Introduction
Rabies is the foremost lethal infectious zoonotic disease, with a 100% mortality rate in humans [Reference Baghi, Bazmani and Aghazadeh1], and although the global disease burden of rabies has declined over the past 30 years, the number of global deaths from rabies in 2019 was still as high as 13,743 [Reference Gan2], especially in some developing countries and regions in Africa and Asia, accounting for 95% of all rabies cases, and the threat of rabies remains [Reference Lembo3]. The World Health Organization, the World Organization for Animal Health, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the Global Alliance for Rabies Control launched a global call in 2015 to eliminate human deaths due to rabies by 2030 [Reference Abela-Ridder4, Reference Abela-Ridder5]. In China, dog-mediated rabies accounts for 95% of rabies cases nationwide, with the rest being mediated by cats and wildlife [Reference Zhou6]. Although studies have demonstrated that mass vaccination of dogs against rabies is the most cost-effective option for rabies eradication [Reference Chen7], the current level of canine rabies vaccination in China is still low [Reference Qi8], especially in the less economically developed rural areas of China, and falls far short of the 70% mark [Reference Yin, Fu and Gao9, Reference Hu10], so timely post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and post-exposure vaccination (PEV) for rabies-exposed patients remain important tools for rabies prevention and have important public health implications.
Currently, the two main rabies vaccination protocols in the world are the Essen five-dose method and the ‘2-1-1’ Zagreb four-dose method [Reference Li, Wang and Cheng11]; however, studies have shown that a significant proportion of rabies-exposed patients seeking PEP and receiving rabies PEV in a standardized manner are not highly compliant and have problems delaying or stopping vaccination on their own [Reference Haradanhalli12]. Failure to receive complete and standardized PEP or to follow recommended treatment protocol guidelines has also been associated with rabies immunization failure and mortality [Reference Wang13, 14]. Previous studies have mostly explored the adherence of rabies-exposed patients seeking PEP and rabies vaccination in areas where medical resources are scarce or in rural areas [Reference Etheart15, Reference Yurachai, Hinjoy and Wallace16]. However, studies have shown that residents of urban areas in China have poor knowledge of rabies and that compliance with PEVs among rabies-exposed patients in urban areas is suboptimal [Reference Shi, Dunham and Nyland17, Reference Panda and Kapoor18]. This study combined the characteristics of animal injury occurrence and the level of rabies prevention knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) in rabies-exposed patients, aiming to illustrate the factors influencing adherence to PEV by rabies-exposed patients throughout the standardized process in Shenzhen and to provide data support and theoretical basis for improving rabies vaccination adherence among urban residents and standardizing the PEP and disposal process of rabies.
Materials and methods
Study setting, design, participants, and sampling
This study was conducted in the Nanshan District of Shenzhen City, China, which is one of the most developed cities in China and is representative of China’s emerging megacities with a highly mobile urban population. According to the Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention report, more than 100,000 people are bitten by dogs/cats in Shenzhen every year.
The study was conducted in Nanshan District, Shenzhen. Data were collected from a tertiary hospital, which is one of the four rabies PEP and rabies vaccination point hospitals in Nanshan District, Shenzhen, covering a population of nearly 800,000 people in a 65 square kilometre area, with a specialized outpatient clinic for the management of animal bites, which made it suitable for conducting the survey.
Considering the cross-sectional nature of the study and the fact that most of the rabies exposures in the urban population are caused by dogs/cats, we investigated the first-visit patients with injuries caused by dogs/cats and diagnosed by a specialized surgeon as having a rabies class II or III exposure (in countries and regions where rabies has not been eliminated, a rabies class II or III exposure means that the patient is at risk of rabies) who needed to undergo the full course of rabies PEV who were admitted to the hospital during the period of September 2022 to December 2022 and who were given electronic questionnaires by an investigator out of the principle of voluntarism and after their informed consent had been sought.
