Conferences

Dionne, J.-C., ed. Le glaciel. Premier colloque international sur l'action géologique des glaces flottantes, 20–24 avril 1974. Revue de Géographie de Montréal, Vol. 30, Nos. 1–2, 1976, [ii], 236 p. [Symposium held in Quebec, Canada. Contents include: A. Guilcher, "Introduction au premier colloque international sur l'action géologique des glaces flottantes", p. 5–7; H.-E. Reineck, "Concluding remarks to the first international symposium on the geological action of drift ice", p. 8; J.-R. Vanney et L. Dangeard, "Les dépôts glaciomarins actuels et anciens", p. 9–50; A. Moign, "L'action des glaces flottantes sur le littoral et les fonds marins du Spitsberg central et nord-occidental", p. 51–64; R. J. Knight and R. W. Dalrymple, "Winter conditions in a macrotidal environment, Cobequid Bay, Nova Scotia", p. 65–85; D. R. Sasseville and F. E. Anderson, "Sedimentological consequences of winter ice cover on a tidal flat environment, Great Bay, New Hampshire", p. 67–93; E. H. Owens, "The effects of ice on the littoral zone at Richibucto Head, eastern New Brunswick", p. 95–104; J. D. Hume and M. Schalk, "The effects of ice on the beach and nearshore, Point Barrow, Arctic Alaska", p. 105–14; A. D. Short, "Observations on ice deposited by waves on Alaskan beaches", p. 115–22; R. B. Taylor and S. B. McCann, "The effect of sea and nearshore ice on coastal processes in [the] Canadian Arctic Archipelago", p. 123–32; J.-C. Dionne, "Le glaciel de la région de la Grande Rivière, Québec subarctique", p. 133–53; W. Brochwicz-Lewinski and S. Rudowski, "The action of ice and frost in the development of moderate climate Baltic beaches", p. 155–60; J. Dozier, B. D. Marsh and W. M. Marsh, "Ice cusp formation on Lake Superior icefoots", p. 161–69; J. Dozier, J. Mitchell and W. M. Marsh, "Modeling of backshore slope processes during the cold season, south shore of Lake Superior", p. 171–77; W. M. Marsh, M. L. Bryan and J. Dozier, "Aerial imagery of Lake Superior coastal ice", p. 179–86; W. P. Adams and S. A. Mathewson, "Approaches to the study of ice-push features, with reference to Gillies Lake, Ontario", p. 187–96; H.-E. Reineck, "Drift ice action on tidal flats, North Sea", p. 197–200; R. A. Davis, V. Goldsmith and Y. E. Goldsmith, "Ice effects on beach sedimentation: examples from Massachusetts and Lake Michigan", p. 201–06; D. J. W. Piper, "The use of ice rafted marine sediments in determining glacial conditions", p. 207–12; A. Cailleux, "Formes et dépôts nivéo-éoliens sur le pied de glace, à Poste-de-la-Baleine, Québec subarctique", p. 213–19; D. Lagarec, "Champs de blocs glaciels, actuels et anciens, au Golfe de Richmond, nouveau-Québec", p. 221–25; P. Guimont and C. Laverdiere, "Aspects glaciels d'une plage du lac Deux-Montagnes, parc Paul-Sauvé, Québec", p. 227–32; L.-E. Hamelin, "La famille du mot 'glaciel'", p. 233–36.]

Hood, D. W., and Burrell, D. C., ed. Assessment of the Arctic marine environment: selected topics. Fairbanks, Alaska, Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, [^c1976]. xi, 468 p. (Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska. Occasional Publication No. 4.) [Based on symposium held 11–15 August 1975 in Fairbanks, Alaska, in conjunction with the third International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions. Articles relevant to glaciology include: A. F. Treshnikov, "Recent Soviet research in the Arctic", p. 55–59; C. H. Everts, "Sedimentation in a 'half-tide' harbor. Part 2. Sedimentation during periods of ice-cover", p. 147–60; C. M. Hoskin and S. M. Valencia, "Sediment transported by ice-rafting in southcentral Alaska", p. 173–85.]

[Hydrology of glaciers.] Vortragsveranstaltung. 9. Februar 1977. Technische Universität München. Sonderforschungsbereich 81, [1977], [iv], 101 p. [Symposium on discharge in rivers and in and from glaciers, held in Munich in February 1977. Contents include: F. Wilhelm, "Die Bedeutung isotopenhydrologischer Verfahren im Rahmen einiger Teilprojekte des SFB 81", p. 5–18; J. Martinec, "Bestimmung der Verweilzeit des Schmelzwassers in Gebirgsgebieten durch Tritium-Messungen", p. 19–28; A. Herrmann, W. Rauert and W. Stichler, "Isotopenmessungen an Niederschlag und Abfluss im Lainbachgebiet", p. 30–42; A. Herrmann and W. Stichler, "Stabile Isotope in einer randalpinen Schneedecke", p. 43–65; H. Oerter, "Wasserbewegung in einem Gletscher, dargestellt an dem Feldarbeiten auf dem Vernagtferner", p. 67–91; O. Reinwarth, "Bemerkungen zu einem Film über den Ausbruch des vom Morenogletschers, Patagonien, gestauten Sees", p. 93–100.]

[Ice sheets: radioactive waste disposal.] Workshop I; ice as a depository. Modern Geology, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1976, p. 43–47. [Part of colloquium on radioactive waste disposal, held in Montreal, Canada, 3–4 October 1973. Discussion presented here is based on papers published in same issue: E. J. Zeller, E. A. Angino and D. F. Saunders, "Antarctica, a potential disposal site for the world's high-level radioactive waste", p. 31–36, and W. S. B. Paterson, "Radioactive waste in Antarctica: some glaciological aspects", p. 37–42.]

Legget, R. F., ed. Glacial till. An interdisciplinary study. [Ottawa], Royal Society of Canada in co-operation with the National Research Council of Canada, [^c1976]. x, 412 p. (Royal Society of Canada Special Publications, No. 12.) [Conference held in Ottawa, 17–18 February 1975. Papers presented: A. Dreimanis, "Tills: their origin and properties", p. 11–49; J. S. Scott, "Geology of Canadian tills", p. 50–66; M. M. Fenton and A. Dreimanis, "Methods of stratigraphic correlation of till in central and western Canada", p. 67–82; P. F. Karrow, "The texture, mineralogy, and petrography of North American tills", p. 83–98; R. W. May and A. Dreimanis, "Compositional variability in tills", p. 99–120; E. A. Christiansen and S. H. Whitaker, "Glacial thrusting of drift and bedrock", p. 121–30; R. J. St. Arnaud, "Pedological aspects of glacial till", p. 133–55; C. R. De Kimpe, G. A. Bourbeau and R. W. Baril, "Pedological aspects of till deposits in the Province of Quebec", p. 156–69; D. F. Acton and J. B. Fehrenbacher, "Mineralogy and topography of glacial tills and their effect on soil formation in Saskatchewan", p. 170–85; N. Keser, "Douglas fir growth on two Vashon tills and associated surficial materials", p. 186–202; W. W. Shilts, "Glacial till and mineral exploration", p. 205–24; R. Kujansuu, "Glaciogeological surveys for ore-prospecting purposes in northern Finland", p. 225–39; P. LaSalle, B. Warren and P. Gilbert, "Till sampling at depth in the Royun-Val d'Or area", p. 240–48; D. W. Alley and R. M. Slatt, "Drift prospecting and glacial geology in the Sheffield Lake–Indian Pond area, northcentral Newfoundland", p. 249–66; V. Milligan, "Geotechnical aspects of glacial tills", p. 269–91; G. S. Boulton, "Till development of geotechnical properties in glacial tills", p. 292–303; G. E. Grisak, J. A. Cherry, J. A. Vonhof and J. P. Blumele, "Hydrologic and hydrochemical properties of fractured till in the interior plains region", p. 304–35; R. M. Quigley and T. A. Ogunbadejo, "Till gcology, mineralogy and geotechnical behavior, Sarnia, Ontario", p. 336–45; A. A. Loiselle and J. E. Hurtubise, "Properties and behaviour of till as construction material", p. 346–63; J. Peters and J. McKcown, "Glacial till and the development of the Nelson River", p. 364–80; S. W. E. Pepler and I. D. MacKenzie, "Glacial till in winter dam construction", p. 381–90; W. J. Eden, "Construction difficulties with loose glacial tills on Labrador Plateau", p. 391–400.]

[Port and ocean engineering under arctic conditions.] Proceedings of the third International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions held in Fairbanks, Alaska, University of Alaska, 11–15 August 1975. Fairbanks, Alaska, Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, [^c1976]. 2 vols.: xviii, 686; vii, 687–1382 p. [Includes the following papers: K. Ahlnäs and G. Wendler, "Sea ice conditions in the Chukchi, Beaufort, east Siberian and northern Bering seas during March 1973, 1974, and 1975 as seen from the NOAA 2, 3, and 4 satellites", p. 83–104; J. C. Barnes, C. J. Bowley and M. D. Smallwood, "Monitoring Arctic sea ice using Landsat imagery", p. 105–27; K. O. L. F. Jayaweera and S. Marvill, "Techniques for interpreting IR satellite imagery for sea ice research", p. 129–39; L. A. LeSchack, "Applications of submarine under-ice profiles and satellite IR data to solving Arctic offshore problems", p. 141–62; R. F. Carlson, "A theory of spring river discharge into the Arctic icepack", p. 165–66 (abstract only); E. C. Chen and B. F. Scott, "Aging characteristics of crude oil on ice", p. 167 (abstract only); J. H. Getman, L. A. Schultz and P. C. Deslauriers, "Tests of oil recovery devices in ice covered waters", p. 169–87; E. L. Lewis, "Oil in sea ice", p. 207–10 (abstract only); A. Assur, "Sea ice engineering", p. 231–34 (abstract only); J. L. Burdick, "Tensile creep-rupture of polycrystalline ice", p. 235–46; K. Hutter, "The significance of the shear rigidity and of the Poisson ratio for sea ice plates", p. 247–68; H. Ito and F. Müller, "Measurement of sea ice force by the strain rosette method in the North Water area", p. 269–84; P. R. Johnson, "An early desalination and ice structures project using natural freezing", p. 285 (abstract only); H. R. Kivisild, "Ice mechanics", p. 287–313; H. Kohnen, "Glaciological investigations for the improvement of ice-going ship design carried out on the sea ice near Pond Inlet, N.W.T. (northern Baffin Island) in spring, 1972", p. 313–31; A. Kovacs, A. J. Gow and W. F. Dehn, "Islands of grounded sea ice", p. 333–48; M. Määttänen, "On the flexural strength of brackish water ice by in situ tests", p. 349–59; R. D. Nelson, "Internal stress measurements in ice sheets using embedded load cells", p. 361–73; D. E. Nevel and F. D. Haynes, "Interpretation of the tensile strength of ice under triaxial stresses", p. 375–87; T. Pousi, M. Luukkala and E. Palosuo, "A narrow beam sonar to measure the submarine profile of an ice ridge", p. 389–406; R. Q. Robe, "Height to draft ratios of icebergs", p. 407–15; L. H. Shapiro, "A preliminary study of ridging in landfast ice at Barrow, Alaska, using radar data", p. 417–25; L. H. Shapiro and E. R. Hoskins, "The use of flatjacks for the in situ determination of the mechanical properties of sea ice", p. 427–36; T. Tabata and T. Ishida, "On the movement of pack ice", p. 437–38 (abstract only); K. D. Vaudrey and M. G. Katona, "An elastic structural analysis of floating ice sheets by the finite element method", p. 439–53; R. L. Weaver, R. G. Barry and J. D. Jacobs, "Fast ice studies in western Davis Strait", p. 455–66; R. Colony, "The simulation of Arctic sea ice dynamics", p. 469–86; A. Heiberg, "AIDJEX field operations to August 1975", p. 487–93; M. McPhee, "Water stress sub-model for the AIDJEX model", p. 495–508; K. R. Maser, "A mechanical model for the deformation of Arctic pack ice", p. 509–11 (abstract only); R. S. Pritchard and R. T. Schwaegler, "Applications of the AIDJEX ice model", p. 513–26; W. J. Stringer and S. A. Barrett, "Ice motion in the vicinity of a grounded floeberg", p. 527–51; N. Borgert, "Ice conditions along the Alaskan coast during breakup", p. 555 (abstract only); E. Mäkinen, A. Keinonen and A. Laine, "Ice resistance measurements in ridges with I/B APU in the Baltic Sea", p. 611–43; J. V. Danys and F. G. Bercha, "Determination of ice forces on a conical offshore structure", p. 741–51; M. Määttänen, "Experiences of ice forces against a steel lighthouse mounted on the seabed, and proposed constructional refinements", p. 857–69; A. R. McKay, "Estimating pile icing under northern climates and tidal conditions", p. 871–72; D. V. Reddy, P. S. Cheema and A. S. J. Swamidas, "Ice force response spectrum modal analysis of offshore towers", p. 887–910; R. J. Robbins, P. H. Verity, T. P. Taylor and M. Metge, "Techniques for the study of ice/structure interaction", p. 911–24; P. Tryde, "Ice forces acting on inclined wedges", p. 957–60; P. Tryde, "Ice forces acting on slender structures", p. 961–63; M. C. Brewer, "The seaward extension of permafrost off the northern Alaska coast", p. 987–88 (abstract only); J. O. Hakkila and J. C. Balch, "Permafrost: from the bottom up", p. 1009 (abstract only); W. D. Harrison and T. E. Osterkamp, "Theoretical models for sub-sea permafrost", p. 1011–24; J. A. Hunter and A. S. Judge, "Geophysical investigations of sub-sea permafrost in the Canadian Beaufort Sea", p. 1025–57; J. C. Rogers, L. H. Shapiro, L. D. Gedney and D. Van Wormer, "Near shore permafrost in the vicinity of Pt. Barrow, Alaska", p. 1071–82.]

[Sea, river and lake ice.] Symposium kring isfrågor. Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien. Meddelande 190, 1974, 163 p. [Symposium on floating ice and related engineering problems held in Stockholm, Sweden, 6 June 1974. Includes following articles: P. Larsen, "Internationell isforskning", p. 9–17; S. Fremling, "Isundersökningar i inlandsvatten vid hydrologiska byrån på SMHI", p. 18–42; P. Tryde, "Isforskning i Danmark—oversigt", p. 43–52; T. Carstens, "Råker i innsjöer", p. 53–70; M. Määttänen, "On the flexural strength of brackish water ice", p. 71–80; S. Lindgren, "Istryck vid temperaturhöjningar", p. 81–93; P. Tryde, "Iskraefter virkende på slanke konstruktioner og på kile med skrånende forside", p. 94–112; N.-O. Larsson, "Istryck vid broar", p. 113–19; A. Engelbrektson, "Istryck mot utsjöfyrar", p. 120–34; P. Larsen, "Strömning i istäckta kanaler", p. 135–43; T. Thompson, "Havsisforskning", p. 144–57; A. Christenson, "Havsis och vintersjöfart", p. 158–62. Most articles have English summaries, where necessary.]

General glaciology

Armstrong, T. E., and others. Proposed new terms and definitions for snow and ice features, by T. [E.] Armstrong, B. [B.] Roberts and C. [W. M.] Swithinbank. Polar Record, Vol. 18, No. 116, 1977, p. 501–02. [Invites comments on new terms and definitions: iceberg, ice creek, ice dome, ice ramp, ice rumples.]

Barkov, N. I. Glaciological studies with the U.S. Antarctic Research Program, 1974–1975 and 1975–1976. Antarctic Journal of the United States, Vol. 12, Nos. 1–2, 1977, p. 11–14. [Experiences of Russian glaciologist stationed at McMurdo.]

Barnes, C. R., ed. The geosciences in Canada—1976. A status report. Canada. Geological Survey. Paper 77-6, 1977, [ii], 75 p. [Includes: G. K. C. Clarke, "Glaciology", p. 23–24; W. O. Kupsch, "Permafrost", p. 29; B. Michel, "Snow and ice", p. 31–32.]

Chizhov, O. P. Oledeneniye severnoy polyarnoy oblasti [Glaciation of the north polar area]. Rezul'taty Issledovaniy po Mezhdunarodnym Geofizicheskim Proyektam, [Unnumbered series], 1976, 240 p. [Past and present land and sea ice. English summary, p. 213–14.]

Crosby, R. L. Ice engineering research at CRREL. Arctic Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 10, 1977, p. 177–81. [Describes recent research at the U.S. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.A.]

Doake, C. S. M. Ice on the move. Alpine Journal, Vol. 82, No. 326, 1977, p. 65–71. [General remarks on the science of glaciology.]

Harris, D. H. Ice mantles, and the size of interstellar grains. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 38, No. 1, 1977, p. 233-B. [Interpretation of infra-red photometry data in terms of low ice abundance due to dust temperature of 50 K. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of Arizona, 1976. University Microfilms order no. 77-15336.]

Krenke, A. N. Ob urovnyakh glyatsiologicheskikh issledovaniy i o predmete lednikovedeniya [On the levels of glaciological studies and the subject of glaciology]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 27–36. [Broad outline of the study of glaciology. English summary, p. 35–36.]

Kuivinen, K. C., and Splettstoesser, J. F. Greenland Ice Sheet Program. Arctic Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 9, 1977, p. 146–52. [Describes GISP organization, projects, field activities and future plans.]

