1 Akenson, Donald Harman, The Church of Ireland: Ecclesiastical Reform and Revolution, 1800–1855 (New Haven & London, 1971), pp. 111–19Google Scholar. For summaries of the Church of Ireland in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries see Usher, Robin, ‘Church of Ireland Churches in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’, in Art and Architecture of Ireland Volume IV: Architecture, 1600–2000, ed. Loeber, Rolf et al. (New Haven & London, 2014), pp. 302–04Google Scholar; and John Montague, ‘Church of Ireland Churches in the Nineteenth Century’, in ibid., pp. 304–06.

2 An early example of Gothic revival in Irish churches can be found in the book of designs drawn by Thomas Cooley for the archbishop of Armagh in 1773–74: Erica Loane, ‘Architectural Drawings by Thomas Cooley in the Public Library Armagh’ (undergraduate dissertation, Trinity College Dublin, 1983).

3 Examples include estate churches such as at Shobdon, Herefordshire (probably designed by William Kent, 1748–56), and parish churches such as St John's, Manchester (by Timothy Lightoler, 1768–70), and All Saints, Dewsbury (by John Carr, 1764–66): Friedman, Terry, The Eighteenth-Century Church in Britain (New Haven & London, 2011), pp. 212, 215–17 and 226–29Google Scholar.

4 Examples include the fan vaulting in St Mary's, Hartwell, Buckinghamshire (by Henry Keene, 1752–55), and the clustered piers and traceried windows at St Mary's, Tetbury, Gloucestershire (by Francis Hiorne, 1777–81).

5 McParland, Edward, Public Architecture in Ireland, 1680–1760 (New Haven & London, 2001), pp. 91–113 Google Scholar.

6 Loeber, Rolf, ‘The Rebuilding of Dublin Castle: Thirty Critical Years, 1661–1690’, Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, 69, 273 (1980), pp. 45–69 (p. 66)Google Scholar.

7 See the ‘Plan of the Second Chapel, about 1800’ in Lawlor, H.T. and Westropp, M.S. Dudley, ‘The Chapel of Dublin Castle’, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 6, 13, 1 (1923), pp. 34–73 Google Scholar, plate 4.

8 Richardson, Douglas Scott, Gothic Revival Architecture in Ireland, 2 vols (New York & London, 1983), 1, pp. 49–63 Google Scholar; McParland, Edward, ‘Francis Johnston, Architect, 1760–1829’, Quarterly Bulletin of the Irish Georgian Society, 12, 3 & 4 (1969), pp. 61–139 Google Scholar; Ned Pakenham, ‘Two Castles and a Chapel by Francis Johnston (1760–1829)’ (masters’ dissertation, Courtauld Institute of Art, 2005).

9 Richardson, Gothic Revival Architecture, p. 50. Richardson was citing Beckett's description of the administrative system in Ireland, which retained many departments that were separate from Westminster; see Beckett, J.C., The Making of Modern Ireland 1603–1923 (London, 1966), p. 286Google Scholar.

10 Fitzpatrick, David, ‘Ireland and Empire’, in The Oxford History of the British Empire, Volume 3: The Nineteenth Century, ed. Porter, A. (Oxford, 1999), pp. 494–521 (p. 494)Google Scholar. A similar analysis is made by in, Alvin Jackson ‘Ireland, the Union, and the Empire, 1800–1960’, in Ireland and the British Empire, ed. Kenny, Kevin (Oxford, 2004), pp. 123–53Google Scholar. S.J. Connolly discusses three contexts – Imperial, ancien régime and British – in ‘Reconsidering the Irish Act of Union’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 10 (2000), pp. 399–408 Google Scholar.

11 Connolly, S.J., ‘The Catholic Question, 1801–12’, in A New History of Ireland, Volume 5: Ireland Under the Union, I: 1801–70, ed. Vaughan, W.E. (Oxford, 1989), pp. 24–47 Google Scholar.

