SIR,

An increasing number of measurements, soundings, and drillings has lead to the widely recognized concept that rock glaciers are morphological expressions of creeping mountain permafrost (for example, Reference GorbunovGorbunov, 1983; Reference HaeberliHaeberli, 1985; Reference Barsch and ClarkBarsch, 1988; Reference Belloni, Pelfini and SmiragliaBelloni and others, 1988; Reference Blumstengel and HarrisBlumstengel and Harris, 1988; Reference Carton, Dramis and SmiragliaCarton and others, 1988; Reference Giardino and VitekGiardino and Vitek, 1988; Reference Haeberli and SchmidHaeberli and Schmid, 1988; Reference Haeberli, Huder, Keusen, Pika and RöthlisbergerHaeberli and others, 1988; Reference Cui and ChengZhijiu Cui and Zhu Cheng, 1988; Evin, unpublished). The idea of rock glaciers developing from glaciers has never been based on any firm evidence from appropriate field measurements or reliable model calculations. After reviewing the presently available information from geothermal, electrical resistivity, radio-echo, and seismic refraction soundings, it has been concluded that relations between glaciers and rock glaciers are indirect, accidental, or non-existent (Reference HaeberliHaeberli, 1985, p. 122), and that the idea of an exclusively glacial origin of rock glaciers remains purely speculative (Reference King, Fisch, Haeberli and WaechterKing and others, 1987, p. 94).

In their description of rock glaciers within the Dalton Range, Yukon Territory, Reference Johnson and LacasseJohnson and Lacasse (1988) claimed that rock glaciers form from glaciers which have become totally covered in debris. They made a strong point with this idea, implying that Reference Barsch and ClarkBarsch (1988), Reference GorbunovGorbunov (1983), and myself (Reference HaeberliHaeberli, 1985) have overlooked an obvious and easily recognizable aspect of rock-glacier formation. They wrote that “continuity of glacier ice is visible … from current glaciers through lateral moraines into rock glaciers”. Such reasoning is not new (cf. Reference WhalleyWhalley, 1974, 1979; and earlier papers by P.G. Johnson as quoted by Reference Johnson and LacasseJohnson and Lacasse, 1988), but has repeatedly been criticized (for instance, Reference HaeberliHaeberli, 1985; Reference Barsch, Giardino, Shroder and VitekBarsch, 1987) and does not gain credibility with time. The well-known fact that remains of buried snowbank and glacier ice, as well as other forms of massive underground ice (segregation ice, injection ice; cf. Reference ShumskiyShumskiy, 1955; Reference WashburnWashburn 1979), can be embedded within rock glaciers is not in contradiction to the commonly accepted permafrost model of rock-glacier formation; at the same time, however, the potential inclusion of dead glacier ice by no means implies that rock glaciers as a whole can have a glacial (in contrast to peri-glacial) origin. The observations reported from Dalton Range even fit the concept of periglacial rock glaciers perfectly; the described rock glaciers are in a permafrost condition (Reference Johnson and LacasseJohnson and Laçasse, 1988, p. 331); the reported resistivity of the sub-surface material (10 000–15 000 Ω m; p. 329) is lower than the resistivity values measured in mountain glaciers, snowbanks, or dead glacier ice by several orders of magnitude and is typical for perennially frozen ground rich in ice (cf. Reference HaeberliHaeberli, 1985; Reference King, Fisch, Haeberli and WaechterKing and others, 1987; Evin, unpublished; and the references given in these publications). Finally, the photographs illustrating the article (Reference Johnson and LacasseJohnson and Lacasse, 1988, p. 328, 329) do not show glaciers but a number of snow patches (a common feature of mountain permafrost), the dimensions of which are by orders of magnitude smaller than the dimensions of the discussed rock glaciers.

Johnson and Laçasse must have been aware of these points, because they quoted the corresponding literature. What is then the reason for yet again making a strong statement on the “glacial origin” of rock glaciers, a concept which can obviously not be “understood” but must be “believed” [Inline 1] In view of the numerous definitive studies that have seriously challenged this long-standing belief, and in the absence of solid supportive evidence, Johnson and Lacasse’s claim for a clear glacial origin for the rock glaciers they described has no merit. Moreover, the introduction of their cumbersome term “glacier ice-cored debris-system rock glacier” is unnecessary and most probably misleading.