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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 June 2021
The Argentinean pianist Miguel Angel Estrella was arrested in Montevideo during Operation Condor in December 1977. Accused of being a member of the Montoneros, a Peronist guerilla movement, he was tortured and held incommunicado before being transferred to Libertad, where political prisoners from Uruguay were assembled. Thanks to an intensive and international solidarity campaign, launched by his friends in Paris and led by classical music celebrities as well as diplomats, human rights activists, and a myriad of anonymous music-lovers, Estrella was released and expelled to France in February 1980. Drawing on archival materials from the Estrella support committee, diplomatic files, interviews, and recently declassified documents from the Uruguayan military court, this article retraces the construction of an exceptional “cause,” shedding new light on the relations between music and diplomacy during the Cold War. It examines the musician’s experience in prison, where he painfully managed to play Beethoven sonatas on a silent piano, as if mirroring the media’s portrayal of him as a Beethovian hero, a sort of modern Florestan. It also analyzes the connections between ethics and aesthetics, and the role of emotions in international political mobilizations.
This article was translated from the French by Rosalind Holmes Duffy and edited by Chloe Morgan and Nicolas Barreyre.
1 Archives of the Institut national de l’audiovisuel (hereafter “INA”), François Reichenbach, Ludwig van Beethoven: Part Two, broadcast on France 3 during the program Grâce à la musique, August 20, 1982.
2 Robert Haven Schauffler, Beethoven: The Man Who Freed Music (Garden City: Doubleday, Doran, and Co., 1929).
3 Jean Massin and Brigitte Massin, Ludwig van Beethoven (Paris: Club français du livre, 1955). See Esteban Buch, Beethoven’s Ninth: A Political History [1999], trans. Richard Miller (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003).
4 Stella Calloni, Los años del lobo. Operación Cóndor (Buenos Aires: Peña Lillo/Ed. Continente, 1999); Frank Gaudichaud, Operación Cóndor. Notas sobre el terrorismo de Estado en el Cono Sur (Madrid: Sepha Edición, 2005); J. Patrice McSherry, Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005).
5 Carol A. Hess, “Miguel Ángel Estrella: (Classical) Music for the People, Dictatorship, and Memory,” in The Oxford Handbook of Music Censorship, ed. Patricia Hall (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015); Patrick W. Kelly, “The 1973 Chilean Coup and the Origins of Transnational Human Rights Activism,” Journal of Global History 8, no. 1 (2013): 165–86; Caroline Moine, “‘Votre combat est le nôtre’ : Les mouvements de solidarité internationale avec le Chili dans l’Europe de la Guerre froide,” Monde(s) 8 no. 2 (2015): 83–104; Marina Franco, El exilio. Argentinos en Francia durante la dictadura (Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2008); Jean-Gabriel Contamin and Olivier Le Noé, “La coupe est pleine Videla ! Le Mundial 1978 entre politisation et dépolitisation,” Le mouvement social 230, no. 1 (2010): 27–46.
6 Brigitte Massin, “L’affaire Estrella,” Panorama de la musique et des instruments 22 (1978): 11–12. Unless otherwise indicated, all cited press clippings come from the archives of Estrella’s support committee, preserved in Paris at the Institut d’histoire du temps présent, code ARC3018 (hereafter “IHTP”).
7 “Concert pour deux mains en cage,” L’Humanité dimanche, April 19, 1978.
8 Moira Inés Cristiá, “Imaginación y resistencia antidictatorial en los años ochenta. La acción por América Latina de la Asociación internacional de defensa de artistas víctimas de la represión en el mundo (AIDA),” Revista Izquierdas 36 (2017): 156–80.
9 These archives, which were given to the IHTP in 2004, formed the basis of a presentation given by Yoselin Rodríguez for the seminar “Littératures et musiques dans les relations internationales,” Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, March 13, 2015.