12 Akenson, The Church of Ireland, p. 71. The Church of Ireland retained its distinctive administrative system.

13 Brown, Stewart J., ‘The New Reformation Movement in the Church of Ireland 1801–29’, in Piety and Power in Ireland, 1760–1960, ed. Brown, Stewart J. and Miller, David W. (Belfast, 2000), pp. 186–98Google Scholar.

14 S.J. Connolly, ‘Aftermath and Adjustment’, in W.E. Vaughan, A New History of Ireland, pp. 1–23.

15 Some of these issues have been discussed in Judith Hill, ‘Perceptions and Uses of Gothic in Irish Domestic and Ecclesiastical Architecture’ (doctoral thesis, Trinity College Dublin, 2016), chapter 5; and ‘“A Stile More Suited to Vice-Regal Splendor”: The Building of the Chapel Royal, 1807–14’, in The Chapel Royal, Dublin Castle: An Architectural History, ed. Campbell, Myles and Derham, William (Trim, 2015), pp. 39–54 Google Scholar.

16 Francis Johnston: Sale of Architectural Library (portion of), 10 May 1843, Charles Sharpe, Dublin (private manuscript copy from a lost auction catalogue in Royal Irish Academy, Dublin).

17 Armagh, Armagh County Museum, ARMCM.3.1949, ‘Diary of Francis Johnston Architect, 25 March to 14 April 1796’; Johnston, Francis, ‘Castle Chapel’, Irish Builder, 1 March 1896, pp. 48–51 Google Scholar (publication of a manuscript written in May 1823). McParland referred to the diary in ‘Francis Johnston’, pp. 106–07; Pakenham consulted Johnston's 1823 description in ‘Two Castles and a Chapel’.

18 Worsley, Giles, ‘The Origins of the Gothic Revival: A Reappraisal’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4 (1993), pp. 105–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19 Brooks, Chris, The Gothic Revival (London, 1999)Google Scholar.

20 Reeve, Matthew M., ‘Dickie Bateman and the Gothicization of Old Windsor: Architecture and Sexuality in the Circle of Horace Walpole’, Architectural History, 56 (2013), pp. 99–133 Google Scholar. Simon Bradley, ‘“The Gothic Revival” and the Church of England 1790–1840’ (doctoral thesis, Courtauld Institute of Art, 1996).

21 Pocock, J.G.A., ‘The Union in British History’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 10 (2000), pp. 181–96 (pp. 187 and 196)Google Scholar.

22 See the plan of the chapel c. 1800 in Lawlor and Westropp, ‘The Chapel of Dublin Castle’, plate 4.

23 John Rocque, ‘An Exact Survey of the City of Dublin’, sheet 3 (London, 1756).

24 Dublin Evening Post, 19 August 1790.

25 Ibid.; Dublin Evening Post, 22 September 1791.

26 The Diary and Correspondence of Charles Abbot, Lord Colchester, Speaker of the House of Commons, 1802–1817, 3 vols, ed. Charles, , Colchester, Lord (London, 1861), 1, p. 283Google Scholar; The Times, 22 August 1801.

27 London, The National Archives [hereafter ‘NA’], PRO 30/9/163, ff. 149r–164v: ‘State of the Church in Ireland, 1801; a MSS Statement of the Bishop of Meath delivered to me in April 1801’, signed by Charles Abbot.

28 NA, PRO 30/9/163, ff. 154v–155r.

29 Boydell, Barra, ‘The Flourishing of Music, 1660–1800’, in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin: A History, ed. Milne, Kenneth (Dublin, 2000), pp. 298–314 (p. 298)Google Scholar.

30 NA, PRO 30/9/163, ff. 201r and 202v, notes made by Abbot of two letters from Abbot to Hardwicke dated 4 and 6 April 1801.

31 London, British Library [hereafter ‘BL’], Add MS 35,707, ‘Private Instructions to his Excellency the Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland’, item 4.

32 BL, Add MS 35,733, f. 312, letter from James Gandon to Hon. C. Lindsay, 30 March 1802; f. 314, brief enclosed with letter. This letter was consulted by McParland, Edward in James Gandon: Vitruvius Hibernicus (London, 1985), p. 106Google Scholar, but the brief has never been discussed. Neither Gandon's drawings for the scheme nor a description of his proposals have survived.

