Introduction
Health promotion has evolved towards the achievement of health equity, health as a human right, and political priority by taking actions based on the social determinants of health [World Health Organization (WHO), 2013]. This means that health and health promotion is defined largely by factors outside the health care sector and as part of public health thinking (Van den Broucke, Reference Van den Broucke2013). Health promotion is defined as ‘the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions’ (WHO, 2012). As public health has become a key issue for governments in many countries, for example in the European Union (EU), there has been concern about populations’ health disparities related to life expectancy, which is strongly influenced by factors such as employment, income, level of education, and ethnicity. Therefore, the EU’s health strategy ‘Together for health’ emphasizes promoting health, preventing diseases, and fostering supportive environments for healthy lifestyles, taking into account the ‘health in all policies’ principle (EU, 2014).
In Finland, the roots of public health promotion go back to the 1970s when the first public health law entered into force. Today, in accordance with the EU’s health strategy, in Finland, the government guides and supports health promotion by means of legislation, action programmes, and recommendations (National Institute for Health and Welfare, 2013). The goal is to promote the welfare and health of the population in society as a whole. For example, health care legislation emphasizes the importance of maintaining and improving the health and quality of life of the whole population, preventing illnesses and health problems, as well as the reduction of health inequalities between population groups (The New Health Care Act, 2010).
According to the Constitution of Finland, public authorities must offer all citizens adequate social, medical, and health services and promote the health of the population. The Finnish social and welfare system is founded on government-subsidized services. Health care services are divided into primary health care and specialized medical care. Today, Finland has ~160 primary health centres, which are operated by local authorities in municipalities. These health centres represent citizens’ first point of contact with health care services and they are responsible for health promotion practices (HPPs) and preventive health care services such as health checks, screening, and follow-up (National Institute for Health and Welfare, 2013).
Despite long-term efforts to build up a public health policy, health promotion is especially challenging in Eastern Finland. This geographic area is rural, which is why distances to institutional health care can be very long. In addition, the population is ageing rapidly: >20% of the population is older than 65 years, and unemployment and chronic conditions such as obesity and diabetes are more common than elsewhere in Finland (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2012). Therefore, advanced practice nurses have become a vital part of primary health care in Finland (Fagerström, Reference Fagerström2009).
To meet the growing needs of HPPs of populations, the work of advanced practice nurses, such as nurse practitioners (NPs), has been recognized as effective in the primary health care setting (Burgess et al., Reference Burgess, Martin and Senner2011; Lowe et al., Reference Lowe, Plummer, O’Brien and Boyd2012; Donald et al., Reference Donald, Martin-Misener, Carter, Donald, Kaasalainen, Wickson-Griffits, Lloyd, Akhtar-Danesh and DiCento2013). The NPs originated in the United States during the 1960s; since then, NPs have been introduced in a variety of settings in nursing worldwide (Sangster-Gormley et al., Reference Sangster-Gormley, Martin-Misener, Downe-Wamboldt and Dicenso2011). This development has led to a situation where NPs’ educational requirements and scope of work vary greatly across countries (Delamaire and Lafortune, Reference Delamaire and Lafortune2010). In addition, in most countries, there is a lack of consistency in legislative systems and regulatory mechanisms to recognize advanced nursing practices (Carney, Reference Carney2015).
Nevertheless, similarities can also be found between the countries where NPs and advanced practice nurses have been introduced as follows: they are registered nurses (RNs) with additional education and training, who have professional autonomy, treat clients in acute and primary care settings, and apply a variety of health promotion activities such as disease prevention and health education and counselling into nursing (eg, Canadian Nurses Association, 2009; Royal College of Nursing, 2012; American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 2013; Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2013; Irish Practice Nurses Association, 2014). Internationally, Sastre-Fullana et al. (Reference Sastre-Fullana, De Pedro-Gomez, Bennasar-Veny, Serranto-Gallardo and Morales-Asencio2014) have found advanced practice nurses to demonstrate competencies related to HPPs such as educating and teaching, evidence-based practice, consulting, advocacy, and communication. Advanced practice nurses, such as NPs, have been found to implement primary prevention, such as counselling on healthy nutrition, as well as secondary prevention, such as screening blood pressure (Berry, Reference Berry2009). A recent study found primary health care NPs to deliver successfully lifestyle counselling aimed at overweight and obese clients (Jarl et al., Reference Jarl, Tolentino, James, Clark and Ryan2014).