10 Archives diplomatiques de La Courneuve, Direction Amériques, dossier Estrella, 110QO/87 (hereafter “AD”). This dossier was opened as part of the conference “Archives des dictatures latino-américaines,” ministère des Affaires étrangères/École des chartes, Paris, October 12–14, 2016. Our thanks to Marie Cornu, Pascal Even, Denis Merklen, and Françoise Watel for providing us with access to these documents.
11 State Department Central Foreign Policy Files: the collection was digitized as part of the project History Lab, directed by Matthew Connelly (http://history-lab.org/).
12 Archivo Judicial de expedientes provenientes de la justicia militar, ficha matriz 294 turno 2 (1986), archivo 543 año 88 (hereafter “AJPROJUMI”), consulted thanks to the Secretaría de Derechos Humanos para el pasado reciente de la presidencia de la República Oriental del Uruguay. We thank its director, Fernando Gómez Pereyra, as well as Mariana Mota and Isabel Wschebor.
13 We would like to express our gratitude to all those who confided their memories to us and shared their personal archives: Miguel Angel Estrella, Martine Haguenauer, Jean-Louis Haguenauer, Javier Estrella, Myriam Chimènes, and “Gato” Ember Martínez.
14 Jessica Gienow-Hecht, ed., Music and International History in the Twentieth Century (New York: Berghahn Books, 2015); Danielle Fosler-Lussier, Music in America’s Cold War Diplomacy (Oakland: University of California Press, 2015); Anaïs Fléchet and Antoine Marès, eds., “Musique et relations internationales I et II,” special issues, Relations internationales 155, no. 3 (2013) and 156, no. 4 (2014).
15 On the theoretical framework provided by the sociology of justification, see Luc Boltanski, “Public Denunciation,” in Love and Justice as Competences: Three Essays on the Sociology of Action [1990], trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012), 169–313; Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot, On Justification: Economies of Worth [1991], trans. Catherine Porter (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006).
16 Élisabeth Claverie, “La naissance d’une forme politique. L’affaire du chevalier de La Barre,” in Critique et affaires de blasphème à l’époque des Lumières, ed. Jacques Cheyronnaud et al. (Paris: Honoré Champion, 1998), 185–260; Luc Boltanski et al., eds., Affaires, scandales et grandes causes. De Socrate à Pinochet (Paris: Stock, 2007).
17 James M. Jasper, “The Emotions of Protest: Affective and Reactive Emotions in and around Social Movements,” Sociological Forum 13, no. 3 (1998): 397–424; Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper, and Francesca Polletta, eds., Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
18 H. H., “Miguel Angel Estrella ou La musique en prison,” Harmonie, June 1979.
19 Esteban Buch, “L’autonomie,” in Par-delà le beau et le laid. Enquête sur les valeurs de l’art, ed. Nathalie Heinich, Jean-Marie Schaeffer, and Carole Talon-Hugon (Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2014), 23–32.
20 IHTP/3/Uruguay, letter from Basil Douglas to Colonel Silva Ledesma, January 4, 1978; letter from Yves Haguenauer to Colonel Silva Ledesma, February 15, 1978.
21 Hess, “Miguel Ángel Estrella.”
22 Telephone interview with “Gato” Ember Martínez, October 21, 2016.
23 Richard Gillespie, Soldiers of Perón: Argentina’s Montoneros (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982); Julieta Bartoletti, “Montoneros : de la movilización a la organización. Un caso paradigmático de militarización” (PhD diss., UNSAM, 2010), http://eltopoblindado.com.
24 “Nómina de integrantes de la organización sediciosa argentina ‘Montoneros,’” Servicio de información de defensa, July 1976, in “Partido Peronista ‘Montonero’ (en Uruguay). Índice cronológico de documentos,” https://medios.presidencia.gub.uy/jm_portal/2011/noticias/NO_B889/tomo1/2-sec2-cronologia-documental-anexos/7_partido_peronista_montonero/partido_peronista_montonero.pdf.
25 Listas negras de artistas, músicos, intelectuales y periodistas, facsimiles from Proceso de reorganización nacional, Buenos Aires, Ministerio de Defensa, Presidencia de la Nación, 2014.