33 Hoppen, K. Theodore, ‘A Question None Could Answer: “What Was The Viceroyalty For?” 1800–1921’, in The Irish Lord Lieutenancy c.1541–1922, ed. Gray, Peter and Purdue, Olwen (Dublin, 2012), pp. 132–57Google Scholar.

34 Diary of Charles Abbot, 1, p. 275.

35 Connolly, ‘Aftermath and Adjustment’, p. 24.

36 Ibid., p. 8.

37 Freeman's Journal, 12 January 1802. The project is discussed and one of the watercolours is illustrated in Anne Crookshank and the Knight of Glin, The Watercolours of Ireland (London, 1994), p. 87Google Scholar.

38 Connolly, ‘The Catholic Question’, p. 28; A Sermon Preached before His Excellency Philip, Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Lieutenant, President and the Members of the Association Incorporated for Discountenancing Vice and Promoting the Knowledge and Practice of the Christian Religion 19 Nov. 1801 by Revd James Dunn (Dublin, 1802).

39 BL, Add MS 35,733, f. 314.

40 The Times, 22 August 1801.

41 BL, Add MS 35,733, f. 314.

42 Reports from the Select Committee Appointed to Inquire into the State of the Public Records of the Kingdom etc Presented by Charles Abbot, 4 July 1800 (London, 1800).

43 BL, Add MS 35,733, f. 314.

44 Dublin Evening Post, 3 September 1793.

45 Manning, Conleth, ‘The Record Tower, Dublin Castle’, in The Medieval Castle in Ireland and Wales, ed. Kenyon, John R. and O'Conor, Kieran (Dublin, 2003), pp. 72–95 (p. 81)Google Scholar.

46 See Charles Brooking's 1728 map of Dublin, illustrated in Loeber, ‘The Rebuilding of Dublin Castle’, p. 59.

47 James Wyatt rebuilt the castle at Slane (1785–86); Francis Johnston designed a Gothic revival gate to the demesne sometime between 1794 and 1796.

48 O'Dwyer, Frederick, ‘In Search of Christopher Myers: Pioneer of the Gothic Revival in Ireland’, in Studies in the Gothic Revival, ed. McCarthy, Michael and O'Neill, Karina (Dublin, 2008), pp. 51–111 (pp. 108–09)Google Scholar.

49 Usher, Robin, Protestant Dublin, 1660–1760: Architecture and Iconography (Basingstoke, 2012), p. 21Google Scholar.

50 Ibid., p. 142.

51 The Times, 22 August 1801.

52 The term ‘chapel royal’ was used in an official document in 1822 (see note 126 here; the contemporary Freeman's Journal report in 1822 referred to the ‘Castle Chapel’), in the Freeman's Journal from 1833, and in the Parliamentary Papers from 1835.

53 NA, CO 904/180, ff. 1–258; Dublin, National Archives of Ireland [hereafter ‘NAI’], OP 405/5, letter from W. London to Rev. W. Slade, 9 October 1814.

54 BL, Add MS 35,733, f. 312, letter from James Gandon to Hon. C. Lindsay, 30 March 1802; Diary of Charles Abbot, p. 275; BL, Add MS 35,771, ff. 406–08, letter from Hardwicke to Wickham, 20 March 1802.

55 NAI, OPW I/1/1/2, meeting, 2 March 1807; NAI, OPW I/1/2/1, copy of letter from Robinson to Johnston, 4 October 1805.

56 NAI, OPW I/1/1/2, meeting, 2 March 1807.

57 Dublin Evening Post, 7 April 1807.

58 Cottingham, Lewis Nockalls, Plans, Elevations … of the Magnificent Chapel of King Henry the Seventh at Westminster Abbey Church, 2 vols (London, 1822), 1, pp. 6–7 Google Scholar. On rebuilding Windsor see Crook, J. Mordaunt and Port, M.H., The History of the King's Works, 6 vols (London, 1973), 6, pp. 380–83Google Scholar.