Radok, U. International Antarctic Glaciological Project: past and future. Antarctic Journal of the United States, Vol. 12, Nos. 1–2, 1977, p. 32–38. [Reviews results to date of this project which commenced in 1969, and discusses future plans.]

Sackinger, W. M. Arctic coastal research on sea ice and offshore permafrost. Arctic Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 10, 1977, p. 169–76. [Describes programme, which commenced in 1972, of the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska.]

Shcheglova, O. P. Vynos melkozema iz glyatsial'noy oblasti i temperatura vozdukha na poverkhnosti lednikov [Silt outwash from a glacial region and air temperature at the glacier surface]. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Tom 233, No. 6, 1977, p. 1185–87.

Swithinbank, C. W. M. Glaciological research in the Antarctic Peninsula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Ser. B, Vol. 279, No. 963, 1977, p. 161–83. [Discusses recent research and its implications.]

Watanabe, O., ed. Glaciological research program in Mizuho Plateau—west Ender by Land, east Antarctica. Part 4, 1974–1975. Tokyo, National Institute of Polar Research, 1977. i 1., 183 p. (Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. JARE Data Reports, No. 36 (Glaciology).) [Contents include: O. Watanabe, K. Satow and M. Inoue, "Positions and elevations of stations along the Highland traverse and items of observation conducted there, 1974–1975", p. 7–13; K. Satow, "Density and hardness of the surface snow cover along the traverse routes in 1974–1975", p. 14–18; O. Watanabe, "Surface conditions of the ice sheet traversed in 1974–1975", p. 19–35; K. Satow, "Net accumulation of snow measured (in 1974–1975) by stake method", p. 36–58; K. Satow, "Snow temperatures at a depth of 10 meters", p. 59–60; O. Watanabe, "Stratigraphic observations of surface snow cover", p. 61–125; H. Narita and O. Watanabe, "Photographs of vertical section of firn", p. 126–38; K. Satow, "Resurvey of strain grids at Mizuho camp and Y 200", p. 139–41; M. Inoue, "Meteorological data in 1974–1975", p. 142–53; S. Kobayashi and K. Yokoyama, "Measurements of drifting snow on the route between Syowa station and Mizuho camp, 1973", p. 154–55; M. Inoue, "Measurements of drifting snow at Mizuho camp, 1974–1975", p. 156–57; K. Kato, "Oxygen isotopic composition and gross β-radioactivity in firn", p. 158–69; H. Shimizu, "Corrected result of altimetric surveys of ice sheet surface made in 1969–1975", p. 170–82.]

Zwally, H. J., and Gloersen, P. Passive microwave images of the polar regions and research applications. Polar Record, Vol. 18, No. 116, 1977, p. 431–50. [Presents examples of recent microwave images, reviews physical basis for measurements of certain desired parameters, and discusses significance of some glaciological oceanographic and meteorological observations that have been made.]

Glaciological instruments and methods

Adams, W. P. The bulk density method of obtaining snow course data: some needs and limitations. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, Vol. 32, No. 3, 1977, p. 135–37. [Discusses what constitutes a "good" snow course.]

Annan, A. P., and Davis, J. L. Impulse radar and time-domain reflectometry experiments in permafrost terrain during 1976. Project 750037. Canada. Geological Survey. Paper 77-1B, 1977, p. 67. [Frequency range 1 to 1000 MHz. Outlines results from field work in northern Canada.]

Annan, A. P., and Davis, J. L. Impulse radar applied to ice thickness measurements and freshwater bathymetry. Project 750037. Canada. Geological Survey. Paper 77-1B, 1977, p. 63–65. [Demonstrates utility of method applied to ice thickness of frozen lakes and rivers.]

Annan, A. P., and Davis, J. L. Radar range analysis for geological materials. Project 750037. Canada. Geological Survey. Paper 77-1B, 1977, p. 117–24. [Radar range equation used to determine maximum range at which smooth and rough, plane, specular targets can be detected given geologic material properties, attenuation characteristics, and system parameters. Range characteristics of various ground probing radars are then compared.]

Anuta, P. E. Computer-assisted analysis techniques for remote sensing data interpretation. Geophysics, Vol. 42, No. 3, 1977, p. 468–81. [Describes elements of computer software system and presents examples of conversion of topographic and geophysical variables to an image form compatible with analytical methods.]

Apinis, J. J. Passive microwave mapping of ice thickness. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 8, 1977, p. 4085-B. [Presents basic calculations from which feasibility of scanning microwave radiometer system for mapping thickness of lake ice may be evaluated. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, Ohio State University, 1976. University Microfilms order no. 77-2339.]

Appel', I. L. K voprosu o tochnosti vychisleniya divergentsii dreyfa l'da [On the accuracy of calculation of divergence of ice drift]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 161–67.

Arapov, P. P., and Zilitinkevich, S. S. O vozmozhnom novom podkhode k raschetu teplo- i vlagoobmena. poverkhnosti lednikov [Possible approach to the calculation of heat and moisture exchange of glacier surfaces]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 175–77. [Based on theory of turbulent heterogeneous boundary layers. English summary, p. 177.]

Arikaynen, A. I. K metodike dolgosrochnogo prognozirovaniya ledovitosti morya Laptevykh [On a method of long-term forecasting of the Laptev Sea ice conditions]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 117–20.

Arikaynen, A. I. Metod rascheta sostoyaniya Chukotskoy zapripaynoy progaliny v iyune [Method of calculating the state of the Chukchi Sea flaw lead in June]. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki, Vyp. 49, 1977, p. 39–45.

Armstrong, R. L., and Armstrong, B. A note on procedures and problems in avalanche data collection. Glaciological Data. Report GD-1, 1977, p. 5–12. [Describes how and where records are made.]

Bagov, M. M. Metodika i nekotoryye rezul'taty izmereniy skorosti mikrospolzaniya snezhnogo plasta so sklonov [Methods and results of velocity measurements of snow layers microsliding from slopes]. Materialy Glyatsio-logicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 82–85. [Describes equipment for micro measurement of creep of snow down slopes. English summary, p. 85.]

Barendregt, R. W., and others. Paleomagnetic remanence characteristics of surface tills found in the Pakowki-Pinhorn area of southern Alberta. Project 650027, [by] R. W. Barendregt, J. H. Foster and A. M. Stalker. Canada. Geological Survey. Paper 77-1B, 1977, p. 271–72. [Suggests technique for detecting and mapping surficial deposits.]

Brunner, K. Orthophotokarten vergletscherter Gebiete. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 12, Ht. 1, 1976 [pub. 1977], p. 63–67. [Differentially rectified air photographs, supplemented cartographically, are inexpensive alternative to topographic glacier maps. Techniques of production are described.]

Burrows, C. J., and Burrows, V. L. Procedures for the study of snow avalanche chronology using growth layers of woody plants. University of Colorado. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. Occasional Paper No. 23, 1976, vi, 54 p. [Describes background to and procedure for use of annual growth layers (rings) of woody plants for dating snow avalanche events.]

Bushuyev, A. V. Koordinatnaya setka dlya vvoda dannykh ledovykh nablyudeniy v EVM [Coordinating of grid for lead-in of ice observation computer data]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 222–26. [Grid for charting observations in Arctic basin.]

Danilina, A. V., and Okolov, V. F. Issledovaniye primenimosti raschetnykh metodov opredeleniya intensivnosti tayniya snega v Khibinskikh gorakh [Studies of the application of calculations to determine the intensity of snow melting in the Khibiny mountains]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 66–71. [Murmanskaya Oblast'. English summary, p. 71.]

Dolgushin, L. D., and others. Opytypo iskusstvennomu usileniyu tayaniya snega i l'da radiatsionnym metodom [Experiments on artificial intensification of snow and ice melting by means of a radiation method]. [By] L. D. Dolgushin, G. B. Osipova, O. V. Rototayeva. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 187–95. [Describes practical application of method to floating ice where possibilities appear to be greatest. May also be useful in melting glacier ice to improve run-off and snow for irrigation. English summary, p. 195.]

Fagioli, A. Determinazione del livello approssimato della neve sulle Alpi utilizzando le immagini dei satelliti meteorologici. Revista di Meteorologia Aeronautica, Vol. 35, No. 3, 1975, p. 233–35. [Describes briefly how satellite imagery may be used for snow surveys.]

Fujino, K., and Ō1, M. Ryūhyō rēdā no bunkainō no sokutei. IV. Hyōteki no gansuiritsu to hansha kyōdo no kankei [Relation between radar echo and radar cross section of targets. IV. Relation between reflection intensity and amount of water content of target]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 187–93. [English summary, p. 192–93.]

Fukuda, M. Hiteijōhō ni yoru tōdo no netsudendōritsu no sokutei [Measurements of thermal conductivity of frozen soils by the thermal probe method]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976. p. 249–52. [Mathematical analysis.]

Galloway, J. N., and Likens, G. E. Calibration of collection procedures for the determination of precipitation chemistry. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 6, Nos. 2–4, 1976, p. 241–58. [Includes investigation of various methods of collecting snow samples for chemical analysis.]

Golubev, G. N., and Dyurgerov, M. B. Issledovaniye oshibok opredeleniya ablyatsii l'da v tochke [Analysis of errors in the determination of ice ablation at a point]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 104–12. [English summary, p. 112.]

Gordiyenko, F. G. Kislorodno-izotopnyy mass-spektrometricheskiy metod v glyatsiologicheskikh issledovaniyakh (primenyayemaya apparatura i metodika provedeniya analizov) [Oxygen-isotope mass-spectrometric method in glaciological studies (apparatus used and methods of conducting analysis)]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 164–67. [Describes method which has been carried out on 500 samples, including those from sites in Antarctica and Lednik Marukh, Caucasus. English summary, p. 167.]

Grakovich, V. F. Primeneniye statisticheskogo analiza pri prognozirovanii lavin Priyel'brus'ya [The application of statistical analysis for avalanche forecasting in the El'brus area]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 79–84. [Relates meteorological conditions to occurrences of avalanches in the Caucasus. English summary, p. 84.]

Grechishchev, S. E. Basis of method for predicting thermal stresses and deformations in frozen soils. Translator: V. Poppe. Canada. National Research Council. Technical Translation 1886, 1976, 52 p. [Translation of K osnovam metodiki prognoza temperalurnykh napryazhenii i deformatsii v merzlykh gruntakh. Moscow, Vsesoyuznyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut Gidrogeologii i Inzhenernoy Geologii (VSEGINGEO), 1970.]

Gus'kov, A. S. O metodike opredeleniya velichiny vozmozhnoy prodolzhitel'nosti solnechnogo siyaniya na gornykh meteorologicheskikh stantsiyakh i na lednikakh [On methods of determining the values of the possible duration of sunshine on alpine weather stations and glaciers]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 172–75. [Describes new methods. English summary, p. 175.]

Hwang, C. T. On quasi-static solutions for buried pipes in permafrost. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1977, p. 180–92. [Reviews existing quasi-static approximate methods and compares with results obtained by numerical techniques; consequently, modification of approximate method is suggested.]

Jackson, M. C. A method of estimating the probability of occurrence of snow water equivalents in the United Kingdom. Hydrological Sciences Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1977, p. 127–42. [Presents simple guide, and describes how it was produced, which enables estimation of statistics of water equivalent of snow cover for return periods between 5 and 100 years for most places in the United Kingdom.]

Jackson, M. C. The water equivalent of lying snow. Journal of the Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists (London), Vol. 31, No. 1, 1977, p. 54–56. [Brief report of paper by author in Hydrological Sciences Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1977, p. 127–42.]

Kobayashi, S., and Makino, K. Syowa kiti ni okeru kyofū-ji no hikari o riyō shita hisetsu (yohō) [Preliminary report on blowing snow observations using light scattering in high winds at Syowa station]. Nankyoku Shiryō: Antarctic Record, No. 53, 1975, p. 45–52. [Describes optical technique devised to measure variation in spatial density of blowing snow particles suspended in air, and discusses results. English abstract, p. 45.]

Kovalev, Ye. G., and Nikolayev, Yu. V. Primeneniye diskriminantnogo analiza dlya dolgosrochnogo prognoza ledovitosti arkticheskikh morey [The use of discriminant analysis in long-term forecasting of the ice cover of Arctic seas]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 4–26.

Krass, M. S., and Shumskiy, P. A. Yeshche raz ob oshibochnykh raschetakh temperatur v lednikakh [Further comments on the erroneous calculations of temperatures in glaciers]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 184–86.

Law, K. T. Design of a loading platen for testing ice and frozen soil. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1977, p. 266–71. [Reviews problems associated with design, formulates method of design based on analytical approach, and discusses practical design aspects.]

Losev, K. S., ed. Geofizicheskiye mctody v glyatsiologii [Geophysical methods in glaciology]. Itogi Nauki i Tekhniki. Seriya Glyatsiologia, Tom 1, 1977, 196 p. [Reviews recent work. Contains following articles: Yu. Ya. Macheret, "Gravimetricheskiy metod v glyatsiologii [The gravity method in glaciology]", p. 6–40; Yu. Ya. Macheret, "Seysmicheskiy metod v glyatsiologii [The seismic method in glaciology]", p. 41–86; V. S. Lutsininov, "Radiolokatsionnoye zondirovaniye i yego primeneniye v glyatsiologii [Radio-echo sounding and its uses in glaciology]", p. 87–192.]

Loshchilov, V. S. O vozmozhnosti ispol'zovaniya dannykh mikrovolnovykh sputnikovykh izmereniy dlya kartirovaniya morskikh l'dov [On the use of microwave Sputnik measurements in mapping sea ice]. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki, Vyp. 49, 1977, p. 131–33. [For Arctic Ocean ice.]

Matthews, J. A. Experiments on the reproducibility and reliability of lichenometric dates, Storbreen gletschervorfeld, Jotunheim, Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 29, Ht. 3, 1975, p. 97–109. [Presents results of experiments on extent to which lichenometric dates are reproducible, and proposes method for obtaining reliable lichenometric dates and a measure of their accuracy.]

Matthews, J. A. Families of lichenometric dating curves from the Storbreen gletschervorfeld, Jotunheimen, Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 27, Ht. 4, 1974, p. 215–35. [Nine lichenometry curves of exponential form constructed from largest lichens on four past glacier margins of known age. Evidence suggests method is reliable.]

Morev, V. A. Elektro termobury dlya bureniya skvazhin v lednikovom pokrove [Electric thermal drills for drilling bore holes in a glacier cover]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 118–20. [Describes and compares results obtained with several drills developed in U.S.S.R. English summary, p. 120.]

Mörner, N.-A. Relations between shoreline gradients, uplift, and ice recession. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 28, Ht. 4, 1974, p. 237–41. [Rate of ice recession established by new method based on relation between these factors.]

Naruse, R., and Suzuki, Y. A steam-operated drill used by the 14th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (1972–1974). Nankyoku Shiryō: Antarctic Record, No. 53, 1975, p. 53–56. [Drill similar to that of Hodge (Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 10, No. 60, 1971, p. 387–93) used to measure 10 m snow temperatures.]

Obled, C., and Rosse, B. Mathematical models of a melting snowpack at an index plot. Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam), Vol. 32, Nos. 1–2, 1977, p. 139–63. [Melt outflows of seasonal snow-pack can be predicted on continuous basis and for periods of one to several months with model presented.]

Petzold, D. E. An estimation technique for snow surface albedo. McGill University. Dept. of Geography. Climatological Bulletin, No. 21, 1977, p. 1–11. [Presents model for prediction of albedo.]

Polkhov, A. P. Model' al'ternativnogo prognoza metelevykh lavin v Khibinakh [A model for alternative forecasting of snow-storm avalanches in the Khibiny region]. Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, 1976, No. 10, p. 74–80. [Murmanskaya Oblast'. English summary, p. 80.]

Radke, L. F., and others. The development and testing of an automatic snow crystal concentration meter, by L. F. Radke, P. V. Hobbs, J. D. Russell and K. R. Biswas. Journal de Recherches Atmosphériques, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1976, p. 87–92. [For measuring concentrations of snow crystals in air close to ground.]

Rott, H. Analyse der Schneeflächen auf Gletschern der Tiroler Zentralalpen aus Landsat-Bildern. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 12, Ht. 1, 1976 [pub. 1977], p. 1–28. [Discusses use of these satellite images to determine extent of snow cover at end of ablation season in Tyrolean Alps, Austria.]

Shumskiy, P. A. O pol'ze primeneniya tenzornogo ischisleniya v glyatsiologii [The advantages of the application of tensor calculations in glaciology]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 179–84.

Takahashi, S., and Aburakawa, H. Kōgaku sen'i o riyō shita sekisetsushin kirokukei [A snow depth recorder using optical fibres]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 79–86. [Optical fibres used for detecting difference in brightness between upper and lower layers of snow. English summary, p. 85–86.]

Wiesnet, D. R., and Matson, M. A possible forecasting technique for winter snow cover in the northern hemisphere and Eurasia. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 104, No. 7, 1976, p. 828–35. [Suggests 30-, 60- and 90-day forecasting of seasonal, hemispheric and continental snow cover is possible.]

Yahaci, H. Taisekisa-kata jiki dojō tōketsu sokudo-kei [On a recording device for measuring the freezing velocity of the ground by the volume difference method]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 227–36. [Describes new instrument and presents results of tests. English summary, p. 235–36.]