Prior to the start of the survey, hospital rabies vaccination records were randomly assessed to determine the sample size. Based on the results of the review, approximately 33% of patients failed to comply with the rabies PEP guidelines to complete the full course of PEV. Based on the cross-sectional study sample size calculation methodology, the estimated sample size was 340 at 80% power of the study, alpha = 0.05.
Survey process
Before the formal survey, the researcher introduced the purpose of the study to the patients; the survey was conducted on a voluntary basis, and the questionnaires were filled out independently under the guidance of the surveyors or by their guardians if the patients were too young to complete the questionnaires. The questionnaires were collected by the ‘Wenjuanxing’ platform, which is the largest online questionnaire platform in China, with the advantages of easy sample collection and no access to the database by non-relevant personnel, and were completed by the patients using their smartphones and collected in the back-end database. The surveyors are all surgeons from the hospital’s emergency department and have good professionalism. During the survey period, the background data will be regularly reviewed by specialized personnel to ensure the validity of the survey information.
Measure
Definition of adherence
Since the hospital’s rabies vaccination protocol was standardized to the ‘2-1-1’ Zagreb four-dose method, 2, 1, and 1 doses of rabies vaccine were administered on days 0, 7, and 21 after injury. For the purposes of this study, adherence was defined as the exact date of vaccination according to the vaccination protocol and non-adherence was considered if there was a delay or discontinuation of vaccination throughout the vaccination protocol.
Questionnaire design
The questionnaire was designed with good acceptability after referring to similar studies, taking into account the actual situation of the survey and consulting experts. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: the first part consisted of basic demographic information, including gender, age, education, income, history of dog and cat injuries, history of rabies vaccination, time spent to reach the nearest rabies prevention clinic (RPC), and payment method. The second part is the injury situation, including the injury site, exposure level, injury location, injury time, injury type, and injury cause. The third part is the situation of the injurious animal, including animal species, animal gender, animal source, animal vaccine history, and animal health status. The fourth part of the study was a rabies prevention KAP questionnaire, using a rabies KAP questionnaire from a study in central China [Reference Li19], in which the rabies knowledge section consisted of 7 questions, including 1 multiple-choice question, with scores ranging from 0 to 9; the attitude section was a 5-point Likert scale with 9 questions and a score range of 9–45; and the practice section was a 4-point Likert scale with 6 questions and a score range of 6–24.
Statistical processing
Data were organized using Excel and statistically analysed using SPSS 26.0. Descriptive analysis of basic characteristics was performed, and categorical variables were expressed using frequencies and composition ratios. Influence factor analysis was performed using variables screened based on the results of one-factor binary logistic regression analysis, and multifactor binary logistic regression was performed for variables in which the one-factor logistic regression was statistically significant; the continuous variables in the model were standardized. The two-sided test level was α = 0.05.
Ethics statement
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital.
Results
A total of 352 patients participated in the survey, with a final inclusion of 326 valid questionnaires and a valid response rate of 92.6%. By checking the patients’ medical records, a total of 202 respondents were finally confirmed to have received rabies PEV throughout the survey in a standardized manner, with an adherence rate of 62%.
Socio-demographic characteristics of the survey respondents
The average age of the respondents was 28.52 years (SD = 13.562); more than half (55.5%) of the respondents were under 30 years old, 189 (58.0%) were female, 304 (93.3%) were permanent residents of Shenzhen, 208 (63.8%) were educated to college level or above, 190 (58.3%) had a per capita monthly household income of RMB 10,000 or above, the payment method was medical insurance for 162 (49.7%) patients, 149 (45.7%) patients were injured by dogs/cats for the first time, 177 (54.3%) had not received rabies vaccination, 279 (85.6%) were seen within 24 h, and 183 (56.1%) went to the nearest RPC in <30 min. Table 1 shows the sociodemographic characteristics of respondents.
Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents (n = 326)
RPC, rabies prevention clinic.
Injuries of the surveyed patients
Among the 326 patients, 278 (85.3%) were exposed to rabies grade II, 222 (68.1%) were injured in the upper limbs, 207 (63.5%) were injured by scratching, 170 (52.1%) were injured in their own homes, and 161 (49.4%) were injured while playing or teasing with animals. Table 2 shows the details of the injuries.