59 BL, Add MS 35,716, f. 137, letter from Charles Long to Hardwicke, 23 September 1805.

60 McCavery, Trevor, ‘Politics, Public Finance and the British-Irish Act of Union of 1801’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 10 (2000), pp. 353–75 (p. 369)Google Scholar.

61 NAI, OPW I/1/2/1, copy of letter from Robinson to Johnston, 4 October 1805.

62 Cust, Lionel, History of the Society of Dilettanti, ed. Sir Colvin, Sidney (London, 1914), pp. 278–79Google Scholar.

63 Crook and Port, History of the King's Works, 6, pp. 380–83.

64 Ibid., p. 382.

65 Ibid., p. 382.

66 NA, HO/100/131, letter from Hardwicke to Earl Spencer, 28 March 1806; NA, HO/100/143, letter, 19 April 1807.

67 Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland [hereafter NLS], MS 12,921, copy of letter from Lord Spencer to Bedford, 20 March 1806.

68 Connolly, ‘The Catholic Question’, pp. 29–34.

69 Malcomson, A.P.W., Archbishop Charles Agar Churchmanship and Politics in Ireland, 1760–1810 (Dublin, 2002), pp. 254–55Google Scholar.

70 NAI, OPW I/1/1/2, meeting, 4 April 1807; Dublin Evening Post, 7 April 1807; Freeman's Journal, 6 April 1807; Faulkner's Dublin Journal, 7 April 1807; NAI, OPW Drawings Collection, castle chapel, Dublin Castle, east elevation, unsigned, n.d. The elevation is attributed to Johnston on stylistic grounds.

71 Freeman's Journal, 6 April 1807.

72 NAI, OPW II/2/3/3, Public buildings and Phoenix Park: 12 January 1807–22 August 1808; Freeman's Journal, 30 June 1810.

73 See NAI, Bryan Bolger Papers 2/476/17, for records of payments to Stapleton; see NAI, OPW II/2/3/3 and OPW II/2/3/4, for payments to Smyths and Stewarts; Margaret M. Larkin, ‘John Smyth, ARHA, c. 1776–1840, Dublin sculptor’ (masters’ dissertation, University College Dublin, 2006), p. 73; Johnston, ‘Castle Chapel’, p. 48.

74 During a restoration programme carried out between 1983 and 1990 the floor vaults were consolidated, and the stonework and roof were repaired: ‘The Restoration of the Chapel Royal, Dublin Castle’, Irish Architect, 81 (November/December 1990), pp. 23–25 Google Scholar. For discussion of alterations to the furnishings, stained-glass windows and fittings see Campbell, Myles, ‘“Throw open those privileged pens”: The Changing Face of the Chapel Royal, 1815–2015’, in The Chapel Royal, Dublin Castle, ed. and, Campbell Derham, pp. 123–46Google Scholar.

75 Casey, Christine and Rowan, Alistair, North Leinster (London, 1993), pp. 218–19Google Scholar; Moore, Jennifer, ‘A New Wyatt Church in Ireland’, Irish Architectural and Decorative Studies, 10 (2007), pp. 246–63Google Scholar.

76 NAI, OPW I/1/1/2, f. 55, meeting, 10 March 1807.

77 The final expenditure is derived from processing annual expenditure detailed in reports of the Commissioners for Auditing Public Accounts in Ireland (second to fifth reports, 1813–17) in the Parliamentary Papers.

78 The Twelfth Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Enquire into … Public Money in Ireland (1812), 33, v, p. 10.

79 O'Dwyer, Frederick, ‘Building Empires: Architecture, Politics and the Board of Works 1760–1860’, Irish Architectural and Decorative Studies, 5 (2002), pp. 108–75 (p. 135)Google Scholar.

80 NAI, OPW I/1/2/1–2. Contractors’ invoices and quarterly abstracts were also sent to the viceroy for approval via the commissioners as recorded in the Official Papers (OP 382/1–3).