26 Carlos Demasi et al., La dictadura cívico-militar. Uruguay, 1973–1985 (Montevideo: Ed. de la Banda Oriental, 2009).
27 Nanterre, Bibliothèque de documentation internationale contemporaine, collection SIJAU-Weil-Uruguay, Comité de défense des prisonniers politiques en Uruguay (hereafter “CDPPU”), “La libération de Miguel Angel Estrella, de Charles Serralta et la situation en Uruguay,” typewritten brochure, undated.
28 See Parte de información no. 13/77, December 30, 1977; Comunicado no. 1378, Oficina de Prensa de las Fuerzas Conjuntas, December 22, 1977, annexes to “Partido Peronista ‘Montonero’ (en Uruguay). Índice cronológico de documentos.” See also Sonata en si menor, documentary by Patricio Escobar, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyUft9Vv9pQ.
29 CDPPU, “La libération de Miguel Angel Estrella, de Charles Serralta et la situation en Uruguay.” Inside, Estrella’s testimony is dated April 21, 1980.
30 The involvement of Gavazzo and his department in operations against the Montoneros is confirmed by declassified documents from the Servicio de información de defensa (SID), cited in “Partido Peronista ‘Montonero’ (en Uruguay). Índice cronológico de documentos.” Estrella has repeatedly identified Gavazzo as his torturer in interviews and public statements. Following Gavazzo’s conviction in 2006 for crimes against humanity, his name has appeared in a new case concerning the events of December 15 and 16, 1977.
31 CDPPU, “La libération de Miguel Angel Estrella, de Charles Serralta et la situation en Uruguay.”
32 “Partido Peronista ‘Montonero’ (en Uruguay). Índice cronológico de documentos.”
33 These were Jaime Dri, Oscar De Gregorio, Rosario Quiroga, Rolando Pisarello, and María del Huerto Milesi, as well as their four children, who were later sent to their grandparents. After a period at ESMA, the adults either managed to escape or were released, with the exception of De Gregorio, who died in custody.
34 AJPROJUMI, indictment 1009/77, Juzgado militar de instrucción de Segundo Turno, República oriental del Uruguay, December 26, 1977.
35 Interview with Estrella, Paris, September 28, 2015.
36 Interview with Jean-Louis and Martine Haguenauer, Paris, October 19, 2015.
37 IHTP/1, Yves Haguenauer, “Quelques repères concernant la ‘campagne’ pour la libération du pianiste Miguel Angel Estrella, 17 décembre 1977–17 février 1980”; IHTP/2/ONU, letter from Jean-Paul Barré to Yves Haguenauer, January 10, 1978.
38 Interview with Jean-Louis and Martine Haguenauer, Paris, October 19, 2015.
39 From 1958, this committee, which was initially established to support Maurice Audin and led by historian Pierre Vidal-Naquet, fought against all forms of torture connected to the Algerian War. See Laurent Schwartz, “L’engagement de Pierre Vidal-Naquet dans la guerre d’Algérie,” in Pierre Vidal-Naquet, un historien dans la cité, ed. François Hartog, Pauline Schmitt-Pantel, and Alain Schnapp (Paris: La Découverte, 2007), 24–41; Sylvie Thénault, “La disparition de Maurice Audin. Les historiens à l’épreuve d’une enquête impossible (1957–2004),” Histoire@Politique 31, no. 1 (2017): 140–53.
40 IHTP/3/Uruguay, “Pétition pour la libération de Miguel Angel Estrella,” December 1977.
41 Private archives of Myriam Chimènes, “Liste des personnalités ayant apporté leur soutien au comité de défense de Miguel Angel Estrella,” December 27, 1977.
42 AD, letter from Nadia Boulanger to Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, Paris, December 23, 1977.
43 AD, letter from G. Robin to Nadia Boulanger, Paris, January 6, 1978.
44 AD, telegram from the Direction Amérique to the embassies of Montevideo and Buenos Aires, Paris, December 23, 1977.
45 Specifically during the polemic around the 1980 visit of Barenboim and the Orchestra of Paris. See Esteban Buch, Trauermarsch. L’Orchestre de Paris dans l’Argentine de la dictature (Paris: Éd. du Seuil, 2016).