In the Finnish context, RNs who receive clients are authorized by the National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Valvira), have additional education, and work in primary health care centres share the same characteristics as advanced practice nurses in many countries. Their work is organized in such a way that they receive clients supported by doctor’s consultation or in collaboration with a doctor (Delamaire and Lafortune, Reference Delamaire and Lafortune2010). The scope of practice of these advanced practice nurses has been found to include tertiary preventive care and follow-up of clients with chronic conditions within many special areas such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic pain, and mental health care (Fagerström, Reference Fagerström2009). However, nurses are suggested to be active in primary prevention in the context of primary health care (Roden et al., Reference Roden, Jarvis, Campbell-Crofts and Whitehead2015). Therefore, this study aimed to identify and reach consensus among primary health care participants (RNs who receive clients, directors of nursing, senior physicians, health promotion officers, and local councillors) on the types of service provider that RNs who receive clients represent in the implementation of HPPs in primary health care in Eastern Finland.
Design
Delphi technique
The Delphi technique is useful in situations when there is a lack of knowledge or agreement and when individual judgements need to be combined into group consensus (Powell, Reference Powell2003). A two-stage modified Delphi technique was chosen as it allows the anonymous inclusion of a larger number of participants across diverse locations (Keeney et al., Reference Keeney, Hasson and McKenna2006). There is no commonly accepted standard for consensus (Hasson et al., Reference Hasson, Keeney and McKenna2000); however, researchers are recommended to define the level of consensus before commencement of the study (Keeney et al., Reference Keeney, Hasson and McKenna2006). A commonly accepted method for determining consensus is to set a percentage value for the level of agreement, which has ranged from 51 to 100% (McKenna, Reference McKenna1994; Williams and Webb, Reference Williams and Webb1994). On the other hand, Keeney et al. (Reference Keeney, Hasson and McKenna2006) suggested that 75% appears to be a minimal level, but there is no obvious scientific rationale for this. In this study, consensus was set at 51% (or over) ‘completely agree’ in the scale among the participants.
Participants
An invitation to this study was sent to all 34 primary health centres in three provinces in Eastern Finland. A total of 11 recipients responded and volunteered to participate in this study. They were from four health centres in Northern Carelia, four health centres in Northern Savo, and three health centres in Kainuu. There are no universally agreed criteria for participants in a Delphi study (Keeney et al., Reference Keeney, Hasson and McKenna2006). However, they should be familiar with the research topic and willing to contribute throughout the Delphi survey (Keeney et al., Reference Keeney, Hasson and McKenna2001). The participants in this study (RNs who receive clients, directors of nursing, senior physicians, health promotion officers, and local councillors) were required to have been employed for five years or longer in primary health care and they had to have experience of either working autonomously as an RN who receives clients or experience of working as part of a pair or team working with an RN who receives clients. In addition, they had to be interested in the research topic and willing to be involved throughout the Delphi survey. The possible 39 participants were suggested and named by directors of nursing at the primary health centres (matrons and head nurses). To ensure that local councillors, who were involved in municipal decision-making, were familiar with the research topic, one inclusion criterion was that they must have a nursing education background. There were three local councillors who met the inclusion criteria. The researcher asked potential participants for consent to be involved in the study; 42 agreed to participate (100% response rate), including 18 (43%) RNs (who receive clients), 14 (33%) directors of nursing, four (10%) senior physicians, three (7%) health promotion officers, and three (7%) local councillors. The demographics of the participants in round one are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Demographics of participants in Delphi rounds
RN=registered nurse: Bachelor degree programme 3.5 years, 210 (ECTS), training is offered at Universities of Applied Sciences; PHN=public health nurse: Bachelor degree programme four years, based on RN 210 (ECTS) and additional public health nursing studies 30 (ECTS), training is offered at Universities of Applied Sciences; MNSc=Master of Nursing Science: Master’s degree, 300 (ECTS), training is offered at Universities.
Round one
Data collection
In Delphi round one, the goal is to recognize issues related to the research topic (Powell, Reference Powell2003). In this study, data collection started with semi-structured interviews with the primary health care professionals (n=42) between April and July 2009. The semi-structured interview themes were based on literature and research on RNs’ HPPs. Focussed questions were developed around the following themes: primary health care RNs’ independent and collaborative work, development of HPPs, and their political involvement in HPP. The interview themes were pre-tested with five primary health care RNs who were not involved in the study. The interviews were conducted in the participants’ place of work, tape-recorded, and transcribed.