81 Twelfth Report (1812), p. 30.

82 Ibid., p. 10.

83 Johnston, ‘Castle Chapel’, 1823, p. 48.

84 Fraser, Murray, ‘Public Building and Colonial Policy in Dublin, 1760–1800’, Architectural History, 28 (1985), pp. 102–23 (p. 113)Google Scholar.

85 Crook and Port, History of the King's Works, 6, p. 517.

86 Hill, ‘Perceptions and Uses of Gothic’, pp. 81–82. Johnston had also inherited Cooley's project to erect a modified version of the late fifteenth-century tower of Magdalen College, Oxford, at Armagh Cathedral (ibid., pp. 78–80).

87 Charleville Castle is discussed in Hill, ‘Perceptions and Uses of Gothic’, pp. 115–72, and in Hill, Judith, ‘Women and the Design of a Country House: Catherine Maria Bury of Charleville Castle, Co. Offaly, 1800–1812’, in Women and the Country House, ed. Dooley, Terence, O'Riordan, Maeve and Ridgway, Christopher (Dublin, 2017)Google Scholar.

88 ‘Diary of Francis Johnston’, ff. 1r–13r.

89 Essays on Gothic Architecture by the Revd T. Warton, Rev. J. Bentham, Captain Grose, and the Revd J. Milner, ed. Taylor, John (London, 1800)Google Scholar.

90 Halfpenny, Joseph, Gothic Ornaments in the Cathedral Church of York (York, 1795–1800)Google Scholar; Britton, John, The Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain, 5 vols (London, 1806–27), 1Google Scholar; Anon., Specimens of Gothic Ornaments Selected from the Parish Church of Lavenham in Suffolk (London, 1796)Google Scholar.

91 Publications with drawings by John Carter in the ‘Cathedral Series’ include St Stephen's Chapel, Westminster (1795), Exeter Cathedral (1797), Bath Abbey (1798), Durham Cathedral (1801), Gloucester Cathedral (1807) and St Alban's Abbey (1810).

92 NAI, OP/984/2, document 6, ‘Report of meeting of Commissioners of the Board of Works’, 17 March 1826.

93 Johnston, ‘Castle Chapel’, p. 48.

94 NAI, OPW I/1/1/2, f. 38, 10 March 1807, and f. 55, 4 April 1807; Twelfth Report (1812), p. 29.

95 Mulvany, Thomas J., ‘Memoirs of Native Artists No III – Francis Johnston’, Citizen, 4, 26 (December 1841), pp. 270–74 (p. 272)Google Scholar.

96 Gentleman's Magazine (July 1802), p. 623.

97 Aspin, Philip, ‘“Our Ancient Architecture”: Contesting Cathedrals in Late Georgian England’, Architectural History, 54 (2011), pp. 213–32 (pp. 213–32)Google Scholar.

98 Lucey, Conor, The Stapleton Collection: Designs for the Irish Neoclassical Interior (Tralee, 2007), pp. 89–93 Google Scholar.

99 Ibid., plate 161.

100 Britton, Architectural Antiquities, 2, plates 2 and 3.

101 See plate 2 in Topham, John, Some Account of the Collegiate Chapel of St Stephen, Westminster (London, 1811)Google Scholar, an expanded edition of a book originally published in 1795. For discussion of antiquarian appreciation of St Stephen's in this period, see Hill, Rosemary, ‘“Proceeding like Guy Faux”: The Antiquarian Investigation of St Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, 1790–1837’, Architectural History, 59 (2016), pp. 253–80Google Scholar. The upper chapel of St Stephen's had been the location of the House of Commons since the Reformation.

102 The castle chapel profiles are thicker than those at Gloucester Cathedral, St Margaret's Church and Cobham Hall, and the details differ. Johnston may have taken his thicker profiles from an Irish source such as Killeen Church, which he would have known through his work on Killeen Castle, 1802–13.