Physics of ice

Anderson, R. J. A study of condensation-freezing nucleation of small water droplets in an expansion cloud chamber experiment. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 9, 1977, p. 4520-B. [Observations of homogeneous nucleation of freezing of small droplets and of the role of re-evaporation nuclei and ions, both of which raise the threshold temperature but only by 1–2 deg. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of Missouri—Rolla, 1976. University Microfilms order no. 77-5558.]

Bates, C., and others. Desalination in pilot scale column crystallizers, [by] C. Bates, R. P. Gladwin and L. McGrath. Desalination, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1977, p. 83–97. [Results and scale-up considerations discussed for 50 mm and 100 mm columns.]

Gilpin, R. R., and others. Radiative heating in ice, by R. R. Gilpin, R. B. Robertson, B. Singh. Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 99, No. 2, 1977, p. 227–32. [Theoretical and experimental study of energy fluxes in an ice sheet exposed to a collimated beam of radiant energy. Results used to guide choice of radiation source for de-icing.]

Johari, G. P. On the heat capacity, entropy, and "glass transition" of vitreous ice. Philosophical Magazine, Eighth Ser., Vol. 35, No. 4, 1977, p. 1077–90. [Thermal properties of vitreous ice deposited from the vapour are not consistent with those of supercooled liquid water so that a possible glassy ice would have to be different from this vitreous ice.]

Johnson, D. W., and others. The exchange crystallization freeze desalination process, [by] D. W. Johnson, J. L. Lott and C. M. Sliepcevich. Desalination, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1976, p. 231–40. [Description of desalination process based on freezing using a solid–liquid transformation of hydrocarbons and reversing these transformations at a higher pressure to freeze the hydrocarbon again as the ice melts.]

Lin, D. P., and Kevan, L. Second moment studies of the electron spin resonance line shape of trapped electrons in sodium-ice condensates. Relation to the molecular structure around trapped electrons. Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 81, No. 15, 1977, p. 1498–501. [Measurements in co-deposited Na and water vapour at 77 K similar to those found in NaOH glassy ice. Results seem independent of Na concentration and so are attributed to solvated electrons in water-like structure.]

McGraw, R., and others. An interpretation of the OH stretching region of the vibrational spectrum of ice I, [by] R. McGraw, W. G. Madden, S. A. Rice and M. G. Sceats. Chemical Physics Letters, Vol. 48, No. 2, 1977, p. 219–26. [Intermolecular coupling of OH-bond stretching motions accounts for most of the major features of the spectrum, but one peak is attributed to interaction between these motions and lattice modes.]

Raymond, J. A., and DeVries, A. L. Adsorption inhibition as a mechanism of freezing resistance in polar fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 74, No. 6, 1977, p. 2589–93. [Study of ice forming in the serum protein and glycoprotein solutions that these fishes have, indicates that they absorb to ice surfaces and inhibit growth, raising the curvature of growth steps and depressing freezing temperature.]

Schlick, S., and Kevan, L. Confirmation of O⁻ formation in γ-irradiated 10 M NaOH/H₂ ¹⁷O alkaline ice glass by electron paramagnetic resonance studies. Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 81, No. 11, 1977, p. 1093–95. [Confirmation at both X and Q band. Spin density largely localized in a 2p orbital on the O⁻ but some delocalized onto the surrounding matrix.]

Shen, J. H., and others. Ice nucleation by micas, [by] J. H. Shen, K. Klier and A. C. Zettlemoyer. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 6, 1977, p. 957–60. [A fluoride mica, fluorphlogopite, nucleates freezing of bulk water at a higher temperature than many other nucleating agents despite a large mismatch with ice crystals. The explanation is sought in effect of F–H–O hydrogen bond assisted by neighbouring K ions.]

Simpson, H. C., and others. The C-axis growth rate of ice crystals, [by] H. C. Simpson, G. C. Beggs, J. Nakamura, A. Baxter. Desalination, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1976, p. 219–30. [Experiments on growth from a capillary tip into a stream of brine or water at a controlled temperature. Results confirm the 2-dimensional nucleation mechanism.]

Sivakumar, T. C., and others. The 2 500–4 000 cm⁻¹ Raman and infrared spectra of low density amorphous solid water and of polycrystalline ice I, [by] T. C. Sivakumar, D. Schuh, M. G. Sceats and S. A. Rice. Chemical Physics Letters, Vol. 48, No. 2, 1977, p. 212–18. [New measurements compel a new interpretation based on similarities between the spectra of amorphous and polycrystalline ice.]

Wexler, A. Vapor pressure formulation for ice. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Sect. A, Vol. 81a, No. 7, 1977, p. 5–20. [New formulation from triple point to −100°C. Tables of values at 0.1 deg intervals.]

Wilkinson, D. S., and Ashby, M. F. The development of pressure sintering maps. Materials Science Research, Vol. 10, 1975, p. 473–92. [Includes description of these maps and their use in practical problems of which the pressure sintering of polar ice is given as an example.]

Land ice. Glaciers. Ice shelves

Ambach, W. Internationale Glaziologische Grönland-Expedition (EGIG). 4. Wärmehaushaltsstudien im Ablationsgebiet (1959) und im Akkumulationsgebiet (1967). Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 12, Ht. 1, 1976 [pub. 1977], p. 95–103. [Presents results of ablation and accumulation studies in Greenland during programme of the Expédition Glaciologique Internationale au Groenland.]

Autenboer, T. van, and Decleir, H. Jelbartisen–Trolltunga, Dronning Maud Land—Antarctica. Radio-glaciologische opname. Data report 1969 Belgian Antarctic Expedition. Bruxelles, Ministère des Affaires Économiques. Administration des Mines—Service Géologique de Belgique, 1975. 14 leaves. (Professional Paper No. 1.) [Presents three maps of ice thickness profiles, scale 1 : 100 000, and one of ice thickness contours, scale 1 : 150 000. English summary, p. 2–3.]

Bazhev, A. B., and others. Predvaritel'nyye rezul'taty izotopnykh issledovanii kerna s lednika Obrucheva (Polyarnyy Ural) [Preliminary results of isotope core studies of Lednik Obruchev (Polyarnyy Ural)]. [By] A. B. Bazhev, F. G. Gordiyenko, V. S. Zagorodnov. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 136–38. [Annual accumulation for past 15 years determined. English summary, p. 138.]

Behrens, H., and others. Studie zum Schmelzwasserabfluss aus dem Akkumulationsgebiet eines Alpengletschers (Hintereisferner, Ötztaler Alpen). II. Mitteilung, von H. Behrens, U. Löschhorn und W. Ambach und H. Moser. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 12, Ht. 1, 1976 [pub. 1977], p. 69–74. [Continuation of earlier studies on determination of discharge times of melt water in accumulation area of this Alpine glacier (see ibid., Bd. 10, 1974 [pub. 1975], p. 181–87).]

Brückl, E., and Bittmann, O. Die Ergebnisse der seismischen Gletschermessungen im Bereich der Goldberggruppe (Hohe Tauern) in den Jahren 1971 und 1972. Arbeiten aus der Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Ht. 25, 1977, 30 p. (Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik in Wien. Publication Nr. 219.) [Results of seismic investigations of glaciers in Austrian Alps show areas and volumes of glaciers. 75% decrease in volume of ice since 1931.]

Budd, W. F., and McInnes, B. J. A movie film illustrating the numerical modelling of periodically surging ice masses. University of Melbourne. Meteorology Dept. Publication No. 21, 1976, [iv] 1., 26 leaves. [Explanation to accompany film "Computer modelling results showing the steady-state flow and periodic surging of large ice masses"; see Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 16, No. 74, 1976, p. 304–05.]

Caukwell, R. A., and Hastenrath, S. A new map of Lewis Glacier, Mount Kenya. Erdkunde, Bd. 31, Ht. 2, 1977, p. 85–87. [Plotted from photographs taken 20 February 1974, scale 1 : 2 500. Included, loose, with descriptive article.]

Cherkasov, P. A. Al'bedo poverkhnosti lednikov Dzhungarskogo Alatay [Albedo of the glacier surfaces in Dzhungarskiy Alatau]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 113–19. [Discusses results of study in Kazakhskaya S.S.R., 1969–73, relating albedo to altitude. English summary, p. 119.]

Churski, Z. Ewolucja dzialow wodnych na przedpolu lodowca Skeidarárjökull na Islandii [Evolution of watersheds in the forefield of Skeiðarárjökull in Iceland]. Studia Societatis Scientiarum Torunensis (Toruń), Sect. C, Vol. 8, Nr. 4–6, 1976, p. 468–85. [Study of hydrological processes since 1890. English summary, p. 485.]

Clarke, G. K. C., and others. Strain heating and creep instability in glaciers and ice sheets, [by] G. K. C. Clarke, U. Nitsan, W. S. B. Paterson. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1977, p. 235–47. [Analysis demonstrates that creep instability may be important in determining basal temperature and hence flow and dimensions of glaciers and ice sheets.]

Denisova, T. Ya. Opyt meteorologicheskikh s"yemok v oblasti akkumulyatsii Tsentral'nogo Tuyuksuyskogo lednika [Experiences in meteorological surveys of the accumulation area of Lednik Tsentral'nogo Tuyuksu]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 119–23. [Discusses results of measurements of albedo, air temperatures and wind velocity over glacier in Soviet Central Asia. English summary, p. 122–23.]

Dikikh, A. N., and Mikhaylova, V. I. Rezhim lednikov i vodnyy balans severnogo sklona khrebta Terskey-Alatau [Regime of glaciers and water balance of the northern slope of the Terskey-Alatau ridge]. Rezul'taty Issledovaniy po Mezhhdunarodnym Geofizicheskim Proyektam, [Unnumbered series], 1976, 131 p. [Observations in Kirigizskaya S.S.R., 1954 to 1968. English summary, p. 125.]

Dreiseitl, E. Zur Berechnung der Eisablation. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 12, Ht. 1, 1976 [pub. 1977], p. 75–78. [Calculates annual net ablation at stake on Hintereisferner, Austria, using method of stepwise linear regression analysis and meteorological data. Application of equation to observed values gave satisfactory agreement.]

Eyles, N. Stop the glacier! Canadian Alpine Journal, Vol. 60, 1977, p. 54–57. [Describes possible methods for halting advance of glaciers, with particular reference to Berendon Glacier, British Columbia.]

Finsterwalder, R., and Rentsch, H. Die Erfassung der Höhenänderung von Ostalpengletschern in den Zeiträumen 1950–1959–1969. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 12, Ht. 1, 1976 [pub. 1977], p. 29–35. [Average rise in height of glacier surfaces for these two decades was 0.1 m per year, while average fall in height for 1920–50 was 0.6 m per year.]

Fujii, Y., and others. Mass balance studies of the glaciers in Hidden Valley, Makut Himal, [by] Y. Fujii, M. Nakawo and M. L. Shrestha. Seppyö, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, p. 17–21. [Presents results of accumulation and ablation measurements and stratigraphic studies carried out on Rikha Samba and G3 glaciers during monsoon season, 1974.]

Gardner, J. The Wenkchemna Glacier. Canadian Alpine Journal, Vol. 60, 1977, p. 58–59. [Ice of this glacier, in Bow Range, Alberta, has been preserved by extensive debris cover so that it is closer to its ncoglacial dimensions than surrounding glaciers, which have thinned or retreated during past 150 years.]

Gerasimova, Z. A. Raschet balansa korotkovolnovoy radiatsii i tayaniya l'da na lednike Abramova [Calculation of short-wave radiation balance and ice melting on Lednik Abramov]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 123–26. [Discusses results of study of glacier in Alayskiy Khrebet, Kirgizskaya S.S.R. English summary, p. 126.]

Golubev, G. N., and others. Beskernovoye termoelektrobureniye i yego primeneniye dlya izucheniya stroyeniya lednika Dzhankuat [Thermoelectric drilling without sampling and its application to studies of the structure of Lednik Dzhankuat]. [By] G. N. Golubev, L. A. Sukhanov, R. S. Khromov. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 96–104. [Thickness and internal structure of this glacier in Caucasus studied. English summary, p. 104.]

Gordeychik, A. V. Balans massy lednika Vering na ostrove Zapadnyy Shpitsbergen v 1974 g. [Mass balance of Vøringbreen in Spitsbergen in 1974]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 143–46. [English summary, p. 145–46.]

Grengg, H. Wurtenkees und Hochwurten-Speicher. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 12, Ht. 1, 1976, p. 105–07. [Describes development of natural ice-dammed lake in Austria to make reservoir for hydro power project.]

Griffey, N. J. An evaluation of the description of the Okstindan glaciers, Nordland, north Norway in the "Glacier atlas of northern Scandinavia". Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 30, Ht. 1, 1976, p. 26–30. [Comments on inaccuracies as revealed by later field observations, the atlas being based on air photographs.]

Gruzov, Ye. N., and Myagkov, S. M. O faune pod shel'fovym l'dom zaliva Mak-Merdo [On the fauna under the McMurdo Sound ice shelf]. Antarktika. Doklady Komissii, Vyp. 16, 1977, p. 161–70.

Gurvich, A. S., and others. Spektry radioizlucheniya lednikov Antarktidy [Radio emission spectra of Antarctic glaciers]. [By] A. S. Gurvich, D. T. Matveyev, T. G. Krasil'nikova. Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, 1976, No. 11, p. 94–96. [Results of remote sensing measurements in eastern Antarctica.]

Gus'kov, A. S. Issledovaniya v reprezentativnom gorno-lednikovom basseyne reki Bol'shaya Khadata na Polyarnom Urale v 1973–74 balansovom godu [Studies of the representative mountain glacier basin of the Bol'shaya Khadata river in Polyarnyy Ural in the 1973–74 balance year]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 127–32. [Presents observations made during cold and warm periods. Table shows mass balance of glaciers from 1958 to 1974; negative balance noted in 1973–74. English summary, p. 132.]

Gus'kov, A. S. Issledovaniya v reprezentativnom gorno-lednikovom basseyne r. Bol'shaya Khadata na Polyarnom Urale v 1974/75 [Studies of the representative mountain glacier basin of the Bol'shaya Khadata in Polyarnyy Ural in 1974–75]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 121–25. [Presents results. English summary, p. 125.]

Hambrey, M. J. Supraglacial drainage and its relationship to structure, with particular reference to Charles Rabots Bre, Okstindan, Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 31, Ht. 2, 1977, p. 69–77. [Discusses factors affecting development of drainage system and relationship with open and closed crevasses, foliation and stratification.]

Higuchi, K., ed. Glaciers and climates of Nepal Himalayas. Report of the glaciological expedition to Nepal. Seppyō, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, 130 p. + errata slip. [Articles based on results of 1973 and 1974 Japanese expedition. These include the editor's introduction, "Outline of the glaciological expedition to Nepal", p. 1–5; other relevant articles are listed separately.]

Higuchi, K., and others. Flight observations for the inventory of glaciers in the Nepal Himalayas, [by] K. Higuchi, T. Iozawa and H. Higuchi. Seppyō, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, p. 6–9. [Eight flights were made between 1970 and 1975, and oblique air photographs were taken which will be compared with previously published data and maps.]

Higuchi, K., and others. Water discharge of Imja Khola in Khumbu Himal, [by] K. Higuchi, Y. Ageta and H. Kodama. Seppyō, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, p. 22–26. [Increased discharge in summer due to monsoon. Discusses contribution of melt water from glaciers.]

Holdsworth, G. Tidal interaction with ice shelves. Annales de Géophysique, Tom. 33, Fasc. 1–2, 1977, p. 133–46. [Reviews tidal conditions for existence of ice shelves and tongues, with examples from Arctic and Antarctic.]

Kasser, P., and Aellen, M. Les variations des glaciers suisses en 1974–1975 et quelques indications sur les résultats récoltés pendant la Décennie Hydrologique Internationale de 1964–65 à 1973–74. La Houille Blanche, 1976, Nos. 6–7, p. 467–81. [Presents measurements of glacier variations in Swiss Alps for 1974–75 and discusses mass balances for IHD period of 1964–65 to 1973–74.]

Kodama, H., and Mae, S. The flow of glaciers in the Khumbu region. Seppyö, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, p. 31–36. [Presents and discusses results of measurements on Khumbu, Nuptse, Kongma and Kongma-Tikpe glaciers, Nepal Himalaya, 1973–74.]

Koerner, R. M. Devon Island ice cap: core stratigraphy and paleoclimate. Science, Vol. 196, No. 4285, 1977, p. 15–18. [Study of distribution of melt layers in deep ice cores and correlation with climate in past few hundred years.]

Koreysha, M. M. Statisticheskiy analiz otstupaniya lednikov gor Suntar-Khayata v zavisimosti ot ikh dolozheniya v rel'yefe [Statistical analysis of glacier retreat in the Suntar-Khayata mountain region according to their topographical position]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 36–43. [Relationship shown to exist. Studies in southern Yakutskaya A.S.S.R. English summary, p. 43.]

Kotlyakov, V. M., and Lebedeva, I. M. "Kayushchiyesya" snega i l'dy [Snow and ice penitentes]. Priroda, 1976, No. 8, p. 52–59. [Study of the formation and structure of penitentes in eastern Pamir.]

Kotlyakov, V. M., and others. Ledovoy balans Antarktidy [The ice budget of Antarctica]. [By] V. M. Kotlyakov, K. S. Losev, I. A. Loseva. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya Geograficheskaya, 1977, No. 1, p. 5–15. [Review of Soviet and non-Soviet research.]