Data analysis
In round one, content analysis is used to identify the major themes in a Delphi study (Powell, Reference Powell2003); this began by reading through all the transcribed interviews and identifying meaningful units such as common words, sentences, and phrases related to the interview themes (Graneheim and Lundman, Reference Graneheim and Lundman2004). Meaningful units were sorted into subcategories and main categories, which were consistent with the semi-structured interview themes. First, meaningful units that identified primary health care RNs working independently indicated three dimensions in the implementation of HPPs, and these were sorted into the following subcategories: providing health promotion actions independently, assessing the urgency of preventive care, and advocacy. A main category for this RN type of service provider was considered to indicate a client-orientated health promoter. Second, meaningful units that described primary health care RNs’ collaboration, teamwork, or pair work demonstrated two dimensions in the implementation of HPP, and these were sorted into the following subcategories: collaboration with other health care professionals and involvement in networks. The main category for this RN type of service provider was considered to represent a member of a multi-professional teams of health promotion. Third, meaningful units that described primary health care RNs developing their work indicated four dimensions in the implementation of HPP, and these were sorted into the following subcategories: evidence-based practice, planning, implementing, and coordinating. The main category for this RN type of service provider was considered to demonstrate a main category of developer of HPPs. Finally, meaningful units that described a dimension of primary health care RNs having contacts with municipal decision-making were considered to represent a main category of a type with interest in health policy. It seemed that the interview themes were appropriate, and no other themes came up. An example of the data analysis is presented in Table 2.
Table 2 Example for data analysis in round one
RN=registered nurse; DN=director of nursing; HPO=health promotion officer
Round 2
Data collection
Based on qualitative findings a structured questionnaire was developed in round two. Statements were drawn up for each dimension (see Table 3) that primary health care RNs who receive clients represented in the implementation of HPP; the questionnaire included 12 statements, scored on a five-point Likert scale: 1 (completely agree), 2 (partially agree), 3 (partially disagree), 4 (strongly disagree), and 5 (neither agree nor disagree). To ensure content and face validity (McIlrath et al., Reference McIlrath, Keeney, McKenna and McLaughlin2010), the questionnaire was pre-tested with five primary health care RNs who were not involved in the research. Minor changes in wording were made on the basis of their feedback. The questionnaire was sent to a larger group of 87 individuals, including those who were involved in round one, and additionally, to directors of nursing, RNs (who receive clients), and senior physicians in the same 11 primary health care centres who had not participated in Delphi round one. The contact information of potential additional participants was found on the websites of the primary health care centres. In round two, the inclusion criteria for participants were that they were familiar with the research topic and had been employed in primary health care for five years or longer. The questionnaire included information regarding the requirements for respondents. Data were collected in January and March of 2011. After two follow-ups, round two had a response rate of 64%; 56 participants returned the questionnaire including 31 (56%) RNs (who receive clients), 14 (25%) directors of nursing, five (9%) senior physicians, three (5%) health promotion officers, and three (5%) local councillors. Table 1 presents demographics of the participants in Delphi round two.
Table 3 Results of consensus levels on RN types of service provider and dimensions in implementation of health promotion practices in primary health care in round 2
RN=registered nurse
a Scale included 1 (completely agree), 2 (partially agree), 3 (partially disagree), 4 (strongly disagree), and 5 (neither agree nor disagree)
Data analysis
In round two, the data were analysed with the SPSS® (v19.0; IBM Corporation, Somers, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics were described as frequencies and percentages of ‘completely agree’ in the scale responses.
Results
This two-stage modified Delphi study identified and reached consensus on four types of service provider that RNs who receive clients represented in the implementation of HPP in primary health care in Eastern Finland. First, the client-orientated health promoter demonstrated four dimensions in the implementation of HPP: providing HPP independently (eg, providing health checks, screening, weight control, and follow-up for various client groups) reached a consensus level of 89.3% (n=50). Providing health education independently (eg, counselling on health risks, smoking cessation, and providing health education related to healthy lifestyle to individuals and various client groups) as well as assessing the urgency of preventive care (eg, ordering diagnostic tests) reached consensus levels of 87.5% (n=49) among the participants. Being an advocate in health promotion (eg, encouraging clients and their families to commit to self-care activities) reached a consensus level of 82.1% (n=46) in this study.
Second, the developer of HPPs also possessed four dimensions in the implementation of HPP: developing HPPs based on current research evidence in their own unit reached consensus level of 85.7% (n=48). Planning HPPs regarding the health needs of the population in Eastern Finland (eg, health needs related to ageing) reached a consensus level of 82.1% (n=46) among the participants. Implementing national health promotion strategies into practice reached a consensus level of 73.2% (n=41) in this study. According to the results of this study, developers of HPPs also coordinated HPPs in their own units (eg, organized activities of peer support groups); this reached a consensus level of 71.4% (n=40).