103 Observation from Danielle O'Donovan.

104 Harvey, John, The Perpendicular Style, 1330–1485 (London, 1978)Google Scholar, fig. 28.

105 Observation from Roger Stalley.

106 Johnston, ‘Castle Chapel’, p. 48.

107 Milner, John, A Treatise on the Ecclesiastical Architecture of England (London, 1806–11), p. xivGoogle Scholar.

108 Akenson, Church of Ireland, pp. 114–18.

109 Quoted in Malcomson, Agar, pp. 310–11.

110 Bradley, ‘“The Gothic Revival” and the Church of England’, pp. 77–78.

111 Johnston, ‘Castle Chapel’, p. 48.

112 Bradley, ‘“The Gothic Revival” and the Church of England’, chapter 5.

113 NAI, OPW I/1/2/2, copy of letter from Robinson to Johnston, 16 October 1811.

114 Engraving of New Palace Yard, 1805, by Bryant, J., published in Smith, John Thomas, Antiquities of Westminster (London, 1807), p. 30Google Scholar. The text, by John Sidney Hawkins, gives a comprehensive account of the history of the buildings, which were at the centre of British politics (Hill, ‘St Stephen's Chapel’, p. 261). A Gentleman's Magazine report highlighted the projecting square towers on the north front (Gentleman's Magazine, January 1807, p. 15).

115 See Yates, Nigel, Buildings, Faith and Worship (Oxford, revised edn, 2000)Google Scholar.

116 Warburton, John, Whitelaw, James and Walsh, Robert, History of the City of Dublin, 2 vols (London, 1818), 1, pp. 513–15Google Scholar.

117 NA, PRO 30/9/163, ff. 149r–150v.

118 Johnston, ‘Castle Chapel’, p. 48.

119 Friedman, The Eighteenth-Century Church, pp. 277–88.

120 C.E.S., ‘Some notes from Ireland’, Ecclesiologist, 13 (October 1852), p. 305Google Scholar.

121 Stuart Kinsella, ‘An Architectural History of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, c. 1540–c. 1870’ (doctoral thesis, Trinity College Dublin, 2009), p. 206; King, Daniel, The Cathedral and Conventuall Churches of England and Wales (London, 1656)Google Scholar.

122 An example from Henry VII's chapel, Westminster, was engraved in Britton, Architectural Antiquities 2, p. 13. Anon., Lavenham, plate 26.

123 Johnston, ‘Castle Chapel’, p. 48.

124 Usher, Protestant Dublin, p. 142.

125 Johnston, ‘Castle Chapel’, p. 48.

126 National Library of Ireland, Genealogical Office, MS 150, pp. 331–32, ‘The Ceremonial of His Excellency The Lord Lieutenant Going in State to Receive the Sacrament in the Chapel Royal on Easter Sunday 7th April 1822’; Freeman's Journal, 8 April 1822.

127 Johnston, ‘Castle Chapel’, p. 48.

128 Brewer, James Norris, The Beauties of Ireland: Being Original Delineations, Topographical, Historical and Biographical, Of Each County, 2 vols (Dublin, 1825–26), 1, p. 123Google Scholar. The figure of St Andrew was executed by Edward Smyth.

129 Johnston, ‘Castle Chapel’, p. 48. Prominent public buildings in Dublin with sculptural decoration included the Custom House (1781–91), Four Courts (1785–1802) and Bank of Ireland (1803–08). For discussion of the sculptural programme on the Custom House see McParland, James Gandon, pp. 68–70, and Fraser, ‘Public Building and Colonial Policy in Dublin, 1760–1800’, p. 111.

130 Gandon, James Jnr and Mulvany, Thomas J., The Life of James Gandon, Esq (Dublin, 1846), p. 271Google Scholar.

131 NAI, OPW Drawings Collection, east elevation, unsigned, n.d.

132 Johnston, ‘Castle Chapel’, p. 48. Edward Smyth died on 2 August 1812 (obituary in Freeman's Journal, 13 August 1812).

133 NAI, OPW II/2/3/4, 18 February 1809, payment to ‘John Stewart for Gothick ornaments for models of pinnacles for chapel’; Johnston, ‘Castle Chapel’, p. 48.