Larson, G. J. Meltwater storage in a temperate glacier. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 11, 1977, p. 5577-B. [Study of Burroughs Glacier, south-east Alaska. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, Ohio State University, 1976. University Microfilms order no. 77-10558.]

Levanon, N., and others. Antarctic topography from balloons, [by] N. Levanon, P. R. Julian, V. E. Suomi. Nature, Vol. 268, No. 5620, 1977, p. 514–16. [Reports studies of ice sheet surface topography, using data from balloons at altitude 12.5 km, in 1975.]

Liestøl, O. Setevatnet, a glacier dammed lake in Spitsbergen. Norsk Polarinstitutt. Årbok 1975 [pub. 1977], p. 31–35. [Sudden draining in May 1975.]

Lliboutry, L. A. Les glaciers de Bellecôte. Travaux Scientifiques du Parc National de la Vanoise, [Tom.] 7, 1976, p. 9–24. [Presents results of observations made in 1973 on Glacier de la Chiaupe and Glacier du Cul du Nant, French Alps. Upper zones were thickening and lower zones thinning.]

Lorius, C., and Briat, M. Teneur en éléments traces dans la glace: variations temporelles liées à l'activité humaine et au climat. Société Hydrotechnique de France. XIV ^es Journées de l'Hydraulique (Paris), 1976, 8 p. [Investigation of fall-out of trace elements in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.]

Mae, S. Ice temperature of Khumbu glacier. Seppyō, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, p. 37–38. [Nepal Himalaya. Presents results of thermal drilling in upper part of ablation area at 5 360 m a.s.l. Concludes that, from 0 to 16 m below surface, temperature is below melting point and below 16 m it is at the melting point.]

Maksimov, Ye. V. O sovremennom sostoyanii lednikov massiva Khan-Tengri [On the present condition of glaciers of the Khan-Tengri massif]. Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta. 1976, No. 18, Seriya Geologii i Geografii, Vyp. 3, p. 90–102. [Glaciers in this part of Kirgizskaya S.S.R. appear to be advancing. English summary, p. 101–02.]

Matsuda, M., and others. Nankyoku hyōshō-hyō no sōshō. Hyō-kesshō a-jiku no sokutei ni motozuku daiyamondopatān no keisei ni tsuite [Twinning of ice from Antarctic ice sheet. Observations of a-axis orientation associated with diamond c-axis orientation fabric]. [By] M. Matsuda, G. Wakahama, W. F. Budd. Teionkagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 163–71. [Results of ice core drilling to depth of 330 m on Law Dome, near Cape Folger. English summary, p. 169–71.]

Mayewski, P. A. Past levels and present state of northern Victoria Land glaciers. Antarctic Journal of the United States, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1976, p. 277–79. [Reports investigations of late Tertiary glacial events and recent ice and snow patch adjustments in region of upper Rennick Glacier.]

Milnes, A. G., and Hambrey, M. J. A method of estimating approximate cumulative strains in glacier ice. Tectonophysics, Vol. 34, Nos. 3–4, 1976, p. T23–T27. [Orientation and magnitude of bulk cumulative strains in surface of glaciers can be estimated semi-graphically from combined velocity-contour and flow-line maps. Method illustrated using data from Griesgletscher, Valais, Switzerland.]

Mokievsky-Zubok, O., and Stanley, A. D. Canadian glaciers in the International Hydrological Decade program, 1965–1974. No. 1. Sentinel Glacier, British Columbia—summary of measurements. Ottawa, Fisheries and Environment Canada. Inland Waters Directorate. Water Resources Branch, 1976. v, 75 p. (Scientific Series, No. 68.) [Describes main parameters of glacier and geology of basin, and presents summaries of data collected up to end of 1974 field season.]

Mokievsky-Zubok, O., and Stanley, A. D. Canadian glaciers in the International Hydrological Decade program, 1965–1974. No. 2. Place Glacier, British Columbia—summary of measurements. Ottawa, Fisheries and Environment Canada. Inland Waters Directorate. Water Resources Branch, [^c1977]. v, 77 p. (Scientific Series, No. 69.) [Describes main parameters of glacier and geology of basin, and presents summaries of data collected up to end of 1974 field season.]

Mottershead, D. N. Observation of a temporary ice-dammed lake, Brimkjelen, southern Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 29, Ht. 2, 1975, p. 69–74. [Observation of formation and drainage of lake in August 1973.]

Musoyev, Z. Izmenchivosti godovogo stoka rek Tadzhikistana [On the variability of the annual run-off of glacial rivers in Tadzhikistan]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 156–58. [Survey of run-off from 22 rivers. English summary, p. 158.]

Muzakeyev, M. A. Nekotoryye zakonomernosti formirovaniya stoka rek Tsentral'nogo Tyan'-Shanya [On some peculiarities of formation of river run-off in the central Tyan' Shan' mountains]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 153–55.

Nakawo [i.e. Nakao], M. Bubble pattern of a glacier near Tukche Peak in Hidden Valley, Mukut Himal. Seppyō, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, p. 44–49. [Observations made on depth of moraine, orientation of bubble elongation and bubble foliation at about 100 points on unnamed glacier during monsoon season 1974.]

Nakawo [i.e. Nakao], M., and others. Flow of glaciers in Hidden Valley, Mukut Himal, [by] M. Nakawo [i.e. Nakao], Y. Fujii and M. L. Shrestha. Seppyö, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, p. 39–43. [Describes glaciers in this valley. Rikha Samba glacier moved 1 to 2 m during August 1974, and unnamed debris-covered glacier moved o to 0.5 m. Snow-patch also observed.]

Nakawo [i.e. Nakao], M., and others. Water discharge of Rikha Samba Khola in Hidden Valley, Mukut Himal, [by] M. Nakawo [i.e. Nakao], Y. Fujii and M. L. Shrestha. Seppyō, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, p. 27–30. [Measurements made from July to September 1974. Effects of glacial melt water and monsoon observed.]

Ommanney, C. S. L. Quadrennial report to the Permanent Service on the Fluctuation of Glaciers on Canadian glacier variations and mass balance changes. Ottawa, Fisheries and Environment Canada. Inland Waters Directorate. Glaciology Division, 1977. [184] p. [Excludes observations from Axel Heiberg Island, N.W.T., which were issued separately.]

Østrem, G., and others. Glaciological investigations at Nigardsbreen, Norway, [by] G. Østrem, O. Liestøl and B. Wold. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 30, Ht. 4, 1976, p. 187–209. [Summarizes research and observations since 1740. Glacier is now growing in volume but has not advanced.]

Pantaleo, M. Note toponomastiche sui ghiacciai lombardi. Bollettino del Comitato Glaciologico Italiano, Ser. 2, No. 25, Fasc. 1, 1977, p. 7–49. [Examines derivation of names of 201 glaciers in Lombardy, Italy, with bibliographical details.]

Patzelt, G. Statistik der Längenmessungen an den österreichischen Gletschern 1950 bis 1975. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 12, Ht. 1, 1976 [pub. 1977], p. 91–94. [54 glaciers (58% of 93 observed) were advancing in 1975.]

Ricker, K. Corrigenda, Tchaikazan Valley earth science notes. Canadian Alpine Journal, Vol. 60, 1977, p. 54. [Some additions to note published ibid., Vol. 59, 1976, p. 16–19, on observations of retreat of glaciers in this valley in British Columbia.]

Robin, G. de Q., and others. International studies of ice sheet and bedrock, by G. de Q. Robin, D. J. Drewry and D. T. Meldrum. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Ser. B, Vol. 279, No. 963, 1977, p. 185–96. [Reviews and discusses recent research.]

Sokolov, D. P. Nekotoryye osobennosti urovennogo rezhima lednikovykh rek i metodiki vodomernykh nablyudeniy [Some peculiarities of the level regime of glacial rivers and methods of hydrological observations]. Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, 1976, No. 24, Seriya Geologii i Geografii, Vyp. 4, p. 115–23. [Deals with periodical and accidental fluctuations in water level, and examines possible mistakes in flow calculation. English summary, p. 122.]

Tangborn, W. V., and others. Ice and water balances at selected glaciers in the United States. Combined ice and water balances of Maclure Glacier, California, South Cascade Glacier, Washington, and Wolverine and Gulkana glaciers, Alaska, 1967 hydrologic year, by W. V. Tangborn, L. R. Mayo, D. R. Scully and R. M. Krimmel. U.S. Geological Survey. Professional Paper 715-B, 1977, [iv], 20 p. [General description of glaciers, followed by details of results.]

Thomas, R. H. Ice velocities on the Ross Ice Shelf. Antarctic Journal of the United States, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1976, p. 279–81.

Thompson, D. E. Application of fluid-instability analysis to glacier flow. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 10, 1977, p. 4950-B–51-B. [Derives stability equation for glacier of uniform thickness flowing without slip down an inclined plane, ignoring effects of glacier margins. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1976. University Microfilms order no. 77-7695.]

Tsyurupa, A. I. O kolichestvennoy otsenke svyazi dliny i tolshchiny gornodolinnykh lednikov [On the numerical evaluation of the relationship between the length and thickness of mountain glaciers]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 141–44. [Based on investigations on moraines of late Pleistocene glaciers. English summary, p. 144.]

Tyulina, T. Yu. O svoystvakh l'da v massive gornykh lednikov [On the ice properties of mountain glaciers]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 90–95. [Discusses movement and deformation of glacier ice. English summary, p. 95.]

Tyulina, T. Yu. Otsenka roli dvukh mekhanizmov dvizheniya l'da na poverkhnosti lednika Marukh [Estimation of the role of two mechanisms of ice movement on the surface of Lednik Marukh]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 137–41. [Discusses flow and sliding. English summary, p. 140–41.]

Tyulina, T. Yu. Stroyeniye gornykh lednikov [The structure of mountain glaciers]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 195–201. [Discusses ice dynamics and surging glaciers. English summary, p. 201.]

Vinogradov, O. N., and others. Novyye dannyye k glyatsiomorfologicheskoy kharakteristike sovremennykh lednikov Kavkasa i ikh evolyutsii v XX veke [New data on glaciomorphological properties of present-day Caucasian glaciers and their evolution in the twentieth century]. [By] O. N. Vinogradov, G. I. Konovalova, T. V. Psareva. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 44–50. [Presents some new information about number and size of glaciers in the Caucasus. English summary, p. 50.]

Watanabe, O. On the types of glaciers in the Nepal Himalayas and their characteristics. Seppyō, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, p. 10–16. [Presents some particulars of 80 named glaciers.]

Wójcik, G. Zagadnienia klimatologiczne i glacjologiczne Islandii [Problems of climatology and glaciology in Iceland]. Uniwersytet Mikolaja Kopernika. Rozprawy (Toruń), 1976, [249] p. [Based on investigations carried out in 1968 on Skeiöarárjökull. English summary in separate insert.]

Yabuki, S., and others. Study of the extraterrestrial materials in Antarctica. VI. Cosmic dust collected from the glacier ice of the meteorite ice field, Yamato mountains, [by] S. Yabuki, K. Yanai and M. Shima. Nankyoku Shiryō: Antarctic Record, No. 57, 1976, p. 17–23. [Chemical and physical properties studied and relationship of particles to Yamato meteorite fall discussed.]

Young, G. T., and Stanley, A. D. Canadian glaciers in the International Hydrological Decade program, 1965–1974. No. 3. Ram River Glacier, Alberta—summary of measurements. Ottawa, Fisheries and Environment Canada. Inland Waters Directorate. Water Resources Branch, [^c1977]. v, 54 p. (Scientific Series, No. 70.) [Primarily concerned with mass balance.]

Young, G. T., and Stanley, A. D. Canadian glaciers in the International Hydrological Decade program, 1965–1974. No. 4. Peyto Glacier, Alberta—summary of measurements. Ottawa, Fisheries and Environment Canada. Inland Waters Directorate. Inland Waters Branch, [^c1977]. v, 59 p. (Scientific Series, No. 71.) [Primarily concerned with mass balance.]

Zagorodnov, V. S., and others. O termoburenii na lednike Obrucheva [On thermal drilling of Lednik Obruchev]. [By] V. S. Zagorodnov, I. A. Zotikov, V. R. Barbash, V. I. Mikhalev. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 112–18. [Information obtained on bedrock, internal structure of glacier, position of lower firn line, level of glacial waters. Polyarnyy Ural. English summary, p. 118.]

Zhukov, V. A. O radioaktivnom zagryaznenii prizemnogo vozdukha nad Antarkticheskim materikom [On radioactive pollution of near-surface air over the Antarctic continent]. Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, 1976, No. 11, p. 40–45. [Compares results obtained at Molodezhnaya station with published observations. English summary, p. 45.]

Zhuravlev, A. B. Rezul'taty radiolokatsionnogo zondirovaniya lednika Obrucheva (Polyarnyy Ural) [On the results of radio-echo sounding of Lednik Obruchev (Polyarnyy Ural)]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 132–36. [Presents 1974 results, frequency 440 MHz. Two-layered structure observed. English summary, p. 135–36.]

Zotikov, I. A. Teplovoy rezhim lednikogo pokrova Antarktidy [Thermal regime of the Antarctic ice sheet]. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1977. 168 p. [Includes critical review of literature on subject, data analysis, and theoretical study of heat transfer within Antarctic ice. English abstract, p. 2.]

Icebergs. Sea, river and lake ice

Adams, W. P., and Brunger, A. G. Variation in the quality and thickness of the winter cover of Knob Lake, subarctic Quebec. Revue de Géographie de Montréal, Vol. 29, No. 4, 1975, p. 335–46. [Statistical and spatial variability of peak ice and snow cover of lake is quantified, displayed and discussed at scales varying from few sq. m to that of entire lake.]

Akagawa, M. Amūru-gawa to Ohōtsuku-kai no kaihyō [Relation between flow of the Amur river and sea ice in the Sea of Okhotsk]. Seppyō, Vol. 39, No. 1, 1977, p. 1–6. [Meteorological conditions appear to exert strong influence. English summary, p. 6.]

Amstutz, D. E. Stereophotogrammetric reconnaissance of ocean wave/sea ice interaction. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 38, No. 1, 1977, p. 120-B. [New measurement technique developed and described. Results presented from observations made over east Greenland drift stream, 1974. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State University, 1977. University Microfilms order no. 77-15364.]

Aota, M., and others. Bosunia-wan kaihyō chōsa. IV. Seikajū ni yoru tawami [Ice study in the Gulf of Bothnia. IV. Deflection of an ice beam by static loading]. [By] M. Aota, Y. Suzuki, T. Tabata. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 195–200. [Describes field tests on viscoelastic behaviour of sea ice. English summary, p. 200.]

Aota, M., and others. Hokkyoku-ken kaihyō chōsa. II. Asshuku kyōdo, ōryoku kanwa no sokutei [Arctic sea ice research. II. Measurement of compressive strength and relaxation of stress]. [By] M. Aota, T. Tabata, M. Ishikawa. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 209–20. [Using fast ice from Barrow, Alaska. Compressive strength was 15 to 40 kg/cm². English summary, p. 219–20.]

Appel', I. L., and others. O silakh szhatiya i vnutrennego soprotivleniya v ledyanom pokrove pri nazhimnom dreyfe [On the strength of compression and internal resistance in ice cover during pressure of ice drift]. [By] I. L. Appel', Z. M. Gudkovich, I. Ye. Frolov. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 153–60.

Arikaynen, A. I. Kolichestvennaya otsenka roli atmosfernykh protsessov v formirovanii Chukotskoy zapripaynoy progaliny v iyune [Quantitative evaluation of the role of atmospheric processes in the formation of flaw leads in the Chukchi Sea in June]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 89–104. [Research based on study of flaw leads in fast ice of Ostrov Vrangelya region.]

Arikaynen, A. I. Rol' prednavigatsionnogo ledovogo fona i teplovykh faktorov v formirovanii ledovykh usloviy Vrangelevskogo rayona v pervuyu poluvinu navigatsii [The role of prenavigational ice background and warmth factors in the formation of ice conditions in the Ostrov Vrangelya region in the first half of the navigation period]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 105–16. [Problems involved in forecasting ice conditions and navigational possibilities in the Chukchi Sea.]

Banke, E. G., and others. Recent measurements of wind stress on Arctic sea ice, by E. G. Banke, S. D. Smith and R. J. Anderson. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 33, No. 10, 1976, p. 2307–17. [Eddy flux measurements of wind stress on Arctic pack ice were made in summer and winter in terrain ranging from flat to hummocked.]

Batten, E. S. Sea-ice conditions in the Norwegian, Barents, and White seas. Santa Monica, California, Rand Corporation, 1976. ix, 35 p. (R-1921-ARPA.) [Discusses problem of estimating possible worsening sea-ice conditions in these seas in the event of climatic cooling (similar to Little Ice Age climate) within next half-century.]

Belysiieva, Ye. V. Solevoy sostav vod v Arkticheskom basseyne i yego vliyaniye na solenost' morskogo l'da [Salt content of water in the Arctic basin and its influence on salinity of sea ice]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 331, 1976, p. 157–65. [Discusses effect of rivers on salt content of sea and varying salinity of sea ice.]

Buzuyev, A. Ya., and Spichkin, V. A. Rol' snezhnits v formirovanii prostranstvennoy neravnomernosti tolshchiny mnogoletnikh l'dov v zimniy period [Puddles and the formation of spatial inhomogeneity of old sea ice in winter]. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki, Vyp. 49, 1977, p. 53–58.