Third, the member of multi-professional teams of health promotion represented three dimensions in the implementation of HPP: working in collaboration with doctors in HPP reached a consensus level of 82.1% (n=46). Being involved in networks of health promotion reached a consensus level of 78.6% (n=44) among the participants. Collaboration with other health care professionals on health promotion (eg, dietician) reached a consensus level of 69.6% (n=39) among the participants.
Finally, this study resulted in a fourth type that RNs who receive clients represented in the implementation of HPP: the type who showed interest towards health policy. Its only dimension, having contacts with municipal decision-making, reached a consensus level of 55.4% (n=31) in this study. Table 3 presents the summary of the results in round two.
Limitations of the study
Although the participants in this study represented diverse backgrounds, the results identified and consensus was reached on four types of service provider with 12 dimensions that RNs who receive clients demonstrated in the implementation of HPP in primary health care in Eastern Finland. However, Keeney et al. (Reference Keeney, Hasson and McKenna2001) note that the results of a Delphi study should be regarded as any qualitative research results. Therefore, this study results should be generalized with caution. The sample size was small and data were collected six and four years ago from one geographical area and there was an 18-month time gap between the data collection rounds. However, the findings of this study are still relevant in the Finnish context. Today, primary health care is citizens’ first point of contact with health care services, and RNs deliver preventive health care services such as health checks, screening, and follow-up as well as health-promotive services such as health education and counselling (Teperi et al., Reference Teperi, Porter, Vuorenkoski and Baron2009; National Institute for Health and Welfare, 2013). According to Keeney et al. (Reference Keeney, Hasson and McKenna2001), a heterogeneous group of participants from diverse backgrounds and knowledge improves the content validity of Delphi study. Therefore, the participants of this study were representative of the large geographical area and had various backgrounds in primary health care. The response rate was 100% in round one and 64% in round two, and the high response among the participants increases the validity of our study (Keeney et al., Reference Keeney, Hasson and McKenna2006). In addition, a pilot survey for the semi-structured interview and the questionnaire improved the feasibility and reliability of the study results (McIlrath et al., Reference McIlrath, Keeney, McKenna and McLaughlin2010). The recommended minimal level of consensus level of 75% suggested by Keeney et al. (Reference Keeney, Hasson and McKenna2006) was reached in 10 dimensions that RNs who receive clients demonstrated in the implementation of HPP in primary health care in Eastern Finland. Only two dimensions, ‘working in collaboration with other health care professionals of health promotion’ and ‘having contacts with municipal decision-making’, reached consensus levels below 75%. To increase the trustworthiness of the study, the characteristics of participants in both Delphi rounds, data collection, analysis process, and results were carefully described, allowing the reader to consider the relevance of the findings (Graneheim and Lundman, Reference Graneheim and Lundman2004).
Discussion
The highest levels of consensus were reached on the type of service provider representing the client-orientated health promoter in the implementation of HPP in primary health care. The findings of this study indicated that RNs who receive clients implemented various HPP by educating and counselling diverse client groups in primary health care. Previously, nurses were seen in Finland as being needed for tertiary preventive care and the follow-up of patients with chronic conditions (Fagerström, Reference Fagerström2009). However, the results of this study confirmed that nurses implement a variety of health educational activities in the primary health care context (Keleher and Parker, Reference Keleher and Parker2013; Roden et al., Reference Roden, Jarvis, Campbell-Crofts and Whitehead2015).
This study resulted in consensus on the type of service provider that represented the developer of HPPs who implemented national health promotion strategies into practice in their own health centre, utilized current research results in practice, and coordinated health promotion activities in their own unit. We may consider this result as related to the increased requirements for evidence-based practice in HPPs. As pointed out by Juneau et al. (Reference Juneau, Jones, McQueen and Potvin2011) and Melnyk et al. (Reference Melnyk, Gallagher-Ford and Fineout-Overholt2014), advanced practice nurses are expected to apply research evidence into HPPs with high-risk clients to improve and maintain their health. This study also showed that developers of HPPs plan health-promoting activities. This included actions such as planning, pre-testing, and implementing new HPPs, for example, for older clients. In the future, instead of institutional services, it is important to develop health services such as online, electronic, or new forms of joint services provided as a collaborative effort by different health care professionals that can be offered to different clients groups on wheels (National Institute for Health and Welfare, 2013; Government Publications, 2015).