46 IHTP/2/Ambassade Montevideo, letter from Jean Ausseil to Yves Haguenauer, March 7, 1978.
47 IHTP/2/Ambassade Montevideo, note from the Uruguayan Ministry of Foreign Relations to the Quai d’Orsay, September 8, 1978.
48 Vania Markarian, Left in Transformation: Uruguayan Exiles and the Latin American Human Rights Network, 1967–1984 (New York: Routledge, 2005), 225; State Department Central Foreign Policy Files, 1978MONTEV03945, “Human Rights: Recent Visit to Political Detainee Miguel Angel Estrella.”
49 AD, telegram from André Le Guen, November 16, 1978.
50 IHTP/1/Concerts, speech by Yves Haguenauer, April 24, 1978.
51 Private archives of Myriam Chimènes, “Campagna italiana de solidarietà per Miguel Angel Estrella,” Rome, September 4, 1978.
52 IHTP/3/Angleterre, letter from Lady Hutchinson to Yves Haguenauer, January 16, 1978.
53 State Department Central Foreign Policy Files, 1978MONTEV01762, “Recent Belgian Human Rights Visit.”
54 State Department Central Foreign Policy Files, 1978MONTEV01353, “Possibility for Political Prisoner Exchange.”
55 Private archives of Martine Haguenauer, letters from Yves Haguenauer to Celia Bronstein, Paris, April 18 and August 1, 1978, and January 23, 1979.
56 AD, letter from Georges Galichon, French ambassador to the Vatican, October 30, 1979.
57 IHTP/3/Angleterre, letter from Christopher Osborn to Yves Haguenauer, London, December 23, 1977.
58 IHTP/3/Angleterre, letter from Lady Hutchinson to Yves Haguenauer, London, January 16, 1978.
59 IHTP/3/Angleterre, letter from Lord Mountbatten to General Alvarez, Romsey, February 23, 1978.
60 IHTP/3/Angleterre, letter from William Peters to Lord Hutchinson, Montevideo, May 30, 1979.
61 AD, “Compte rendu du voyage effectué par Yves et Martine Haguenauer à Montevideo du 27 octobre au 9 novembre 1978,” undated, p. 5.
62 Jan Eckel and Samuel Moyn, eds., The Breakthrough: Human Rights in the 1970s (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).
63 Markarian, Left in Transformation, 124 sq.
64 IHTP/2/ONU, letter from Yves Haguenauer to Jean-Paul Barré, Neuilly-sur-Seine, December 23, 1977.
65 IHTP/3/Angleterre, letter from Jean-Paul Barré to Yves Haguenauer, January 10, 1978.
66 IHTP/2/ONU, “Tel le 16/11 à Barré,” manuscript note by Yves Haguenauer.
67 IHTP/2/ONU, Human Rights Commission.
68 Long excerpts from this report are reproduced in Iain Guest, Behind the Disappearances: Argentina’s Dirty War against Human Rights and the United Nations (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990), 420–23.
69 Ibid., 423–28.
70 Estrella testified on the request of the exiled Uruguayan lawyer Alejandro Artucio, a member of the International Commission of Jurists. IHTP/2/ONU, note dated February 25, 1980, sent to Waleed Sadi, president of the Human Rights Commission, on February 27, 1980.
71 State Department Central Foreign Policy Files, 1979MONTEV04717, “UN Approach to Uruguay Concerning Human Rights.”
72 “Miguel Angel Estrella v. Uruguay,” communication no. 74/1980, UN doc. CCPR/C/OP/2 to 93, 1990, http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/undocs/newscans/74-1980.html.