Dionne, J.-C. L'action glacielle dans les schores [sic] du littoral oriental de la baie de James. Cahiers de Géographie de Québec, Vol. 20, No. 50, 1976, p. 303–26. [Describes effects of drift ice on vegetation and shores of tidal marshes on eastern shore of James Bay, Quebec, Canada.]

Fedotov, V. I. Sravneniye pripaynykh l'dov Arktiki i Antarktiki [A comparison of Arctic and Antarctic fast ice]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarklicheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 331, 1976, p. 172–78.

Fedotov, V. I. Stroyeniye odnoletnego l'da morya Laptevykh v vesennyy period [Structure of first year ice in the Laptev Sea in spring]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 331, 1976, p. 151–56.]

Fokeyev, N. V. Deformatsiya morskikh antarkticheskikh I'dov pri szhatii [Deformation of Antarctic sea ice under compression]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel' skogo Instituta, Tom 331 1976, p. 166–71.

Gorbunov, Yu. A., and Losev, S. M. O vozmozhnosti issledovaniya szhaty l'dov po materialam radio-lokationnykh s"yemok [On the possibility of studying ice compression using radiolocation survey materials]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel' skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 196–201. [Based on studies in Arctic waters, 1972.]

Grishchenko, V. D. O mikrorel'yefe nizhney poverkhnosti morskikh dreyfuyushchikh l'dov [On the microrelief of the under-surface of floating sea ice]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel' skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 208–13. [Observations in Arctic seas.]

Grishchenko, V. D. Statisticheskiye kharakteristiki nekotorykh parametrov rel'yefa verkhney i nizhney poverkhnostey dreyfuyushchikh l'dov [Statistical characteristics of some parameters of the relief of upper and lower surfaces of floating ice]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel' skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 214–21. [Observations in Arctic seas made from drifting station.]

Karelin, I. D. Nekotoryye osobennosti termicheskogo vzaimodeyatviya podstilayushchey poverkhnosti s atmosferoy v rayone tayushchikh l'dov [Some peculiarities of thermal interaction of the underlying surface and the atmosphere in a region of melting ice]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel' skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 175–86. [Based on studies in seas of Soviet Arctic.]

Karelin, I. D. Ob izmenchivosti struktury ledyanykh massivov v period tayaniya [On the variability of structure of ice massifs in the melting period]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 187–95. [Calculations based on data from sea ice in the Arctic basin.]

Kirillov, A. A., and others. Prognozirovaniye tolshchiny pripaya na vesenniy period [Forecasting of fast ice thickness for the spring]. [By] A. A. Kirillov, V. A. Spichkin, S. S. Belen'kaya. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 27–46. [Effect of hydrometeorological factors on ice thickness with reference to northern coasts of U.S.S.R.]

Kolesov, S. A., and Timokhov, L. A. O vozmozhnosti rascheta razdroblennosti ledyanogo pokrova [On the possibility of calculating the break-up of ice cover]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarklicheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 168–74. [Calculations based on data from Soviet Arctic in 1968.]

Kubo, Y. Shizen ketsuhyō-han no saika-ryoku ni tsuite [Bearing capacity of a floating ice plate]. Seppyō, Vol. 39, No. 1, 1977, p. 26–31.

Lebedev, A. A., and Uralov, N. S. Ob osobennostyakh teplovogo sostoyaniya Severnoy Atlantiki i atmosfernoy tsirkulyatsii pri formirovanii anomal'noy ledovitosti v Grendlandskom more [On peculiarities of the warm condition of the North Atlantic and atmospheric circulation connected with the formation of anomalous ice cover in the Greenland Sea]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 47–64.

Lebedev, A. A., and Uralov, N. S. Opyt rascheta ledovitosti morya po sostavlyayushchim ledovogo balansa (na primere Vostochno-Grenlandskogo ledyanogo poyasa) [An attempt to calculate ice cover of the sea according to the components of ice balance (for example the east Greenland ice belt)]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 65–82. [Using data from 1958 to 1970.]

Legen'kov, A. P., and others. Deformatsiya ledyanogo ostrova dreyfuyushchey stantsii "Severnyy polyus-19" [Deformation of the ice island of the drifting station SP-19]. [By] A. P. Legen'kov, I. V. Chuguy, L. G. Basova. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki, Vyp. 49, 1977, p. 118–20. [Drifting station in Arctic Ocean. Reasons for deformation suggested.]

Lindsay, D. G. Sea-ice atlas of Arctic Canada 1961–1968. Ottawa, Dept. of Energy, Mines and Resources. Directorate of Map Production, Surveys and Mapping Branch, [1976]. viii, 213 p. [Presents 120 maps based on air surveys over Canadian Arctic Archipelago from March to November from 1961 to 1968.]

Lobovikova, Z. P. Analiz i dolgosrochnyy prognoz srokov vskrytiya rek basseyna Amura posredstvom yestest-vennykh ortogonal'nykh funktsiy [Analysis and long-range forecasting of break-up dates of the Amur basin rivers by means of natural orthogonal functions]. Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, 1976, No. 12, p. 67–72. [Refers also to ice break-up conditions of rivers of north-eastern Siberia. English summary, p. 72.]

Losev, S. M. Vrashcheniye ledyanykh poley [The rotation of ice fields]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 202–07. [Relation between circular movements of ice fields and drift irregularities studied in the Arctic basin.]

Marko, J. Satellite observations of the Beaufort Sea ice cover. Victoria, B.C., Dept. of the Environment. Beaufort Sea Project, 1975. viii, 137 p. (Technical Report No. 34.) [Presents observations for March to October for 1973, 1974 and 1975.]

Martin, S., and Kauffman, P. An experimental and theoretical study of the turbulent and laminar convection generated under a horizontal ice sheet floating on warm salty water. Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1977, p. 272–83. [Describes laboratory model of melting phenomenon which occurs in summer polar oceans, then derives theoretical model of process which is compared with experiment.]

Moskal', T. N. Vozmozhnosti dolgosrochnogo prognozirovaniya srokov okonchatel'nogo razrusheniya pripaya u vysokoshirotnykh ostrovnykh punktov Karskogo i Barentseva morey [The possibility of long-term forecasting of periods of final destruction of fast ice in high-latitude island centres of the Kara and Barents seas]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 83–88.

Neshyba, S. Upwelling by icebergs. Nature, Vol. 267, No. 5611, 1977, p. 507–08. [Considers influence of melting icebergs on oceanographic characteristics of Weddell Sea, Antarctica.]

Nikoleyeva, A. Ya. Rezul'taty rascheta zon l'da razlichnogo vozrasta v arkticheskikh moryakh [Results of calculation of ice zones of varying age in Arctic seas]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 121–42. [Ice forcasts based on ice conditions in May over a number of years.]

Ono, N. Daisetsu-damu no keppyō chōsa [A study of ice on Daisetsu dam]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 173–79. [Study of characteristics of floating ice on this reservoir in central Hokkaido, Japan. English summary, p. 178–79.]

Ono, N. Hokkyoku-ken kaihyō chōsa. III. Kaihyō hyōsō ni shōjiru netsuōryoku jōtai no sokutei [Arctic sea ice research. III. Measurements of state of thermal stress induced in the surface layer of sea ice]. Teionkagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 221–26. [Using shore ice from Barrow, Alaska. English summary, p. 226.]

Panov, V. V., and Fokeyev, N. V. Prochnost' obraztsov solenogo l'da na szhatiye v usloviyakh slozhnogo nagruzheniya [Compression strength of sea ice samples under complex loading]. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki, Vyp. 49, 1977, p. 81–86. [Compares artificial and Antarctic fast ice.]

Parashar, S. K., and others. Radar scatterometer discrimination of sea-ice types, [by] S. K. Parashar, R. M. Haralick, R. K. Moore and A. W. Biggs. I[nstitute of] E[lectric and] E[lectronics]. E[ngineers]. Transactions on Geoscience Electronics, Vol. GE-15, No. 2, 1977, p. 83–87. [87% accuracy obtained at 13.3 GHz and 75% accuracy at 400 MHz.]

Robe, R. Q., and others. Iceberg deterioration, [by] R. Q. Robe, D. C. Maier, R. C. Kollmeyer. Nature, Vol. 267, No. 5611, 1977, p. 505–06. [Discusses deterioration of very large low tabular iceberg drifting north-east of Grand Banks of Newfoundland, during period 12 May to 6 June 1976.]

Rodewald, M. La dérive des icebergs dans les eaux de Terre-Neuve et sa prévision. Met-Mar (Direction de la Météorologie. Section Météorologie Maritime (Boulogne)), Bulletin No. 90, 1976, p. 17–23. [Formation of icebergs in Newfoundland waters.]

Romanov, V. F. Parametrizatsiya nelineynogo melkomasshtabnogo vzaimodeystviya okeana i atmosfery s uchetom ledyanogo pokrova [Parameterization of non-linear small-scale sea–air interaction, taking into account the ice cover]. Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, 1976, No. 12, p. 49–59. [Based on field data. Theoretical results in good agreement with observed results. English summary, p. 59.]

Roots, E. F. Data availability from the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX). Canadian Geophysical Bulletin, Vol. 29, 1976, p. vii–xi. [Describes what is available in the data bank and how it may be obtained.]

Sawada, T. Sentai chakuhyō no kenkyū—chakuhyō no tame no kishōjōken [Relation between the rate of ice accretion on ships and meteorological conditions]. Kishō chō Kenkyū Jihō: Journal of Meteorological Research, Vol. 27, No. 6, 1975, p. 229–36. [Icing experiences off west coast of Hokkaido, February 1972, indicate light ice accretion may begin at – 15°C or below and heavy accretion at – 18°C or below. English abstract, p. 229.]

Smirnov, V. I. Rol' prochnosti l'da pri opredelenii srokov ekspluatatsii morskikh arkticheskikh zimnikov [Role of ice strength when determining periods of use of Arctic sea-ice roads]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 331, 1976, p. 212–16. [Forecasting safety of ice along Arctic shores for vehicle transport.]

Swithinbank, C. W. M., and others. Drift tracks of Antarctic icebergs, by C. W. M. Swithinbank, E. P. McClain and P. M. Little. Polar Record, Vol. 18, No. 116, 1977, p. 495–501. [Using satellite pictures, 38 icebergs were tracked over period of nine years; 14 are reported on here.]

Tabata, T., and others. Hokkyoku-ken kaihyō chōsa. I. Shōshiryō no mage-kyōdo no sokutei [Arctic sea ice research. I. Measurements of flexural strength of small sea-ice beams]. [By] T. Tabata, T. Kawamura, T. Takizawa. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 201–07. [Using fast ice from Barrow, Alaska. Flexural strength was 10 to 22 kg/cm² and increased slightly with depth, apart from uppermost 15 cm. Chlorinity also increased with depth. English summary, p. 206–07.]

Takizawa, T. Ryūhyōya no nensei ryūtai moderu ni okeru kadō nensei keisū ni tsuite [On the coefficient of kinematic eddy viscosity of pack ice]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 181–86. [Analysis of radar images used to determine ice velocity off coast of Sea of Okhotsk. English summary, p. 186.]

Vant, M. R. A combined empirical and theoretical study of the dielectric properties of sea ice over the frequency range 100 MHz to 40 GHz. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 12, Pt. 1, 1977, p. 6263-B–64-B. [Classical dielectric mixture equations applied to sea ice and used to interpret dielectric measurements in the Beaufort Sea during AIDJEX. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, 1976.]

Vinje, T. E. Drift av Trolltunga i Weddellhavet. Norsk Polarinstitutt. Årbok 1975 [pub. 1977], p. 213. [Note on drift of iceberg Trofltunga in Weddell Sea, Antarctica, in 1967–76.]

Vinje, T. E. Sea ice conditions in the European sector of the marginal seas of the Arctic, 1966–1975. Norsk Polarinstitutt. Årbok 1975 [pub. 1977], p. 163–74. [Based on data from U.S. weather satellites.]

Vinje, T. E., and Steinbakke, P. Nimbus-6 located automatic stations in the Svalbard waters in 1975. Norsk Polarinstitutt. Årbok 1975 [pub. 1977], p. 109–17. [Observations of ice drift and temperature.]

Wadhams, P. A British submarine expedition to the North Pole, 1976. Polar Record, Vol. 18, No. 116, 1977, p. 487–91. [Profile of top and bottom surfaces of ice cover obtained by means of narrow-beam upward-looking sonar on ship and laser profilometer on aeroplane.]

Walker, E. R. Oil, ice and climate in the Beaufort Sea. Victoria, B.C., Dept. of the Environment. Beaufort Sea Project, 1975. [ii], 40 p. (Technical Report No. 35.) [Estimates amount of crude oil released during drilling and discusses its effects in terms of surface heat budget. No important climatic effects are likely.]

Washington, W. M., and others. On the development of a seasonal change sea-ice model, [by] W. M. Washington, A. J. Semtner, Jr., C. Parkinson, L. Morrison. Journal of Physical Oceanography, Vol. 6, No. 5, 1976, p. 679–85. [Three-dimensional thermodynamical model of sea ice, capable of simulating seasonal changes over Arctic and Antarctic regions.]

Weller, G. Outer continental shelf environmental assessment program in the Beaufort Sea. Arctic Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 9, 1977, p. 125–42. [Describes environment of Beaufort Sea, including sea ice, and discusses problems arising from oil and gas development. Sea ice and sub-sea permafrost feature in this discussion.]

Zakharov, V. F. Ledovaya oppozitsiya [Ice opposition]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 147–52. [Data showing opposition between ice conditions of west and east regions of the Soviet Arctic Ocean and an attempt to explain this.]

Zakharov, V. F. Mnogoletniye izmeneniya ploshchadi ledyanogo pokrova v Severnom Ledovitom okeane [Long-term changes of the ice-cover area in the Arctic Ocean]. Trudy Arkticheskogo i Antarkticheskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta, Tom 320, 1976, p. 143–46. [Shows relationship between ice cover and climatic change over the last 50 or 60 years.]

Glacial geology

Agrell, H., and others. The Vimmerby line—an ice-margin zone in north-eastern Småland, [by] H. Agrell, N. Friberg and R. Oppgården. Svensk Geografisk Årsbok, Årg. 52, 1976, p. 70–91. [Investigation of moraines and glacio-fluvial deposits in south-eastern Sweden indicates morphologically established stagnation zone.]

Bardin, V. I., and others. Paleoglyatsiologicheskiye aspekty izucheniya litologii moren v gorakh Prins-Charl'z (Vostochnaya Antarktida) [Palaeoglaciological aspects of lithological studies of moraines in the Prince Charles Mountains (eastern Antarctica)]. [By] V. I. Bardin, G. N. Kolosova, V. I. Konopleva. Antarktika. Doklady Komissii, Vyp. 16, 1977, p. 135–53.

Blake, W., jr. Iceberg concentrations as an indicator of submarine moraines, eastern Queen Elizabeth Islands, District of Franklin. Project 750063. Canada. Geological Survey. Paper 77-1B, p. 281–86. [Satellite and air photographs of stranded icebergs enable submarine moraines to be detected. Presents examples from Ellesmere and Coburg islands.]

Bowen, D. Q. Hot and cold climates in prehistoric Britain. Geographical Magazine, Vol. 49, No. 11, 1977, p. 685–98. [Describes Pleistocene glaciation of British Isles for the general reader, with many photographs and diagrams.]

Bray, J. R. Pleistocene volcanism and glacial initiation. Science, Vol. 197, No. 4300, 1977, p. 251–54. [Suggests possibility that massive eruptions occurred at right times to trigger summer snow survival and glaciation.]

Brown, J., and Lemoigne, Y. Presence du genre Eskdalia à la base des Dwyka Series dans l'État d'Orange et datation du début du grand cycle glaciaire postsilurien en Afrique du Sud. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences (Paris), Sér. D, Vol. 284, No. 16, 1977, p. 1509–11. [Evidence suggests that onset of glacial cycle and origin of Dwyka Series began in Lower Carboniferous and not Upper Devonian.]

Chernova, L. P. Oledeneniye kak faktor preobrazovaniya rel'yefa [Glaciation as the agent of topographic transformation]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 56–63. [Compares energy spent on friction of glacier on bed with that necessary for debris formation from solid rock. English summary, p. 63.]

Craft, J. L. Pleistocene local glaciation in the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 10, 1977, p. 4939-B. [Glaciation confirmed and sequence of events suggested. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of Western Ontario, 1976.]

Cunningham, C. M., and Shilts, W. W. Surficial geology of the Baker Lake area, District of Keewatin. Project 730013. Canada. Geological Survey. Paper 77-1B, 1977, p. 311–14. [Surficial deposits mainly till. Also discusses evidence for Quaternary ice-divide–ice flow history.]

Dawson, A. G. A fossil lobate rock glacier in Jura. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 13, Pt. 1, 1977, p. 37–41. [Results of detailed field investigation. Postulates mode of formation.]

Demek, J. Pleistocene continental glaciation and its effects on the relief of the northeastern part of the Bohemian highlands. Studia Societatis Scientiarum Torunensis (Toruń), Sect. C, Vol. 8, Nr. 4–6, 1976, p. 487–98. [Describes effects of Pleistocene glaciation on the Sudeten piedmont (Poland and Czechoslovakia), which was covered with ice, and on the Rychlebské mountains, Czechoslovakia, which were affected by periglacial conditions.]