134 Warburton et al., City of Dublin, 2, p. 1153.

135 Cuming cited in Gandon and Mulvany, Life of James Gandon, pp. 229–30.

136 Ibid.

137 Freeman's Journal, 2 June 1809.

138 Sir Peter Lely, James Ussher, c. 1654, illustrated in Knox, Robert Buick, James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh (Cardiff, 1967)Google Scholar.

139 Hill, Jacqueline, ‘National Festivals, the State and the “Protestant Ascendancy” in Ireland, 1790–1829’, Irish Historical Studies, 24, 93 (1984), pp. 30–51 Google Scholar.

140 There are two recorded payments to Edward Smyth, dated 20 August 1808 and 23 November 1808 (NAI, OPW II/2/3/3); NAI, Bryan Bolger Papers, Public Buildings, carpenters’ work for the quarter ending 5 January 1812.

141 Hill, ‘National Festivals’, pp. 39–40. The parades had been instigated in Dublin in 1798.

142 Woburn Abbey, Bedford Estates Archive, HMC 96C, letter from Bedford to William Elliot, 30 September 1806; NLS, MS 12,909, copy of letter from William Elliot to Duke of Bedford, 4 October 1806; Hill, ‘National Festivals’, p. 40. This was a break with a tradition begun in the 1690s.

143 S.J. Connolly, ‘Union Government, 1812–23’, in Ireland under the Union, I, ed. Vaughan, pp. 48–73 (p. 65).

144 Colley, Linda, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven and London, 1992), p. 236Google Scholar.

145 Bibliotheca Hibernica: or a Descriptive Catalogue of a Select Irish Library Collected for the Right Hon. Peel (Dublin, 1823)Google Scholar.

146 McAdoo, H.R., Jeremy Taylor, Anglican Theologian (Dublin, 1996)Google Scholar.

147 NA, PRO 30/9/163, ff. 149r–150v.

148 [John Gough], A Tour in Ireland in 1813 & 1814 (Dublin, [1816]), p. 106. For discussion of the contemporary significance of St Patrick see Hill, ‘Perceptions and Uses of Gothic’, pp. 265–67.

149 Mant, Richard, Church Architecture Considered in Relation to the Mind of the Church Since and Before the Reformation (Belfast, 1843), p. 21Google Scholar.

150 The panels inscribed with the Ten Commandments, Lord's Prayer and Apostles’ Creed have now vanished.

151 An observation made by Andrew Saint and referred to by Bremner, Alex in Imperial Gothic: Religious Architecture and High Anglican Culture in the British Empire, c. 1840–1870 (New Haven and London, 2013), p. xiiGoogle Scholar.

152 Ibid., p. xiii.

153 Hill, ‘St Stephen's Chapel’, pp. 262–64.

154 Royal Irish Academy, MS 12 0 11, [Thomas Bell], ‘An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Gothic Architecture with Reference to the Ancient History and Present State of the Remains of such Architecture in Ireland’ (1825). It was published in Dublin in 1829, quotation on p. 249.

155 Brewer, The Beauties of Ireland, 1, p. 63.

156 Duhigg, Bartholomew Thomas, A Letter to the Rt Hon. Charles Abbot on the Arrangement of Irish Records and the Assimilation of Irish to English Statute Law (Dublin, 1801)Google Scholar.

157 Irish cultural nationalism as expressed in art and architecture was discussed by Sheehy, Jeanne in The Rediscovery of Ireland's Past: The Celtic Revival 1830–1930 (London, 1980)Google Scholar.

158 Brockliss, Laurence and Eastwood, David, ‘Introduction: A Union of Multiple Identities’, in A Union of Multiple Identities: The British Isles, c. 1750–c. 1850, ed. Brockliss, Laurence and Eastwood, David (Manchester and New York, 1997), pp. 1–8 (p. 2)Google Scholar. This theme is discussed by Connolly, S.J. in ‘Varieties of Britishness: Ireland, Scotland and Wales in the Hanoverian State’, in Uniting the Kingdom? The Making of British History, ed. Grant, Alexander and Stringer, Keith J. (London and New York, 1995), pp. 193–207 Google Scholar.