73 UNESCO Archives, SCX/CR/PRIV/4-5(S) (hereafter “UNESCO”), letter from Jack Bornoff to Amadour M’Bow, Paris, December 22, 1977. On Menhuin’s interactions with UNESCO, see Anaïs Fléchet, “Le Conseil international de la musique et la politique musicale de l’Unesco (1945–1975),” Relations internationales 156, no. 4 (2014): 53–71.
74 UNESCO, report of the 104th session of the Executive Board of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations (April 17–19, 1978).
75 UNESCO, report of the 105th session of the Executive Board of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations (September 19–23, 1978); examination of the communications transmitted to the committee, March 23, 1979; report of the 107th session of the Executive Board of the Committee on Conventions and Recommendations (April 23–27, 1979); memorandum on the Estrella case.
76 UNESCO, letter from Pelayo Diaz Muguerza to Amadour M’Bow, Paris, September 6, 1979.
77 This mission received assistance from the US State Department: State Department Central Foreign Policy Files, 1979PARIS40009, “UNESCO: Human Rights Procedure: Miguel Angel Estrella.”
78 IHTP/3/Angleterre, letter from Yves Haguenauer to Lord and Lady Hutchinson, July 25, 1979.
79 IHTP/2/ONU, letter from Yves Haguenauer to Jean-Paul Barré, Neuilly-sur-Seine, January 8, 1980.
80 AD, support committee, “Mémorandum sur l’affaire Estrella,” July 1979, p. 2.
81 IHTP/1, “Appel en faveur de M. A. Estrella,” AFP dispatch, Paris, July 3, 1979.
82 IHTP/4, “Le PCF exige la libération d’Estrella,” July 27, 1979; IHTP/4, statement from the Socialist Party, August 3, 1979; AD, intervention of Jacques Chaban-Delmas on Estralla’s behalf.
83 Kelly, “The 1973 Chilean Coup,” 167–68.
84 Gienow-Hecht, Music and International History, 19.
85 “Fidelio. L’opéra de la liberté pour la libération du pianiste argentin Miguel Angel Estrella,” Télérama, March 14, 1979.
86 Interview with Estrella, Paris, October 2015.
87 Telephone interview with “Gato” Ember Martínez, October 21, 2016.
88 Fania Fénelon, Sursis pour l’orchestre, ed. Marcelle Routier (Paris: Stock, 1976).
89 “‘En prison, j’ai récrit Bach et Beethoven dans ma tête’ dit Estrella,” interview with Brigitte Massin, Le Matin, February 19, 1980. See also Jacques Lonchampt, “Le pianiste argentin Miguel Angel Estrella s’est réfugié en France. ‘J’ai cru que la musique allait mourir en moi…’” Le Monde, February 19, 1980, p. 18.
90 Interview with Estrella, Paris, September 28, 2015.
91 Interview with Estrella, Paris, October 9, 2015.
92 Telephone interview with “Gato” Ember Martínez, October 21, 2016.
93 Michael Hardt, “Prison Time,” Yale French Studies 91 (1997): 64–79, here p. 64. See also Benjamin J. Harbert, “Only Time: Musical Means to the Personal, the Private, and the Polis at the Louisiana Correctional Institute for Women,” American Music 31, no. 2 (2013): 203–40.
94 Edgardo Salinas, “The Form of Paradox as the Paradox of Form: Beethoven’s ‘Tempest,’ Schlegel’s Critique, and the Production of Absence,” Journal of Musicology 33, no. 4 (2016): 483–521.
95 IHTP/2/Ambassade Montevideo, letter from Yves Haguenauer to the French ambassador to Montevideo, May 2, 1978.
96 IHTP/8, letter from Estrella to Yves Haguenauer, Montevideo, December 15, 1977. This letter, dated the same day as his kidnapping, was never sent.
97 IHTP/3/Uruguay, letter from Basil Douglas to Colonel Silva Ledesma, January 4, 1978.
98 Private archives of Martine Haguenauer, letter from Estrella to Yves Haguenauer, Libertad, November 24, 1979, Spanish original with a typewritten French translation.