Table 2. Injuries of the respondents (n = 326)
Injurious animals
Among the 326 patients, 242 (74.2%) were injured by cats and the rest by dogs; the animals were not vaccinated against rabies or the vaccine history was not clear for 109 (33.4%) patients; the animal health status was healthy for 199 (61.0%); and the source of injurious animals was self-owned for the largest proportion, 153 (46.9%). Table 3 shows the details of the injurious animals.
Table 3. Injurious animals (n = 326)
KAP of rabies prevention among survey respondents
The mean knowledge score of the 326 patients was 6.75 (SD = 1.786), the mean attitude score was 38.56 (SD = 6.517), the mean practice score was 17.89 (SD = 2.652), and the mean total score was 63.23 (SD = 8.698). Table 4 contains details on rabies prevention KAP score.
Table 4. Rabies prevention KAP score
a Knowledge section consists of 7 questions, with a total of 9 points and a score range of 0–9 points.
b Attitude part of a total of 9 questions, with a total of 45 points and a score range of 9–45.
c Practice part of a total of 6 questions, with a total of 24 points and a score range of 6–24.
d KAP total score of 78.
Analysis of factors influencing vaccination adherence
Table 5 lists the factors influencing rabies vaccination adherence in patients with injuries caused by dogs and cats. Variables that were statistically significant in the one-way logistic regression analysis were included in the multifactor logistic regression analysis. After controlling for confounding factors, the results of the multifactorial logistic regression model indicated that non-adherence was more likely to occur in patients aged 31 to 40 years (OR = 3.024, 95% CI: 1.283–7.478) and in patients who spent >60 min to reach the nearest RPC (OR = 2.291, 95% CI: 1.109–4.803), while adherence was higher in patients who were injured at night to early morning (OR = 0.445, 95% CI: 0.219–0.888) and at places such as a school/laboratory (OR = 0.279, 95% CI: 0.073–0.926), whose injurious animal was a cat (OR = 0.505, 95%CI:0.273–0.925), and whose health status of the injurious animal could not be determined (OR = 0.355, 95% CI: 0.165–0.751). Adherence was also higher in patients with higher rabies prevention ‘practice’ scores (OR = 0.743, 95% CI: 0.570–0.962). Table 5 demonstrates the detailed results of the unifactorial and multifactorial analysis.
Table 5. Logistic regression analysis of factors influencing rabies vaccination adherence
a Score for ‘practice’: After standardization, the OR for each 1-unit increase in the standard deviation of the ‘practice’ score.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. Bold: statistically significant.
Discussion
Rabies has a fatality rate of 100% but can be completely prevented if appropriate and effective PEP is administered [Reference Abela-Ridder20]. However, many rabies-exposed patients fail to complete PEP and PEV on time for various reasons and often delay or stop vaccination on their own. This study was conducted in Shenzhen, one of the most economically developed cities in China, to explore the factors influencing rabies vaccination adherence among urban residents after rabies exposure with relatively easy access to healthcare resources, taking into account the characteristics of the occurrence of animal injuries.
Some studies have shown that the Zagreb method has a higher adherence rate compared to the Essen method due to its relatively easy vaccination procedure [Reference Zhang21, Reference Mahendra22], and the Zagreb method was adopted for all of this study, but its adherence rate only reached 62%. Although rabies science promotion has been carried out in China for many years and rabies vaccine is more available in metropolitan areas like Shenzhen, the standardized rabies PEV rate is still not satisfactory, and the adherence rate may be even lower in rural and less developed areas of China. In contrast to the results of previous studies [Reference Liu23, Reference Diallo24], patients’ education level and income levels do not seem to affect their rabies PEV adherence. According to the results of this study, respondents aged 31 to 40 years were more likely to not follow the time specified in the rabies vaccination guidelines, possibly because this age group is a prime workforce and often forgets the time in the vaccination protocol guidelines due to objective reasons such as busy work schedules [Reference Chuchu25] or is unable to reach the point hospital due to work [Reference Joseph26], thus experiencing PEV delay or discontinuation. The time required to reach the nearest rabies clinic is also an important factor affecting adherence, and some respondents may not be able to receive rabies vaccination in a timely manner because they live too far away, have limited access to transportation, or do not know the exact location of the RPC near their place of residence, similar to the results of some studies that relate to the accessibility of medical services for rabies vaccination [Reference N’Guessan27]. Adherence was higher in patients who were injured at night to early morning and at places such as schools/laboratories, suggesting that the time and place of injury may influence rabies vaccination adherence in patients with dog and cat injuries, but the mechanism of influence needs to be studied.