Derbyshire, E., and Evans, I. S. The climatic factor in cirque variation. In Derbyshire, E., ed. Geomorphology and climate. London, etc., John Wiley and Sons, [^c1976], p. 447–94. [Reviews formation of cirques.]

Dilabio, R. N. W. Glacial dispersal of rocks and minerals in the Lac Mistassini–Lac Waconichi area, Quebec, with special reference to the Icon dispersal train. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 10, 1977, p. 4939-B–40-B. [Study of patterns and processes of Quaternary glacial dispersal. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of Western Ontario, 1976.]

Dionne, J.-C. Blocs soulevés par le froid dans les schorres de la Baie de James, Québec. Revue de Géographie de Montréal, Vol. 29, No. 2, 1975, p. 161–66. [Discusses appearance of frost-heaved boulders at the surface of salt tidal marshes on the east coast of James Bay.]

Doake, C. S. M. A possible effect of ice ages on the Earth's magnetic field. Nature, Vol. 267, No. 5610, 1977, p. 415–17. [Suggests mechanism whereby ice ages and reversals of magnetic field may be linked.]

Driscoll, F. G. Formation and wastage of neoglacial surge moraines of the Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 6, 1976, p. 2722-B–23-B. [Study of moraines which suggest 180 m of stagnant ice wasted in c. 1200 a. After initial slowing of melting rate of ice under debris an almost constant rate developed. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, 1976. University Microfilms order no. 76-27795.]

Fliri, F. Völs, Hall, Mils, Fritzens, Oelberg and further opportunities for confusing the Alpine Würm chronology. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 12, Ht. 1, 1976 [pub. 1977], p. 79–84. [Strongly criticizes recent views of F. Mayr.]

Gangloff, P., and others. Reconnaissance géomorphologique sur la côte ouest de la baie d'Ungava, nouveau-Québec, [par] P. Gangloff, J. T. Gray et C. Hillaire-Marcel. Revue de Géographie de Montréal, Vol. 30, No. 4, 1976, p. 339–48. [Underlain by continuous permafrost. Glacial striae and grooves and evidence from deposits enable movements of last continental ice sheet to be reconstructed.]

Girard, W. W. Size, shape, and symmetry of the cross profiles of glacial valleys. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 8, 1977, p. 3841-B. [Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of Iowa, 1976. University Microfilms order no. 77-3734.]

Golubovich, V. A. O prichinakh proryva ozera 2 na Tuyuksuyskoy morene 15 iyulya 1973 g. [On the causes of breakthrough of lake 2 in the Tuyuksu moraine on 15 July 1973]. Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, 1976, No. 12, p. 103–05. [Catastrophic mudflow in Kazakhskaya S.S.R. due to transverse crack in buried ice beneath moraine dam.]

Hillaire-Marcel, C. La déglaciation et le relèvement isostatique sur la côte est de la baie d'Hudson. Cahiers de Géographie de Québec, Vol. 20, No. 50, 1976, p. 185–220. [Describes retreat of Quaternary (Wisconsinian) ice sheet and subsequent isostatic uplift in east coast of Hudson Bay, Canada.]

Iwata, S. Late Pleistocene and Holocene moraines in the Sagarmatha (Everest) region, Khumbu Himal. Seppyō, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, p. 109–14. [Four glacial advances identified on basis of study of moraines. Compared with European and North American stages.]

John, B. S. The ice age, past and present. London, Collins, [^c1977]. 254 p. [Intended for the general reader. Detailed descriptions and many illustrations from all over the world.]

Khodakov, V. G. K raschetu vodnoledovogo balansa drevnikh gornykh lednikov [On the calculation of the water-ice balance of former mountain glaciers]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 50–56. [Presents palaeoglaciological calculations, based on study of moraines and signs of glacial erosion. English summary, p. 56.]

Kröner, A. Non-synchroneity of late Precambrian glaciations in Africa. Journal of Geology, Vol. 85, No. 3, 1977, p. 289–300. [Review of evidence.]

Langford, F. F. Northern extent of Lake Agassiz in eastern Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 6, 1977, p. 1286–91. [Evidence from deposits found in valleys of Churchill and Reindeer rivers.]

Laverdière, C., and Guimont, P. Le vocabulaire de la géomorphologie glaciaire—VII. Revue de Géographie de Montréal, Vol. 29, No. 2, 1975, p. 173–80. [Deals with glacial scratches, striations, grooves and other signs of glacial erosion on rocks.]

Laverdière, C., and Guimont, P. Le vocabulaire de la géomorphologie glaciaire—VIII. Revue de Géographie de Montréal, Vol. 29, No. 4, 1975, p. 375–80. [Deals mainly with glacial scorings, grooves and other marks of erosion due to passage of ice over rock.]

Lebedeva, I. M. Rol' ispareniya v degradatsii poslednogo drevnego oledeneniya Pamira [The role of evaporation in the degradation of the last ancient glaciation of the Pamir]. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya Geograficheskaya, 1977, No. 1, p. 71–79. [Palaeoglaciological reconstruction in Tadzhikskaya S.S.R.]

Löffler, E. Potassium-argon dates and pre-Würm glaciations of Mount Giluwe volcano, Papua New Guinea. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 12, Ht. 1, 1976 [pub. 1977], p. 55–62. [Quaternary history of volcano deduced.]

McCrea, W. H. Glaciations and dense interstellar clouds. Nature, Vol. 263, No. 5574, 1976, p. 260. [Discusses Dennison and Mansfield's criticism (see ibid., Vol. 261, No. 5555, 1976, p. 32–34) of author's theory. Reply by B. Dennison and V. N. Mansfield, p. 260.]

McIntyre, A., and others. The surface of the ice-age Earth, [by] CLIMAP project members [i.e. A. McIntyre and 35 others]. Science, Vol. 191, No. 4232, 1976, p. 1131–37. [Quantitative geological evidence is used to reconstruct boundary conditions for climate 18 000 years b.p.]

Mercer, J. H., and others. Southern Patagonia: glacial events between 4 m.y. and 1 m.y. ago, [by] J. H. Mercer, R. J. Fleck and E. A. Mankinen, W. Sander. (In Suggate, R. P., and Cresswell, M. M., ed. Quaternary studies. Wellington, Royal Society of New Zealand, 1975, p. 223–30.) [Based on field evidence.]

Mills, H. H. Basal till fabrics of modern alpine glaciers. Geological Society of America. Bulletin, Vol. 88, No. 6, 1977, p. 824–28. [Tills from Athabasca, South Cascade and Paradise glaciers (from 2.5 to 7.5 km length) were analysed and compared with those from lowland glaciers.]

Mills, H. H. Textural characteristics of drift from some representative Cordilleran glaciers. Geological Society of America. Bulletin, Vol. 88, No. 8, 1977, p. 1135–43. [Particle-size analyses of over 300 samples of drift from Nisqually, Paradise and South Cascade glaciers, Washington, U.S.A., from Athabasca Glacier, Alberta, Canada, and from other alpine glaciers show that textural differences exist both between glaciers and between glacier environments.]

Moore, D. L. Distributions of fresh water algae, excluding diatomaceae, in northeastern Ohio with reference to glacial history. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 8, 1977, p. 3745-B. [Studies possible correlation between these distributions and glacial history. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, Ohio State University, 1976. University Microfilms order no. 77-2465.]

Moriwaki, K. Shōwa-kichi fukin no rogan-chiiki no chikei to tairiku hyōen-henbu no chigakuteki kansatsu [Glacio-geomorphological observations in and around ice-free areas in the vicinity of Syowa station, Antarctica]. Nankyoku Shiryō: Antarctic Record, No. 57, 1976, p. 24–55. [Discusses observations on glacial striae, moraine, ground temperature, raised beaches and melt water. English abstract, p. 24.]

Mottershead, D. N., and Collin, R. L. A study of Flandrian glacier fluctuations in Tunsbergdalcn, southern Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, Vol. 56, No. 4, 1976, p. 413–36. [Variation in extent of Tunsbergdalsbreen over last 9 200 years, based on study of stratigraphy, radiocarbon dates and lichen growth and on various historical data.]

Myagkov, S. M. Rel'yef rayona lednika Birdmora (Transantarkticheskiye gory) [Relief of the Beardmore Glacier area (Transantarctic Mountains)]. Antarktika. Doklady Komissii, Vyp. 15, 1976, p. 72–81. [Preglacial geomorphology and glacial geology of area.]

Olszewski, A. Miejsce podstawowej facji lodowcowej w koncepcji "serii glacjalnej" na tle rozwazań lito- i morfogenetycznych [The place of the basic glacial facies in the conception of "glacial series", in terms of litho- and morphogenetic considerations]. Studia Societatis Scientarum Torunensis (Toruń), Sect. C, Vol. 8, Nr. 4–6, 1976, p. 637–54. [Discusses glacial deposits. English summary, p. 652–54.]

Patzelt, G. Der Gletscherschliff bei Zirl und die würmzeitliche Glazialerosion im mittleren Inntal. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, Bd. 12, Ht. 1, 1976 [pub. 1977], p. 85–90. [Glacial striations found at 590 m a.s.l. in Inn valley, Austria.]

Posamentier, H. W. Glaciation of the Schobergruppe, east Tyrol, Austria. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 11, 1977, p. 5578-B–79-B. [Discusses Neoglacial glaciation and its chronology. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, Syracuse University, 1976. University Microfilms order no. 77-9892.]

Rainio, H., and Lahermo, P. Observations on dark grey basal till in Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, No. 48, Pts. 1–2, 1976, p. 137–52. [Till seems to date from initial phase of youngest Weichselian glaciation.]

Roszko, L. Doliny rzek—kronika rozwoju zastoisk Pobrzeza Warmińskiego [River valleys—a historical record of ice-dammed lakes on the Warmian coast]. Studia Societatis Scientarum Torunensis (Toruń), Sect. C, Vol. 8, Nr. 4–6, 1976, p. 667–80. [Illustrates relationship between formation of ice-dammed lakes and of valleys of rivers penetrating these lakes, using examples of Waska and Dzierzgoń rivers, Poland. English summary, p. 680.]

Seppälä, M. Stone roundness of moraines connected with Taku Glacier, southeastern Alaska. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, No. 48, Pts. 1–2, 1976, p. 87–94. [Describes influence of glacial and glacio-fluvial processes on roundness of stones in area of active valley glacier.]

Shaw, J. Tills deposited in arid polar environments. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 6, 1977, p. 1239–45. [Discusses evidence that humid polar and arid polar environments give rise to tills which differ in appearance.]

Sissons, J. B. The Loch Lomond readvance in southern Skye and some palaeoclimatic implications. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 13, Pt. 1, 1977, p. 23–36. [Study of field evidence suggests existence of 13 Quaternary glaciers. Size and behaviour of each is inferred.]

Sollid, J. L. Some comments on p-forms. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 29, Ht. 2, 1975, p. 74–75. [These plastically sculptured detail forms on rock surfaces appear to be results of two processes: they are excavated fluvially and their stripes are produced by glacial action later.]

Sollid, J. L., and others. Deglaciation of Finnmark, north Norway, [by] J. L. Sollid [and 7 others]. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 27, Ht. 4, 1973, p. 233–325. [Comprehensive regional account.]

Sugden, D. E., and Clapperton, C. M. The maximum ice extent on island groups in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica. Quaternary Research, Vol. 7, No. 2, 1977, p. 268–82. [Presents evidence for a more extensive ice cover over South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands and tip of Antarctic Peninsula than hitherto thought. Falkland Islands were never covered by an ice cap.]

Thomas, R. D. A brief description of the surficial materials of north-central Keewatin, Northwest Territories. Project 760012. Canada. Geological Survey. Paper 77-1B, 1977, p. 315–17. [Mainly sandy till, also some glacio-fluvial and ice-contact stratified drift.]

Troitskiy, L. S. Glyatsial'nyy morfogenez i istoriya oledeneniya Polyarnogo Urala v podznem pleystotsene i golotsene [Glaciological morphogenesis and the history of the glaciation of the Polyarnyy Ural in the late Pleistocene and Holocene]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 39–54. [Discussion and review. English summary, p. 54.]

Vincent, J.-S. Le glaciaire et le postglaciaire de la région à l'est du Lac Témiscamingue, Québec. Revue de Géographie de Montréal, Vol. 29, No. 2, 1975, p. 109–22. [Reconstruction of late Quaternary history of area.]

Whalley, W. B. Some aspects of the structure and development of earth pillars and corrugated lateral moraine surfaces. Studia Geomorphologica Carpatho-Balcanica (Krakow), Vol. 10, 1976, p. 49–62. [Discusses possible reasons for stability of these depositional features, which have unusually steep faces, and their mode of formation.]

Wilson, J. L. Glaciated dolomite karst in the Bear River Range, Utah. Dissertation Abstracts International, B. Vol. 37, No. 7, 1977, p. 3315-B. [Describes landforms of two large cirques. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of Utah, 1976. University Microfilms order no. 76-30465.]

Wiśniewski, E. Zagadnienia paleogeomorfologiczne doliny Wisly pomiedzy Kotlina Plocka a Kotlina Toruńsko [Palaeogeomorphological problems in the Vistula valley between the Plock basin and the Toruń basin]. Studia Societatis Scientarum Torunensis (Toruń), Sect. C, Vol. 8, Nr. 4–6, 1976, p. 703–20. [Observations on glacial deposits in this region of Poland. English summary, p. 719–20.]

Young, J. A. T. Glacial geomorphology of the Dulnain valley, Inverness-shire. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 13, Pt. 1, 1977, p. 59–74. [Field evidence shows existence of major ice sheet, advancing from south and west.]

Frost action on rocks and soil. Frozen ground. Permafrost

Alekseyev, V. R., and Furman, M. Sh. Naledi i stok [Icings and run-off]. Novosibirsk, "Nauka", 1976. 117 p. [Deals with interaction of permafrost and hydrometeorological conditions in northern Zabaykal'ye and effect on construction of Baykal–Amur railway.]

Arvidson, W. D., and Morgenstern, N. R. Water flow induced by soil freezing. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1977, p. 237–45. [Study of effects of effective overburden pressure, soil type, freezing temperature, and stress history.]

Bertouille, H. Migration des pierres sous l'effet du gel et du dégel. Revue de Géomorphologie Dynamique, An. 25, Nr. 4, 1976, p. 139–47. [Causes of patterned ground.]

Brukhanda, V. I. Kamennyye gletchery Kavkaza i Pamiro-Alaya i ikh svyaz' s pul'satsiyami [Rock glaciers of the Caucasus and the Pamir and Alayskiy Khrebet mountain region and their connection with glacier surges]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 63–70. [Presents details of rock glaciers in these areas. Concludes that they may sometimes be caused by glacier surges. English summary, p. 70.]

Crampton, C. B. Changes in permafrost distribution in northeastern British Columbia. Arctic, Vol. 30, No. 1, 1977, p. 61–62. [Thickness and hardness decrease with decreasing latitude towards south-west, with increased insolation on south-west-facing slopes, and with greater thermal conductivity of surficial layers caused by increased wetness.]

Fujii, Y. Periglacial phenomena in Hidden Valley, Makut Himal. Seppyō, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, p. 120–24. [Several forms of patterned ground found. Mass movements and altitudinal distribution of periglacial landforms discussed.]

Fujii, Y., and Higuchi, K. Ground temperature and its relation to permafrost occurrences in the Khumbu region and Hidden Valley. Seppyō, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, p. 125–28. [Results indicate permafrost occurs above 4 900 to 5000 m in Khumbu region and above 5000 m in Hidden Valley, both in Nepal Himalaya.]

Fukuda, M., and others. Daisetsu-san, Hokkaihei ni okeru ōgata kōzōdo no kansatsu [Some observations about ice-wedge polygons on Mt. Daisetsu]. [By] M. Fukuda, M. Inoue, K. Takeda. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 257–60.

Gell, W. A. Underground ice in permafrost, Mackenzie delta–Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, N.W.T. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 7, 1977, p. 3316-B–17-B. [Several forms of underground ice studied. Discusses mode of formation and structure. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, 1976.]

Groenevelt, P. H., and Kay, B. D. Water and ice potentials in frozen soils. Water Resources Research, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1977, p. 445–49.

Harden, D., and others. Distribution and character of naleds in northeastern Alaska, [by] D. Harden, P. Barnes and E. Reimnitz. Arctic, Vol. 30, No. 1, 1977, p. 28–40. [Study of distribution, longevity and character of Arctic river naleds and on their causes and effects.]

Higashi, A. Kanchi-kōgaku kisoron. 7 [Fundamentals of cold regions engineering. 7]. Seppyō, Vol. 39, No. 1, 1977, p. 15–25. [Deals with problems of frost heaving.]

Hodder, A. P. W. Cavitation-induced nucleation of ice: a possible mechanism for frost-cracking in rocks. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, Vol. 19, No. 6, 1976, p. 821–26.

Horiguchi, K. Funjō busshitsu no kagaku sosei to tōjōryō to no kankei [Relation between chemical composition and amount of frost heave of powdered materials]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 245–47. [Describes effect of low temperatures (−15 and −30°C) on various chemicals.]

Iwata, S. Some periglacial morphology in the Sagarmatha (Everest) region, Khumbu Himal. Seppyō, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, p. 115–19. [Describes features, mainly rock falls and rock glaciers, block streams, talus and vegetated patterned ground.]