The type of service provider representing the member of multi-professional teams of health promotion reached high levels of consensus on the dimensions working in collaboration with a doctor in HPPs (82.1%) and being involved in networks of health promotion (78.6%). However, collaboration with other health care professionals involved in health promotion reached a clearly lower level of consensus (69.6%) in this study. This finding may perhaps indicate that nurses and doctors work closely together, whereas other health care professionals involved in health promotion (eg, dieticians) were only consulted when required by the client’s situation. Therefore, it is important to strengthen nurses’ collaboration with other health professionals, as nurses who work with multi-disciplinary health professionals have been found to have a better understanding of health promotion and develop their health promotion knowledge and practices (Roden and Jarvis, Reference Roden and Jarvis2012).
This study identified but reached a low consensus level (55.4%) on a type of service provider who demonstrates an interest towards health policy by having contacts with municipal decision-making in primary health care. There has been much public debate on this issue, and research has substantiated that nurses do not demonstrate a clear and notable wider health policy and political role in formulating and implementing health promotion agendas (Whitehead, Reference Whitehead2011).
In summary, the primary health care system in Finland is unique in that serves as citizens’ first point of contact with health care services and its approach is to maintain and improve health as well as to prevent illnesses in the population (The New Health Care Act, 2010; National Institute for Health and Welfare, 2013; Government Publications, 2015). On the other hand, The EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (Horizon 2020, 2014) supports the premise that health promotion orientation should guide health care services.
In Finland, we have Bachelor’s degrees programmes (210 ECTS) for RNs and paramedics. In addition, we have Bachelor-level double degree programmes (240 ECTS): first education as RN (210 ECTS), followed by 30 ECTS additional nursing studies, for public health nurses (PHNs) and midwives. Only these four nursing professions have registered titles that are authorized by the National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Valvira). PHNs, first educated as RNs, have traditionally delivered health-promotive activities in various nursing contexts such as school and student health care, child and maternity clinics, as well as occupational health care, by coordination of vaccinations and prevention of infection epidemics. RNs can receive clients supported by doctor’s consultation or in collaboration with a doctor in primary health care centres. Previously, primary health care RNs have been found to deliver tertiary preventive care and follow-up of clients with chronic conditions within several special areas such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic pain, and mental health care (Fagerström, Reference Fagerström2009). Therefore, these study findings are valuable as they revealed that primary health care RNs who received clients supported by doctor’s consultation or in collaboration with a doctor represented three types of service provider in the implementation of health-promotive care: (i) client-orientated health promoter who provides health-promotive activities such as health checks or counselling on health risks for different client groups; (ii) developer of HPPs who, for example, plans a development of HPPs in their own unit; (iii) member of multi-professional teams who, for example, is involved in networks of health promotion. In addition, this study indicated that primary health care RNs who receive clients also represented a type of service provider with an interest in political decision-making by having contacts with political decision-makers in their municipalities. Therefore, nursing directors should strengthen primary health care RNs’ understanding of the mechanisms of how their HPPs are guided by health policy.
Conclusion
Although there is a lack of national guidelines for legislative and regulatory mechanisms for nurses’ advanced practices in Finland, this two-stage modified Delphi study identified and clear consensus was reached on four primary health care RN types of service providers that represented advanced level of practice in health promotion in primary health care in Eastern Finland. The findings suggest that the scope of practice in health promotion of these RNs was that of a client-orientated health promoter who provided extensive health promotion actions for various customer groups. It appeared that developers of HPPs planned and developed HPPs based on current research, implementing national health promotion strategies as well as coordinating health promotion activities in their own units. As members of multi-professional teams of health promotion, RNs collaborated with doctors and other health care professionals in health promotion and were involved in health promotion networks. In addition, this study indicated that primary health care RNs demonstrated their interest towards political decision-making by having contacts with political decision-makers.
These findings can be utilized for the development of nurses’ advanced roles and scope of practice in primary health care as well as when drawing up educational standards and guidelines for legislative and regulatory mechanisms for nurses’ advanced practices across countries.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully thank the participants in this study. Researcher V. M. would like to acknowledge the support of the Department of Nursing Science at the University of Eastern Finland. Authors’ Contributions: study design: V. M., K. T., and H. T.; data collection and analysis: V. M. with K. T. and H. T. supervising the data collection and analysis process. Manuscript preparation: V. M. with K. T. and H. T. making critical revisions to the paper. K. T. and H. T. supervised the research process.
Financial Support
This study received a specific grant from The Finnish Foundation for Nurse Education and The Finnish Nurses Association.
Conflicts of Interest
None.
Ethical Standards
Approval for this study was obtained from the ethics committee of a university hospital (statement number 120/2008). In addition, one researcher provided information regarding the study both orally and in written form and asked the participants for their consent.