In addition, our study found that the species of injurious animal also influenced rabies vaccination adherence; in this study, the number of cases of patients injured by cats was much larger than those injured by dogs, but the adherence was higher in patients whose injurious animal was a cat, which is a matter of concern given the objective fact that dogs are the main vector of human rabies transmission in China. Adherence to rabies PEV was also higher when patients could not ensure that the injurious animal was in a healthy state, similar to the results of a study in Vietnam [Reference Tran28], suggesting a higher awareness of rabies prophylaxis after rabies exposure when patients were injured by an animal with an unclear health status. It is worth noting that in this study, although the level of ‘attitude’ toward rabies prevention was relatively high, the level of ‘practice’ scores was low and affected rabies PEV adherence. The higher the score, the higher the patient’s adherence to complete PEV, and it is necessary to promote behavioural changes in rabies prevention [Reference Wolelaw29, Reference Ahmed30], such as getting along properly with animals, understanding the severity of rabies exposure, and receiving PEV in a standardized manner.
Rabies prevention and control requires the collaboration of stakeholders from all aspects of society, including multisectoral cooperation between government departments and civil society organizations [Reference Tan31]. According to the concept of One Health, in order to reach the WHO goal of rabies elimination by 2030 [Reference Rana32, Reference Nadal33], a sound mechanism needs to be constructed among communities, hospitals, and animal regulatory authorities to strengthen residents’ scientific knowledge of rabies and PEV in communities; hospitals should standardize PEP disposal of rabies and increase the accessibility of rabies PEV for patients who need to receive it throughout the process to improve their adherence; and animal regulatory authorities need to improve animal registration and vaccination to ensure rabies vaccination of domestic animals, especially dogs and cats, to achieve the purpose of controlling rabies transmission by increasing the coverage of rabies vaccine in animals [Reference Lavan34].
This study has some limitations. Firstly, data were collected through self-administered questionnaires, which may be subject to reporting bias. Secondly, although Shenzhen has reached 100% urbanization, the respondents of this study were solely from one hospital, and the sampling method was convenience-based potentially affecting sample representation.
PEP and rabies PEV are crucial elements of rabies prevention. It is recommended that health education on rabies and vaccination knowledge is integrated into the standardized approach for the management of animal injuries and rabies vaccination. This will encourage patients to adhere to the rabies vaccination protocol guidelines. By increasing awareness of PEV disposal clinic locations, improving accessibility of PEV services for patients, promoting changes in patient practice to prevent rabies, conducting further studies on the influence of animal injury characteristics on PEV adherence, and raising patients’ awareness of animal injury prevention – specifically the risk of dog and cat scratch bites, it may be possible to eliminate human rabies in China by 2030.
Data availability statement
All the data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the medical and nursing staff of the Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital.
Author contribution
Conceptualization: R.L., P.Q., L.L.; Data curation: J.L., Y.Z., Q.C.; Formal analysis: R.L., P.Q.; Funding acquisition: J.L., Y.Z., Q.C.; Methodology: S.W., J.L.; Project administration: Z.F.; Writing – original draft: R.L.; Writing – review and editing: L.L., P.Q. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding statement
This research was funded by 2022 Nanshan District Science and Technology Program Projects (Healthcare), grant number NS2022045.
Competing interest
We declare that we have no known competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Ethical standard
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shenzhen Qianhai Shekou Free Trade Zone Hospital (approval number: 2023–053-01). Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
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