D., Hay, M., Mackie, Q., Walker, I.J., Shugar, D.H., Eamer, J.B.R., Lian, O.B., Neudorf, C., 2014. A post-glacial sea level hinge on the central Pacific coast of Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews 97, 148169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menounos, B., Osborn, G., Clague, J.J., Luckman, B.H., 2009. Latest Pleistocene and Holocene glacier fluctuations in western Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 20492074.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mood, B., Smith, D., 2015. Latest Pleistocene and Holocene behaviour of Franklin Glacier, Mt. Waddington area, British Columbia Coast Mountains, Canada. Holocene 25, 784794.Google Scholar
Neudorf, C.M., Brennand, T.A., Lian, O.B., 2015. Comparisons between macro- and microfabrics in a pebble-rich, sandy till deposited by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. Boreas 44, 483501.Google Scholar
Osborn, G., Gerloff, L., 1997. Latest Pleistocene and early Holocene fluctuations of glaciers in the Canadian and northern American Rockies. Quaternary International 38/39, 719.Google Scholar
Pellatt, M.G., Mathewes, R.W., Clague, J.J., 2002. Implications of a late-glacial pollen record for the glacial and climatic history of the Fraser Lowland, British Columbia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 180, 147157.Google Scholar
Roddick, J.A., 1996. Geology, Rivers Inlet (92M) - Queens Sound (102P) Map Areas, British Columbia. Open File 3278. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa.Google Scholar
Saunders, I.R., Clague, J.J., Roberts, M.C., 1987. Deglaciation of Chilliwack River valley, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, 915923.Google Scholar
Shugar, D.H., Clague, J.J., 2011. The sedimentology and geomorphology of rock avalanche deposits on glaciers. Sedimentology 58, 17621783.Google Scholar
Shugar, D.H., Walker, I.J., Lian, O.B., Eamer, J.B.R., Neudorf, C., McLaren, D., Fedje, D., 2014. Post-glacial sea-level change along the Pacific coast of North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 97, 170192.Google Scholar
Stolze, S., Roe, H.M., Patterson, R.T., Monecke, T., 2007. A record of Lateglacial and Holocene vegetation and climate change from Woods Lake, Seymour Inlet, coastal British Columbia, Canada. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 147, 112127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J., Reimer, R.W., 2013. Calib 7.0. 14CHRONO Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast. http://calib.org.Google Scholar
Taylor, M.A., Hendy, I.L., Pak, D.K., 2014. Deglacial ocean warming and marine margin retreat of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in the North Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 403, 8998.Google Scholar
Usinger, R.L., 1968. Aquatic Hemiptera. In: Usinger, R.L. (Ed.), Aquatic Insects of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 182228.Google Scholar
Warner, B.G., 1984. Late Quaternary Paleoecology of Eastern Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Island, British Columbia, Canada. PhD dissertation, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.Google Scholar
Warner, B.G., 1990. Plant macrofossils. In: Warner, B.G. (Ed.), Methods of Quaternary Ecology. Geoscience Canada Reprint Series 5. Geological Association of Canada, St. John’s, NL, Canada, pp. 5363.Google Scholar