Jahn, A. Pagórki mrozowe typu palsa [Palsa-type frost mounds]. Studia Societatis Scientarum Torunensis (Toruń), Sect. C, Vol. 8, Nr. 4–6, 1976, p. 547–63. [Reviews classification and origin. English summary, p. 562–63.]

Johnson, P. G. Mass movement processes in Metalline Creek, southwest Yukon Territory. Arctic, Vol. 28, No. 2, 1975, p. 130–39. [Glacial deposits and talus affected by mass movement processes promoted by occurrence of glacier ice and ice formed from avalanche snow.]

Kulik, V. Ya. Avtomodel'noye resheniye uravneniy infil'tratsii vody v merzlyy grunt [Automodel solution of equations for water infiltration in frozen ground]. Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, 1976, No. 2, p. 73–81. [Theory compared with field observations. English summary, p. 81.]

Kurfurst, P. J. Acoustic properties of frozen soils. Project 740046. Canada. Geological Survey. Paper 77-1B, 1977, p. 277–80. [Presents results of laboratory studies on compressional and shear wave velocities of frozen soil samples differing in type of material and ice content, at temperatures from 1°C to −7°C.]

Lesczynski, D. B. Nitrate movement in piano silt loam under freezing and thawing conditions. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 7, 1977, p. 3193-B–94-B. [Field and laboratory studies conducted to evaluate effects of freezing, frozen, and thawing soil conditions on solute displacement. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1976. University Microfilms order no. 76-23332.]

Liestøl, O. Pingos, springs, and permafrost in Spitsbergen. Norsk Polarinstitutt. Årbok 1975 [pub. 1977], p. 7–29. [Includes detailed descriptions of 25 groups of, or single, pingos.]

Mackay, J. R. Changes in the active layer from 1968 to 1976 as a result of the Inuvik fire. Project 680047. Canada. Geological Survey. Paper 77-1B, 1977, p. 273–75. [Active layer continued to thicken, but at decreasing rate, during period, despite rapid growth of vegetation.]

Peyton, H. R., and Ziegler, E. E. Permafrost. Frost i Jord, No. 18, 1977, p. 11–14. [General account, mainly effect on Arctic construction work.]

Rapp, A., and Strömquist, L., ed. Annotated selected bibliographies of papers on mass wasting published between 1970–1975. Uppsala Universitet. Naturgeografiska Institutionen. Avdelningen för Naturgeografi. Rapport 42, 1976, 81 p.

Seguin, M. K. Observations géophysiques sur le pergélisol des environs du lac Minto, Nouveau-Quebec. Cahiers de Géographie de Québec, Vol. 20, No. 50, 1976, p. 327–46. [Survey of permafrost in this area of Quebec, Canada.]

Smith, M. W., and Tvede, A. The computer simulation of frost penetration beneath highways. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1977, p. 167–79. [Describes generalized method for prediction of time and depth pattern.]

Sollid, J. L., and Sørbel, L. Palsa bogs at Haugtjørnin, Dovrefjell, south Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 28, Ht. 1, 1974, p. 53–60. [Southernmost reported occurrence in Fennoscandia. Melting of permafrost by water contact seems to be most important erosional factor.]

Svensson, H. Iskilar såsom klimatindikator. Svensk Geografisk Årsbok, Årg. 52, 1976, p. 46–57. [Discussion of validity of ice wedges as indicators of past climates and recent climatic changes. Based on observations of fossil ice-wedge polygons on Swedish west coast and active ice wedges in Spitsbergen. English abstract, p. 46.]

Tedrow, J. C. F. Soils of the polar landscapes. New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, [^c1977]. xxvi, 638 p. [Comprehensive description of soils of the Arctic and Antarctic. Includes chapters on permafrost (p. 57–67), cryogenic processes and patterned ground (p. 84–113), and patterned ground and the genetic soil (p. 250–66), as well as dealing with soils of specific areas.]

Walker, H. J., and Harris, M. K. Perched ponds: an Arctic variety. Arctic, Vol. 29, No. 4, 1976, p. 223–38. [Presents detailed study of Patu Pond, Colville River delta, Alaska, the existence of which depends upon permafrost acting as an aquadude.]

Washburn, A. L. Analysis of permafrost cores from Antarctic dry valleys. Antarctic Journal of the United States, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1976, p. 275–76.

Whalley, W. B. A fossil rock glacier in Wester Ross. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1976, p. 175–78. [Comments upon article by J. B. Sissons (ibid., Vol. 11, No. 1, 1975, p. 83–86), and suggests debris is landslide. Reply by Sissons, p. 178–79.]

Whalley, W. B. A rock glacier and its relation to the mass balance of corrie glaciers, Strupbreen, Troms, Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 30, Ht. 2, 1976, p. 51–55. [Presents evidence that rock glacier has core of glacier ice derived from corrie glaciers that fed into Strupbreen below the equilibrium line.]

Williams, G. P., and Gold, L. W. Ground temperatures. Canada. National Research Council. Division of Building Research. Canadian Building Digest, CBD 180, 1976, p. 180-1–180-4. [Provides general background information on ground temperature measurements in Canada, factors affecting ground temperature, and limitations to estimating or calculating these temperatures on a site.]

Wong, J., and others. Permafrost: electrical properties of the active layer measured in situ, [by] J. Wong, J. R. Rossiter and G. R. Olhoeft and D. W. Strangway. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 4, Pt. 1, 1977, p. 582–86. [Presents results of measuring dielectric constant and apparent conductivity of active layer on Involuted Hill, near Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories, Canada, in summer and winter, using resonating antennae near 100 MHz.]

Woo, Ming-ko. Evaporation and water level in the active layer. Arctic and Alpine Research, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1976, p. 213–17. [Observations at Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada, enable comparison to be made between diurnal and seasonal patterns of evaporation and water storage in active layer.]

Meteorological and climatological glaciology

Battan, L. J. Rain resulting from melting ice particles. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 16, No. 6, 1977, p. 595–604. [Radar observations on particle-size spectra and their changes.]

Berger, W. H., and Killingley, J. S. Glacial–Holocene transition in deep-sea carbonates: selective dissolution and the stable isotope signal. Science, Vol. 197, No. 4303, 1977, p. 563–66. [Differential dissolution experienced by planktonic assemblage shows a pulse shortly after the maximum rate of deglaciation but well before drop in fertility of upper waters.]

Bespalova, Ye. A., and others. Issledovaniye protsessov ledoobrazovaniya po dannym izmereniy radioteplovogo izlucheniya s borta samoleta [Investigation of ice formation processes with the aid of measurements of passive microwave emission aboard an aircraft]. [By] Ye. A. Bespalova, Yu. I. Rabinovich, Ye. A. Sharkov, T. A. Shiryayeva, V. S. Etkin. Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, 1976, No. 2, p. 68–72.

Changnon, S. A., jr. The scales of hail. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 16, No. 6, 1977, p. 626–48. [Review of North American available hail information in a series of time and space scales. Recommendation on desirable future data collection efforts.]

Griffiths, R. F. A hypothetical cloud-seeding method for facilitating the occurrence of lightning. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 16, No. 6, 1977, p. 658–61. [Suggestion that ice needles with surface impurities such as NH₃ could act as corona-giving bodies to trigger lightning—or that some artificial object with similar properties be used.]

Kachurin, L. G. O veroyatnosti obrazovaniya ledyanykh zarodyshey v pereokhlazhdennoy vode [On the probability of formation of ice nuclei in supercooled water]. Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, 1976, No. 8, p. 48–55. [English summary, p. 55.]

Lian, M. S., and Cess, R. D. Energy balance climate models: a reappraisal of ice-albedo feedback. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 7, 1977, p. 1058–62. [Conclude that this is a relatively mild climate feedback, amplifying global climate sensitivity by c. 25%.]

Libby, L. M., and Pandolfi, L. J. Climate periods in tree, ice and tides. Nature, Vol. 266, No. 5601, 1977, p. 415–17. [Ten periods found in stable isotope ratios of O and H in 1 800 years of Japanese cedar rings agree with those in 800 years of Greenland ice and with those computed from tidal stresses of the Sun–Moon–Earthsystem. The Japanese results, like the Greenland ones, are in antiphase with Californian bristlecone pine data.]

McKay, D. C. Measurements of the structure of atmospheric turbulence and energy fluxes involved in the energy budget of a snow cover. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 38, No. 1, 1977, p. 235-B–36-B. [Measurements at University of Guelph, Canada, which allowed a complete energy budget to be calculated. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of Guelph, 1977.]

Macklin, W. C., and others. Isotopic, crystal and air bubble structures of hailstones, [by] W. C. Macklin, C. A. Knight, H. E. Moore, N. C. Knight and W. H. Pollock, J. N. Carras and S. Thwaites. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 6, 1977, p. 961–67. [Deuterium, crystal and air-bubble structure of 11 large hailstones used to deduce ambient temperature of production and effective liquid-water concentrations.]

Paterson, W. S. B., and others. An oxygen-isotope climatic record from the Devon Island ice cap, Arctic Canada, by W. S. B. Paterson and R. M. Koerner, D. Fisher, S. J. Johnsen, H. B. Clausen and W. Dansgaard, P. Bucher and H. Oeschger. Nature, Vol. 266, No. 5602, 1977, p. 508–11. [Isotope record from two cores gives climate of last 5 000 years. Lowest part of core covers some 120 000 years.]

Poggi, A. Contribution à l'étude de la couche limite au voisinage immédiat de la surface du glacier Ampère (Îles Kerguelen). Une contribution française à la Décennie Hydrologique Internationale. Annales de Géophysique, Tom. 32, No. 4, 1976, p. 351–72. [Study of microclimate of glacier.]

Tareyeva, A. M. Temperatura vozdukha v vysokogornoy zone Kavkaza v letniy period [Air temperature in the alpine zone of the Caucasus in summer]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 59–66. [Presents calculations of vertical gradients of air temperatures over glacier surfaces. English summary, p. 65–66.]

Vento, D. The hailpad calibration for Italian hail damage documentation. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 15, No. 9, 1976, p. 1018–22. [Calibration ofinstrument to measure impact kinetic energy and momentum of a hailstone, the angle of hail-fall, and the number and size of stones. Comments by E. P. Lozowski, ibid., Vol. 16, No. 6, 1977, p. 668, with reply by author p. 669.]

Snow

Akitaya, E. Sekisetsunai no suberi-men no kansetsu [Observations of the sliding surface within the snow cover]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 241–44. [Examines crystal structure of freshly fallen potentially avalanching snow.]

Arutyunov, Yu. G., and Golubev, G. N. Sezonnyye izmeneniya osobennostey snezhnogo pokrova i firnovoy tolshchi lednika Dzhankuat [Seasonal changes in snow peculiarities and firn sequence of Lednik Dzhankuat]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 139–43. [Caucasus. English summary, p. 143.]

[Avalanches.] Unusual weather: the Alta snow slide story. Weatherwise, Vol. 29, No. 6, 1976, p. 286–87. [Describes some nineteenth-century avalanches affecting this town in Utah, U.S.A.]

Belenkov, A. A., and others. Snezhno-lavinnyy rezhim Baykal'skogo khrebta [Snow-avalanche regime of Baykal'skiy Khrebet]. [By] A. A. Belenkov, N. A. Volodicheva, Ye. S. Troshkina. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 88–94. [Presents results of detailed study of avalanches in this region in 1968–71. English summary, p. 94.]

Björnsson, H. Snow avalanche studies in Iceland. Glaciological Data. Report GD-1, 1977, p. 39–41. [Summarizes recorded deaths by avalanches since 1601, totalling 446.]

Borryshev, A. V., and Rzhevskiy, B. N. Osnovnyye napravleniya sovershenstvovaniya metodov issledovaniya snega i lavin i bor'by s nimi na kombinate "Apatit" [Main trends of the development of snow and avalanche studies and protective measures in the "Apatit" combine.] Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 97–100. [General discussion of avalanche problems and how data should be collected, stored, and used. English summary, p. 100.]

Bowling, S. A. Relationships between temperature and snowfall in interior Alaska. Arctic, Vol. 30, No. 1, 1977, p. 62–64. [Excessive early-winter snowfall tends to be followed by periods of excessively cold weather.]

Bozhinskiy, A. N. O soskal'zyvanii plasta snega cherez uderzhivayushchiy shchit [On the sliding of a snow layer over protective shields]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 86–90. [Results of studies on most suitable placing of avalanche defences. English summary, p. 89–90.]

Corner, G. D. Rundvatnet—avalanche plunge-pool or meteorite impact crater? Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 29, Ht. 2, 1975, p. 75–76. [Suggests meteorite impact is cause of lake in north Norway, in opposition to view of O. Liestøl (Norsk Polarinstitutt. Årbok, 1972, p. 179–81).]

Cutforth, P. R. Edinburgh's snowfall of 2 April 1976. Journal of Meteorology (Trowbridge), Vol. 1, No. 9, 1976, p. 296. [4 cm recorded at altitude 80 m; depths up to 15 cm at altitudes of 150 to 200 m.]

Danilina, A. V., and Okolov, V. F. Opredeleniye maksimal'noy intensivnosti tayaniya snega v malykh formakh rel'yefa (na primere Koashvinskogo tsirka) [Determinations of the maximum rate of snow melting in small topographic forms (using the example of the Koashva cirque)]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 134–37. [Data from 1936 to 1972 used to study snow melt in this cirque in Zabaykal'ye. English summary, p. 137.]

Delsol, F. Les avalanches en France le 15 février 1976. La Météorologie, Sér. 6, No. 4, 1976, p. 149–50. [Analyses meteorological circumstances causing severe avalanches in French Alps and Pyrenees on this date.]

Dyurgerov, M. B., and Sapunov, V. N. Opyt ploshchadnoy snegomernoy s"yemki v gornom basseyne [Experiment of an areal snow survey in a mountain basin]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 146–52. [Presents results of snow surveys in Khibiny region, Murmanskaya Oblast'. English summary, p. 151–52.]

Endō, Y., and Akitaya, E. Shamen sekisetsu no kyodō no kenkyū. VI. "Kobu"-jō kifuku no keisei to sono kikō [Studies of the behaviour of a snow cover on a mountain slope. VI. Formation and mechanism of bumpshaped undulations]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 99–110. [Discusses results from field observations. English summary, p. 110.]

Endō, Y., and others. Ishikari-Yūfutsu hciya ni okeru sekisetsu no tokusei [Regional characteristics of the snow cover in the Ishikari-Yūfutsu plain]. [By] Y. Endō, E. Akitaya, T. Takahashi, K. Izumi. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 133–45. [Detailed study of snow in this part of. Japan in relation to climatic conditions. English summary, p. 144–45.]

Filion, L., and Payette, S. La dynamique de l'enneigement en région hémi-arctique, Poste-de-la-Baleine, Nouveau-Québec. Cahiers de Géographie de Québec, Vol. 20, No. 50, 1976, p. 275–301. [Relates patterns of snow accumulation in this region of Canada to topography and vegetation.]

Frutiger, H. Avalanche damage and avalanche protection in Switzerland. Glaciological Data. Report GD-1, 1977, p. 17–32. [Translated by R. L. Armstrong from Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Research and Engineering Supplement, 2 February 1977.]

Gandolfo, S. La neve in Calabria-Basilicata. Revista di Meteorologia Aeronautica, Vol. 35, No. 4, 1975, p. 333–46. [Shows effect of altitude on snow on the ground in this part of southern Italy, using data from 1934 to 1968 and comparing results with those obtained previously for Sicily.]

Golubev, G. N., and others. Opyt issledovaniya vodnogo rezhima snezhnogo pokrova na yazyke lednika Dzhankuat s pomoshch'yu stokovoy ploshchadki [Studies of the water regime of snow cover on tongue of Lednik Dzhankuat with the help of a run-off plot]. [By] G. N. Golubev, M. B. Dyurgerov, A. Ya. Shcherbinin. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 159–63. [Studies in Caucasus. English summary, p. 163.]

Grakovich, V. F. Vozmozhnosti postroyeniya banka glyatsiologicheskikh dannykh na EVM [On the possibilities of constructing a glaciological data bank using computers]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 108–12. [Considers various systems, especially for collecting data on avalanche prevention. English summary, p. 112.]

Grishin, I. S., and Khmelevskoy, I. F. Nekotoryye osobennosti snegonakopleniya na territorii lesnoy zony SSSR vdol' 60-y paralleli [Some peculiarities of snow accumulation in the forests of the U.S.S.R. along the 60th parallel]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 72–78. [Country-wide survey along 60° latitude. English summary, p. 78.]

Gudjonsson, S. R. A note on avalanches in Iceland. Polar Record, Vol. 18, No. 116, 1977, p. 508–12. [Points out much needs to be done about avalanche protection, control and forecasting in Iceland.]

Hargreaves, M. I. Statistics of snow depth at selected stations in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. November 1946–April 1973. Bracknell, Berkshire, Meteorological Office, 1976. 31 p. (Climatological Memorandum 76.)

Higuchi, K. Snow crystals observed at Lhajung station in Khumbu region. Seppyō, Vol. 38, Special Issue, 1976, p. 93–101. [Observations made from 1900 to 1945 related to meteorological conditions on 1 January 1975 in this part of Nepal Himalaya. Illustrations show types of crystals found.]