99 IHTP/2/Ambassade Montevideo, letter from Jean Ausseil to Yves Haguenauer, February 24, 1978.
100 Interview with Martine and Jean-Louis Haguenauer, Paris, October 19, 2015.
101 IHTP/3/Angleterre, letter from William Peters to Lady Hutchinson, Montevideo, September 25, 1978.
102 IHTP/3/Angleterre, letter from William Peters to Lord Hutchinson, Montevideo, September 22, 1978.
103 Fabrice Guilbaud, “Le travail pénitentiaire. Sens et articulation des temps vécus des travailleurs incarcérés,” Revue française de sociologie 49, no. 4 (2008): 763–91; Vincent Decleire, “Musique et prison,” Études 417, no. 10 (2012): 375–82.
104 Massin, “L’affaire Estrella.”
105 Lonchampt, “Le pianiste argentin.”
106 Telephone interview with “Gato” Ember Martínez, October 21, 2016.
107 AJPROJUMI, “Relación de pertenencias del recluso no. 2314—Miguel Angel Estrella Avila Borges,” February 13, 1980.
108 Private archives of Martine Haguenauer, letter from Yves Haguenauer to Nadia Boulanger, September 14, 1978.
109 Interview with Javier Estrella, Paris, March 4, 2016.
110 “Uruguay,” Le Monde, December 19, 1977.
111 Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross, reproduced in Guest, Behind the Disappearances, 427.
112 “Estrella parle de son piano, de ses mains, de ses amis inconnus,” L’Humanité, February 20, 1980.
113 Juan Baladán Gadea, unpublished interview written with Moira Inés Cristiá, May 6, 2017. We thank the author for providing this document.
114 Interview with Estrella, Paris, October 9, 2015.
115 IHTP/4, letter from Jean-Pierre Aimar to the Estrella support committee, September 8, 1979.
116 AJPROJUMI, Carlos Dubra et al., Corte de Justicia Integrada, to Colonel Silva Ledesma, December 22, 1978.
117 Private archives of Martine Haguenauer, letter from Estrella to Nadia Boulanger, March 13, 1979.
118 Private archives of Martine Haguenauer, letter from Betty Acosta to Yves Haguenauer, April 14, 1979.
119 IHTP/1, “Appel en faveur de M. A. Estrella,” AFP dispatch, Paris, July 3, 1979.
120 IHTP/7, “Silence on torture ou À propos de Miguel Angel Estrella,” undated typescript.
121 Interview with Estrella, Paris, October 9, 2015.
122 “Un pianiste argentin enlevé en Uruguay,” Le Matin, December 21, 1977.
123 “Arrestation du pianiste argentin Miguel Angel Estrella,” Le Monde, December 22, 1977.
124 “Libérez le pianiste !” L’Humanité, December 22, 1977; “Nouvelles brèves,” Le Monde, December 23, 1977.
125 “L’affaire Estrella,” L’Express, December 26, 1977.
126 Bernard Chapuis, “Musica,” Le Monde, December 28, 1977.
127 “La musique en prison,” L’Humanité dimanche, January 4, 1978.
128 IHTP/1, Yves Haguenauer, “Quelques repères concernant la ‘campagne’ pour la libération du pianiste Miguel Angel Estrella, 17 décembre 1977–17 février 1980.”
129 “Procès Montonero,” Le Figaro, December 28, 1977.
130 “Croisade en sol majeur,” Figaro Magazine, May 1979.
131 IHTP/1/Concerts.
132 IHTP/1, program for the concert at the lycée Voltaire, June 13, 1979.
133 IHTP/1, program for the concert “Pour Estrella” at the théâtre d’Orsay, April 24, 1978.
134 IHTP/1, handwritten notes by Yves Haguenauer for the concert at the salle Gaveau, June 7, 1979.
135 IHTP/1, address by Rodolfo Mattarollo, undated.
136 For example, the concert at the salle Gaveau made the committee nearly 40,000 francs, in addition to the 20,000 francs paid by Radio France for broadcast rights. IHTP/1/Concerts, note recapping ticket sales through Fnac and the salle Gaveau, June 6 and 7, 1979; invoice sent to the accounting department of Radio France, June 18, 1979.
