Introduction
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) affects approximately 500,000 patients annually in the United States. CDI symptoms range from mild diarrhea to life threatening colitis and death.Reference Feuerstadt, Theriault and Tillotson1,Reference Czepiel, Dróżdż, Pituch, Kuijper, Perucki, Mielimonka, Goldman, Wultańska, Garlicki and Biesiada2 Hospital onset (HO)-CDI has significant associated morbidity and mortality. One in 11 people over age 65 diagnosed with HO-CDI will die within one month.3 NSHN defines HO-CDI as a positive C.difficile test collected from an inpatient on or after hospital day four.4 At our facility, we noted that several patients with CDI had symptoms on admission, but were not tested until after hospital day three, and therefore were misclassified as HO-CDI. This is supported by the literature, as Nanayakkara et. al noted that 20% of their community onset (CO) CDI cases were misclassified as HO-CDI.Reference Nanayakkara, Mejia and Nanda5 Timely diagnosis of CDI is important for surveillance classification and for timely initiation of isolation and treatment.
Previously, our team utilized a novel humble inquiry interview method to discuss CDI with nursing staff and inquire why there may be a delay in CDI diagnosis. Our nursing staff noted that patients may be reluctant to discuss their bowel habits.Reference Kon, Fisher, Ngo, Craig, Gunter, Bessesen and Gilmartin6 Prior literature supports the observation that discussing bowel habits can be a socially taboo subject.7 This social taboo can prevent patients disclosing GI issues to their providers.Reference Atarodi, Rafieian and Whorwell8 For example, studies have shown that there is stigma around GI conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea and fecal incontinence among patients and providersReference Atarodi, Rafieian and Whorwell8,Reference Hearn, Whorwell and Vasant9 .
Therefore, we hypothesized that a symptom assessment tool may increase healthcare workers’ comfort discussing bowel habits, be useful and related to clinicians’ work, ultimately leading to more timely diagnosis of CDI and other gastrointestinal conditions.
Methods
A Bowel Habits Assessment Tool (BHAT) was developed to assist healthcare providers in assessing patient bowel habits accurately, providing a structured approach to gather relevant information, identify abnormalities, and promote effective communication with patients (See Table 1). The tool was developed by a team of infectious disease physicians, nurses and a gastroenterologist in June 2023 and modeled on existing tools utilized to take a sexual history. The tool was piloted at a 180 bed academically affiliated Veterans Affairs Hospital. Small group sessions held periodically over a seven-month period (November 2023–May 2024) provided education about the importance of a bowel habit history and reviewed the tool. An infectious disease physician and a nurse infection preventionist led the teaching sessions. An anonymous pre- and postsurvey employing a 5-point Likert scale was administered to participants. The presurvey included the statements “I am comfortable discussing patient’s bowel habits” (Question 1, Q1), “I am aware of tools to help discuss patients bowel habits” (Question 2, Q2) and “How often do you discuss bowel habits” (Question 3, Q3). The postsurvey included the same questions with two additional questions evaluating the tool. Paired t tests were employed using GraphPad Prism® 10.1.2 (324). All participation was voluntary. This project was approved as a Quality Improvement project by the VA Research Service, Eastern Colorado Health Care System.
Table 1. Outline of the Bowel Habit Assessment Tool (BHAT). The BHAT is a 3-page guide. The introduction states that bowel habits can be a taboo subject and highlights the importance of an accurate bowel habit history. The step-by-step guide details a suggested dialogue with the patient. A picture of the Bristol Stool scale is provided for reference. The complete tool is available in the supplemental material
Results
Sixty-eight healthcare personnel participated in the pilot, nurses (39), resident physicians (19), nursing assistants/healthcare technicians (4), and 6 others (medical students, nursing students, unknown and administrator). Three surveys were excluded, two incomplete and one completed by an administrator.
Prior to the educational session, 72.3% (n = 47) of participants strongly agreed with the statement “I am comfortable discussing patient’s bowel habits” (Q1). This increased to 83% (n = 50) after the BHAT educational session. 7.7% (n = 5) participants chose neither disagree or agree, somewhat disagree or strongly disagree for Q1. After the education, no participants disagreed and 100% (n = 65) of included participants strongly agreed or somewhat agreed they were comfortable discussing patient’s bowel habits. The mean difference in the Likert scale scores between pre- and postsurvey responses for Q1 was 0.25 (CI 0.06539–0.4269, P = 0.0084).
On the presurvey, only 34% of participants strongly agreed that they were aware of tools to help discuss patients’ bowel habits (Q2). This increased to 77% after the BHAT educational session. The mean difference in the Likert scale score between pre- and postsurvey responses for Q2 was 1.02 (CI 0.7366–1.294, P < 0.0001). When asked to describe how often they discuss bowel habits with patients, 42.2% (n = 27) of responding participants selected “only when needed,” 32.8% (n = 21) of participants chose “every shift,” 12.5% (n = 8) of participants chose “every visit” and 12.5% (n = 8) chose “every day.” One participant (n = 1) left this question blank. 98.5% (n = 64) of participants either strongly or somewhat agreed that the BHAT was related to their work. Majority of participants found the BHAT useful, with 66.2% strongly agreeing and 30.8% (n = 20) somewhat agreeing that the BHAT was useful.
Discussion
Although there are existing patient questionnaires related to bowel habits, we are not aware of any existing tool specifically focusing on communication with patients. The 34% of participants who were aware of tools prior to the educational sessions may have been referring to existing patient directed questionnaires or alternatively heard about the tool from other staff. The BHAT shows promise in improving providers’ comfort discussing bowel habits. Improved comfort may lead to decreased stigma and patients disclosing GI symptoms more readily. Future directions include updating the tool based on feedback, soliciting patient feedback and potentially advising more frequent assessment of bowel habits. If hospitalized patients are more willing to disclose symptoms of diarrhea, then providers can test for CDI or investigate other undiagnosed GI conditions in a timely manner.
Supplementary material
The supplementary material for this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.1017/ash.2024.454.
Data availability statement
Full data is available upon request by contacting the corresponding author.
Acknowledgements
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Financial support
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Competing interests
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