Hoffeditz, C. N. An analysis of absorption and penetration of radiant energy into snow. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 7, 1977, p. 3321-B. [Investigation of radiant energy exchange at snow surface for long- and short-wave radiation and of penetration of visible and near infra-red portions of short-wave radiation within snow. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, 1976. University Microfilms order no. 77-588.]

Hudson, I. C. Cairngorm snow-field report 1975. Journal of Meteorology (Trowbridge), Vol. 1, No. 9, 1976, p. 284–86. [Four snow-fields survived after one of the hottest summers on record in the Scottish Highlands.]

Isayenko, E. P., and others. Preduprezhdeniye snezhnykh lavin na gornykh sklonakh [Prevention of snow avalanches on mountain slopes]. [By] E. P. Isayenko, B. A. Anfilof'yev, V. K. Lokhin, A. M. Zhilin. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 71–76. [Mainly concerned with pressure of snow on constructions for prevention of avalanches. English summary, p. 76.]

Jackson, M. C. The avalanches in Sussex. Journal of Meteorology (Trowbridge), Vol. 1, No. 8, 1976, p. 265. [Comment on article by G. A. Southern, ibid., Vol. 1, No. 6, 1976, p. 182–83, and referring to full published account of avalanche.]

Johnson, P. Snowmelt. (In Institution of Civil Engineers. Flood studies conference. Papers and discussion on the Flood studies report and discussion on Reservoir flood standards; proceedings of the conference organized by the Institution of Civil Engineers, London, 7–8 May 1975. London, Institution of Civil Engineers, 1975, p. 5–10, 18–21. [Deals with river flooding caused by melting of snow in the British Isles. Discussion, p. 18–21.]

Judson, A. Colorado's avalanche warning program. Weatherwise, Vol. 29, No. 6, 1976, p. 268–77. [Describes procedure followed by U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service at Fort Collins, co-operating with the U.S. National Weather Service, in warning tourists and residents of avalanche danger. Programme has been operating since 1973 formally, and on a smaller scale since 1962.]

Kamioka, S., and Kuroiwa, D. Kōmitsudosetsu ni okeru hikari no gensui ni tsuite [Extinction of light in high-density snow]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 49–58. [Effect of sintering studied in laboratory. English summary, p. 58.]

Kikuchi, K., and Hogan, A. W. Snow crystal observations in summer season at Amundsen–Scott South Pole station, Antarctica. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Ser. 7, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1976, p. 1–20. [Unusual shapes examined with polarizing microscope.]

Kikuchi, T., and Ishida, T. Chifubuki-ji no sodo no zōka ni tsuite [A note on the increase of roughness during drifting of snow]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 87–91. [English summary, p. 91.]

Kikuchi, T., and Ishida, T. Sestumenjō no Reinoruzu ōryoku no sokutei [Measurements of the Reynolds stress on a snow surface]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 93–97. [Measurements of friction velocities on a snow surface by several methods. English summary, p. 97.]

Kim, K. A stochastic approach to snowmelt runoff forecasting. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 6, 1976, p. 2729-B. [Development of models by which air temperature and precipitation data for spring periods can be generated for use in mathematical run-off models to determine range and probability of snow-melt floods. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, 1976. University Microfilms order no. 76-27863.]

Kind, R. J. A critical examination of the requirements for model simulation of wind-induced erosion/deposition phenomena such as snow drifting. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1976, p. 219–27. [Examines requirements for model simulation of wind-induced saltation phenomena.]

Knutson, E. O., and others. Aerosol collection by snow and ice crystals. By E. O. Knutson, S. K. Sood and J. D. Stockham. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 10, No. 5, 1976, p. 395–402. [Presents and discusses experimental data on below-cloud scavenging of atmospheric aerosol particles by falling snow-flakes and ice crystals.]

Kobayashi, S. Shōgaibutsu fukin no yuki no fukidamari to hisetsu kūkan mitsudo [Snow-drifts and drift density around obstructions]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 237–40. [Relates depth of snow to its density, taking into account wind and obstructions such as buildings.]

Kojima, K., and others. Kenzōbutsu-shōheki-tō no fukin ni okeru yūsetsuryō no bunpu to nesshūshi [Snow melt and heat balance at the surface of snow round a structure such as a building and a board fence]. [By] K. Kojima, H. Aburakawa, N. Ishikawa, S. Takahashi, H. Kubota. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 111–21. [Presents results of field measurements made at various points and distances around these structures. English summary, p. 120–21.]

Krasnosel'skiy, E. B. Zashchita kar'yernykh prostranstv of snezhnykh lavin [Protection of quarries from snow avalanches]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 95–97. [Deals with problems of open-cast mining in areas of avalanche occurrence. English summary, p. 97.]

Kruchinin, Yu. A. Landshaftoobrazuyushchaya i landshaftno-indikatsionnaya rol' snezhnogo pokrova Antarktidy [Landscape-forming and landscape-indicative role of snow cover in Antarctica]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 54–59. [English summary, p. 59.]

Kubota, H., and Kojima, K. Sekisetsuchū no kūdō ni okeru netsudentatsu [Heat transfer in a cavity formed below or within snow]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 123–32. [Laboratory studies on mechanism of heat transfer. English summary, p. 131–32.]

Kumai, M. Identification of nuclei and concentrations of chemical species in snow crystals sampled at the South Pole. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 5, 1976, p. 833–41. [60% of nuclei contained clay minerals, 20% NaCl, 5% unidentifiable, and 15% had no nuclei.]

Kupczyk, E. Rola czynników meteorologicznych w procesie formowania wezbrań roztopowych [Impact of meteorological conditions on snow-melt flood formation processes]. Prace i Studia Instytutu Geograficznego U[niwersytetu] W[arszawskiego], Zeszyt 18, Klimatologia, Zeszyt 8, 1976, p. 149–62. [Attempts to identify most important meteorological factors influencing snow-melt floods, and to define quantitative relationship. English summary, p. 161.]

LaChapelle, E. R. An informal, annotated glossary of avalanche terms. Glaciological Data. Report GD-1, 1977, p. 1–3. [Terminology.]

Leaf, C. F., and Martinelli, M., ed. Avalanche dynamics: engineering applications for land use planning. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Forest Service. Research Paper RM-183, 1977, [ii], 51 p. [Voellmy's (1955) equations are reviewed and combined with more recent findings. Equations are used to estimate flow heights, velocities, specific thrust pressure, maximum specific weight of debris and run-out distance for 12 specific case studies in Colorado.]

Luckman, B. H. The geomorphic activity of snow avalanches. Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 59A, Nos. 1–2, 1977, p. 31–48. [Reviews studies undertaken during last 15 years.]

Lyall, I. T. The snowfall of 2 June 1975. Journal of Meteorology (Trowbridge), Vol. 2, No. 15, 1977, p. 73–78. [Describes events of that day and attendant synoptic factors.]

Lystad, S. L. Noen netraktninger over snødeckke, snødyp og deres sammenheng med meteorologiske parametre. Frost i Jord, No. 18, 1977, p. 15–33. [Study of snow cover and depth of snow in relation to other meteorological elements based on data from Norwegian weather stations. English summary, p. 28, 33.]

Lyutsko, A. M., and others. Radioizotopnyy kontrol' snezhnogo pokrova [Radio-isotope measurements of snow cover]. [By] A. M. Lyutsko, V. A. Chudakov, O. M. Anshakov, V. F. Grakovich. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 168–72. [Describes methods and discusses some results. English summary, p. 172.]

McKay, D. C. Measurements of the structure of atmospheric turbulence and energy fluxes involved in the energy budget of a snow cover. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 38, No. 1, 1977, p. 235-B–36-B. [Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of Guelph, Canada, 1977.]

Maki, T. Kantan na buttai ni yotte dekiru yuki no fukidamari ni kan suru kenkyū [An experimental study on snow-drifts formed by simple obstacles]. Nankyoku Shiryō: Antarctic Record, No. 53, 1975, p. 33–44. [Studies on effect of obstacle arrangement at Syowa station, Dronning Maud Land. English abstract, p. 33.]

Martinelli, M., jr. Avalanche activity at the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station 1977. Glaciological Data. Report GD-1, 1977, p. 13–16. [Describes operational and research activities.]

Matson, M. Winter snow-cover maps of North America and Eurasia from satellite records, 1966–1976. NOAA Technical Memorandum, NESS 84, 1977, iii, 28 p. [Presents ten years of monthly mean snow cover charts and data derived from them as initial climatological basis for monitoring and studying northern hemisphere snow cover variability.]

Miller, M. E. Snow in West Virginia. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS ER-63, 1977, 20 p. [Discusses problems of forecasting in this state of U.S.A. where varied topography plays an important part.]

Mitchell, G. R. Snow loads on roofs—an interim report on a survey. Watford, Building Research Station. Building Research Establishment, [^c1976]. [ii], 14 p. (Building Research Establishment Current Paper CP 33/76.) [Preliminary results of 1964–75 survey of depth (and in some cases density) of snow on various types of roofs in the United Kingdom.]

Miyauchi, S. Shizen-rakka hōshiki ni yoru yaneyuki-shori no genjō [Observations on snow cover and its sliding on galvanized iron roofs]. Seppyō, Vol. 39, No. 1, 1977, p. 7–14. [Field tests show important effect of air temperature. English summary, p. 14.]

Naruse, R., and others. Kitami-sanchi Uenshiridake no sekkei chosa (1976-nen) [Glaciological studies of a snow-patch on Mt. Uenshiridake, Hokkaido (1976)]. [By] R. Naruse [and 7 others]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 147–62. [Snow-patch formed from debris of snow avalanches at height 400 m in narrow valley in northern Hokkaido, Japan. Results of various measurements presented. English summary, p. 161–62.]

Osokin, N. I. Opyt sostavleniya karty prodolzhitel'nosti zaleganiya snezhnogo pokrova po dannym iskusstvennykh sputnikov zemli [On the compilation of a map showing duration of snow cover by means of satellite data]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 125–28. [Eastern Siberia. English summary, p. 128.]

Otts, R. E. Locally heavy snow downwind from cooling towers. NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS ER-62, 1976, [8] p. [Describes two heavy snowfalls near Charleston, West Virginia, which appear to have been induced by large cooling towers.]

Palosuo, E., and others. Lumen kitkan vaikutus suksen luistoon [The effect of friction between snow and skis]. [By] E. Palosuo, T. Hiltunen, J. Jokinen, M. Teinonen. University of Helsinki. Report Series in Geophysics, No. 6, 1977, 31 p. [Studies with wooden and plastic skis, with and without ski waxes. English abstract, p. 1.]

Perla, R. Slab avalanche measurements. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1977, p. 206–13. [Concludes that failure initiates where slope is 25° or steeper, that slab failure stress is in range 10² to 10⁴ N/m², and that slab failure plane is most commonly at −5°C or warmer. In situ measurement of shear strength is not yet resolved.]

Plam, M. Soviet avalanche research. Glaciological Data. Report GD-1, 1977, p. 33–38. [Outlines research since 1930.]

Ramsli, G. Snoskredproblemer og snoskredsikring i Rogers Pass, Canada. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 29, Ht. 3, 1975, p. 159–63. [Avalanche problems and countermeasures in this part of British Columbia.]

Regelin, W. L. Effects of snow drifts on mountain shrub communities. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 12, Pt. 1, 1977, p. 5908-B. [Experimental snow fences were constructed on crucial deer winter range to determine feasibility of increasing forage availability by location of snow-drifts. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, Colorado State University, 1976. University Microfilms order no. 77-12061.]

Rzhevskiy, B. N. Deskriptornyy slovar' dlya dokumentatsii lavin na tekhnicheskikh nositelyakh informatsii [Descriptive vocabulary for the documentation of avalanches on technical data carriers]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 100–08. [Describes system used for describing avalanches for data storage by "Apatit" mine service. English summary, p. 108.]

Samoylov, V. A. Stereofotogrammetricheskaya s"yemka dvizhushchikhsya lavin v Khibinakh [Stereophotogrammetric surveys of avalanches in the Khibiny mountains]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 28, 1976, p. 128–33. [Study of avalanche dynamics in Murmanskaya Oblast'. English summary, p. 133.]

Satō, A., and Wakahama, G. Sekisetsu no soseiha [Plastic waves in snow]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 59–69. [Describes laboratory experiments on plastic waves in a block of snow, generated by dropping a heavy metal 1 kg-weight from a height of 2 m, and discusses results. English summary, p. 66–69.]

Schaerer, P. A. Analysis of snow avalanche terrain. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1977, p. 281–87. [Presents results of multiple regression analysis of dependence of number of observed avalanches on various terrain factors.]

Shibko, P. G. Preduprezhdeniye snezhnykh lavin na neustoychivykh gornykh sklonakh [Prevention of snow avalanches on unstable mountains slopes]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27. 1976, p. 76–82. [Deals mathematically with constructions for prevention of avalanches in geologically complicated regions, with reference to Sakhalin. English summary, p. 82.]

Southern, G. A. The great Christmas blizzard and avalanches of 1836. Journal of Meteorology (Trowbridge), Vol. 1, No. 6, 1976, p. 182–83. [Account based on contemporary newspaper reports: particularly severe over Sussex Downs, with avalanche falling from cliff at Lewes.]

Steinhäusser, H. Beziehung der Neuschneesummen zum Anteil des festen Niederschlags am Gesamtniederschlag. Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Ser. B, Vol. 24, No. 1–2, 1976, p. 35–39. [Relates amount of snow and ice precipitated in eastern Alps to total amount of precipitation.]

Takahashi, T., and Fujino, K. Sekisetsu-ryūshi-kan no sōtai-teki kesshō shujiku hōi [Crystal orientation of fabrics in a snow-pack]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 71–78. [Snow in state of metamorphosis. English summary, p. 78.]

Thomas, A. La neige et son evolution en moyenne montagne. Revue de Géographie Alpine, Tom. 65, Fasc. 1, 1977, p. 91–119. [Deals with snow in the atmosphere and on the ground, and its metamorphosis. Based on observations in the French Alps.]

Uyeda, H., and Kikuchi, K. Remeasurement of the axial angle between spatial branches of natural polycrystalline snow crystals. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Ser. 7, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1976, p. 21–28. [Confirms results of C. W. Lee, Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, Vol. 50, No. 3, 1972, p. 171–80.]

Voytkovskiy, K. F. Mekhanicheskiye svoystva snega [Mechanical properties of snow]. Moscow, "Nauka", 1977. 126 p. [Intended for scientists and for those concerned with construction problems and avalanche protection in regions affected by snow.]

Wankiewicz, A. C. Water percolation within a deep snowpack: field investigations at a site on Mt. Seymour, British Columbia. Dissertation Abstracts International, B, Vol. 37, No. 7, 1977, p. 3321-B–22-B. [Capillary pressure and flux measured in old wet snow-pack, using tensiometers and tension lysimeters. Abstract of Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, 1976.]

Weisman, R. N. Snowmelt: a two-dimensional turbulent diffusion model. Water Resources Research, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1977, p. 337–42. [Considers melt from ripe snow-pack due to sensible and latent heat flux.]

Yosida, Z. [i.e. Yoshida, J.] Kiatsu no kyokusho kyūsoku kōka ni yoru sekisetsu no hisan. I. Kiso-teki kōsatsu [Flying of snow caused by a local drop in atmospheric pressure. I. Fundamental matters necessary for studying the phenomenon of snow flying]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 1–15. [Discusses this flying (dispersal) phenomenon which occurs in the wake of a particular type of avalanche known in mountainous areas of central Japan. English summary, p. 14–15.]

Yosida, Z. [i.e. Yoshida, J.] Kiatsu no kyokusho kyūsoku kōka ni yoru sekisetsu no hisan. II. Bōchō ryūshutsu ni yoru hisan no hassei jōken [Flying of snow caused by a local drop in atmospheric pressure. II. Conditions for snow flying to be initiated by "expansion flow out" of air]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 17–33. [Describes conditions giving rise to this dispersal phenomenon. English summary, p. 31–33.]

Yosida, Z. [i.e. Yoshida, J.] Kiatsu no kyokusho kyōsoku kōka ni yoru sekisetsu no hisan. III. Teisoku kiatsu kōka hisan ni yoru sekisetsu hyōmen no kakō [Flying of snow caused by a local drop in atmospheric pressure. III. Descent of the surface of a snow cover on account of flying off of snow]. Teion-kagaku: Low Temperature Science, Ser. A, [No.] 34, 1976, p. 35–48. [Discusses loss of snow due to removal of surface snow by this dispersal phenomenon. English summary, p. 46–48.]

Zalikhanov, M. Ch. Nekotoryye osobennosti vliyaniya rel'yefa Bol'shogo Kavkaza na obrazovaniye lavin [Some peculiarities of the influence of the relief of the Greater Caucasus on avalanche formation]. Materialy Glyatsiologicheskikh Issledovaniy. Khronika. Obsuzhdeniya, Vyp. 27, 1976, p. 85–88. [Identifies seven topographic features that affect avalanche formation. May be used to study other areas. English summary, p. 88.]

Zhdanov, L. A. Stokovoy veter i raspoznavaniye s pomoshch'yu sputnikovykh fotografiy perenosa snega v Antarktide [Katabatic wind and identification of snow transfer in Antarctica with the help of satellite photographs]. Antarktika. Doklady Komissii, Vyp. 16, 1977, p. 30–44. [Data obtained from Molodezhnaya and McMurdo stations.]