137 Interview with Myriam Chimènes, Paris, February 4, 1978.
138 Ibid.
139 “Miguel Angel Estrella,” Panorama de la musique et des instruments, July–August 1979.
140 IHTP/9, press dossier I.
141 INA, eight o’clock news, TF1, May 14, 1979.
142 IHTP/1, “Concerto pour transistor,” transcription, May 20, 1979.
143 AD, letter from Yves Haguenauer to Ambassador Carlos Giambruno, November 14, 1979.
144 IHTP/5, letter from Mme Guyader to the support committee, May 31, 1979.
145 IHTP/4, letter from Monique Abalon to Yves Haguenauer, June 1, 1979.
146 IHTP/1, “Appel en faveur de M. A. Estrella,” AFP dispatch, Paris, July 3, 1979.
147 IHTP/4-7, letter from Yves Haguenauer to Francis Mayor and Louis Dandrel, August 28, 1979.
148 AJPROJUMI, dic. 37/979, indictment of Colonel Ney Ortiz, Fiscal Militar de Quinto Turno, April 17, 1979.
149 AJPROJUMI, sentence 47/79, Juzgado militar de primera instancia de Tercer Turno, August 22, 1979.
150 AJPROJOMU, interrogations of Miguel Angel Estrella, Raquel Odasso, Jaime Bracony, and Luisana Olivera, Montevideo, November 9, 1978.
151 AJPROJUMI, interrogations of Raquel Odasso, Jaime Bracony, and Luisana Olivera, Montevideo, December 21, 1977.
152 AJPROJUMI, interrogation of Raquel Odessa, Juzgado militar de instrucción de Segundo Turno, República Oriental del Uruguay, November 9, 1978.
153 IHTP/8, “Description du système juridique et judiciaire uruguayen,” undated.
154 “Estrella : ‘l’inacceptable,’” L’Humanité, September 24, 1979.
155 AJPROJUMI, appeal filed by the lawyer Juan Barbé Suffern, Juzgado militar de primera instancia de Tercer Turno, September 4, 1979.
156 IHTP/8, letter from François Chéron to Yves Haguenauer, September 7, 1979.
157 UNESCO, letter from Pelayo Diaz Muguerza to Amadour M’Bow, Paris, September 6, 1979.
158 AD, telegram from André Le Guen, February 12, 1980.
159 AJPROJUMI, sentence no. 3, Supremo Tribunal Militar, República oriental del Uruguay, February 12, 1980.
160 Brigitte Massin, “Le pianiste Estrella libre à Paris,” Le Matin, February 18, 1980.
161 And recently promoted again in Hess, “Miguel Ángel Estrella.”
162 Parte de información no. 13/77.
163 AJPROJUMI, General Amauri Prantl, “Relación de objetos incautados al sedicioso Miguel Angel Estrella y que se encuentran depositados en este servicio,” Servicio de información de defensa, February 27, 1978.
164 AJPROJUMI, demand from the Ministry of Education to La Sala 18 de Mayo, August 14, 1978; amnesty of Miguel Angel Estrella et al., July 23, 1986.
165 Miguel Angel Estrella, Musique pour l’espérance. Entretiens avec Jean Lacouture (1983; repr. Paris: Éd. du Seuil, 1997), 276.
166 Miguel Bonasso, “Me decía ‘te formaron para tocar para nosotros y elegiste la negrada,’” Página 12, October 12, 2003, http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elpais/1-26634-2003-10-12.html.
167 AJPROJUMI, Coronel Federico Silva Ledesma et al., final sentence of the court of second instance of the Supremo Tribunal Militar, February 12, 1980.
168 Buch, Beethoven’s Ninth.
This is a translation of: La musique en prison: La campagne pour la libération de Miguel Angel Estrella, 1977-1980