Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-12T22:27:59.719Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Mental health research capacity building in sub-Saharan Africa: the African Mental Health Research Initiative

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2020

Dixon Chibanda*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
Melanie Abas
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Rosemary Musesengwa
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
Chris Merritt
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Katherine Sorsdahl
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
Walter Mangezi
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
Chiwoza Bandawe
Affiliation:
College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
Frances Cowan
Affiliation:
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
Ricardo Araya
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
Exnevia Gomo
Affiliation:
Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
Lorna Gibson
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Helen Weiss
Affiliation:
MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Charlotte Hanlon
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Crick Lund
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
*
Author for correspondence: Dixon Chibanda, E-mail: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Mental, neurological and substance use (MNS) disorders are a leading, but neglected, cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. The treatment gap for MNS is vast with only 10% of people with MNS disorders in low-income countries accessing evidence-based treatments. Reasons for this include low awareness of the burden of MNS disorders and limited evidence to support development, adaptation and implementation of effective and feasible treatments. The overall goal of the African Mental Health Research Initiative (AMARI) is to build an African-led network of MNS researchers in Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa and Zimbabwe, who are equipped to lead high quality mental health research programs that meet the needs of their countries, and to establish a sustainable career pipeline for these researchers with an emphasis on integrating MNS research into existing programs such as HIV/AIDS. This paper describes the process leading to the development of AMARI's objectives through a theory of change workshop, successes and challenges that have been faced by the consortium in the last 4 years, and the future role that AMARI could play in further building MNS research capacity by brining on board more institutions from low- and middle-income countries with an emphasis on developing an evidence-based training curriculum and a research-driven care service.

Type
Commentary
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
Published by Cambridge University Press. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2020

Background

Mental, neurological and substance use (MNS) disorders are a leading, but neglected, cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) (Charlson et al., Reference Charlson, Diminic, Lund, Degenhardt and Whiteford2014). MNS disorders account for >25% of all years lived with disability globally, more than cardiac disease or cancer (World Health Organization, 2010; Whiteford et al., Reference Whiteford, Ferrari, Degenhardt, Feigin and Vos2016). The treatment gap is vast, only 10% of people with MNS disorders in low-income countries access evidence-based treatments compared to 33% in high-income countries (Hyman et al., Reference Hyman, Chisholm, Kessler, Patel, Whiteford, Jamison, Breman and Measham2006; Shidhaye et al., Reference Shidhaye, Lund and Chisholm2015). Reasons for this include low awareness of the burden of MNS disorders and limited evidence to support development, adaptation and implementation of effective and feasible treatments. While pockets of mental health research excellence exist in Africa, MNS research capacity is generally limited, particularly in mental health intervention, service and system research. Mental health research excellence is currently undermined by restricted opportunities for training and mentorship, unclear career pathways, lack of integration in general medical settings, limited multi-disciplinary collaboration and the lack of a critical mass of MNS researchers and leaders (Liu et al., Reference Liu, Jack, Piette, Mangezi, Machando, Rwafa, Goldenberg and Abas2016).

The African Mental Health Research Initiative (AMARI) is a mental health research capacity building initiative funded through the Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training and Science (DELTAS) program through the African Academy of Sciences (AAS) which is supported by the Wellcome Trust and the UK Department of International Development. The AMARI consortium established in 2015 comprises four African universities [University of Zimbabwe, University of Cape Town (UCT), Addis Ababa University and College of Medicine Malawi], supported by three UK universities (King's College London, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine). AMARI was built on the foundation of prior capacity building programs such as the EMERALD program at the UCT. The overall goal of the AMARI is twofold. First, to build a critical mass of an African-led network of MNS researchers in Ethiopia, Malawi, South Africa and Zimbabwe, who are equipped to lead high quality mental health research programs that meet the needs of their countries. Second, to establish a sustainable career pipeline for these researchers with an emphasis on integrating MNS research into existing programs such as HIV/AIDS, NCDs, maternal and child health (Chibanda et al., Reference Chibanda, Benjamin, Weiss and Abas2014).

AMARI seeks to achieve the above overall goals through four specific objectives: (1) select and train 47 MNS research fellows from a range of disciplines at Masters, Ph.D. and post-doctoral levels in research excellence; (2) build leadership skills of fellows through a Career Development Series on Leadership, Management and Mentoring; (3) design and test an advocacy and systems change strategy for the four countries which can be adapted for other African countries, with an aim to build sustainable career pathways in MNS academia and (4) develop a web-based support platform for training, supervision and networking.

AMARI theory of change

A theory of change (ToC) workshop carried out during the first year of the program outlined the pathways to be followed to achieve these specific objectives. The ToC approach provides a framework for planning, implementation and evaluation of complex initiatives (Kubisch et al., Reference Kubisch, Connell, Fulbright-Anderson, Pierson and Smith2001). In recent years, it has been used extensively in planning, implementing and evaluating mental health initiatives (Breuer et al., Reference Breuer, De Silva, Fekadu, Luitel, Murhar, Nakku, Petersen and Lund2014; De Silva et al., Reference De Silva, Breuer, Lee, Asher, Chowdhary, Lund and Patel2014; Hailemariam et al., Reference Hailemariam, Fekadu, Selamu, Alem, Medhin, Giorgis, Desilva and Breuer2015; Chibanda et al., Reference Chibanda, Verhey, Munetsi, Cowan and Lund2016a). The AMARI ToC was used to bring together key stakeholders in an effort to build consensus around a hypothesized causal pathway that would lead to the realization of AMARI's goals. The stakeholders were selected from all the four African countries in the consortium according to their involvement in Mental Health Research and their potential to keep AMARI sustainable through their institutions. A ToC map outlining key indicators, barriers, assumptions, rationale and other critical milestones was developed over a 5-day period by the AMARI collaborative group (Fig. 1). The AMARI ToC outlined strategies for addressing a wide range of issues related to the program objectives which included (i) developing the AMARI training courses, (ii) gathering baseline data for each country, for evaluation purposes, (iii) design of an advocacy and systems change strategy; (iv) conducting qualitative and quantitative interviews with local policymakers and service users to identify needs and priorities; (v) identifying and training supervisors and (vi) recruitment of AMARI fellows across the four countries.

Fig. 1. AMARI ToC.

Although the AMARI ToC can be viewed as the anchor for the program's direction it is a living document influenced by an iterative interaction between partners and key stakeholders with the final evaluation expected to be carried out in the next 2 years. We provide below some initial successes and challenges.

AMARI successes and challenges

Successes

As AMARI reaches its half-way mark, with 37 (two PostDoc, 25 Ph.D. and 10 MPhil) fellows recruited and registered across the four countries focusing on eight different research domains (Table 1), it is timely to reflect on some of the successes and challenges of the program so far. Key achievements have included (i) successfully stimulating interest in MNS research and recruiting 37 research fellows across the four countries as described in the ‘selection’ box in the ToC (Fig. 1), (ii) establishing formal networks within institutional partners with terms of reference, recruitment procedures and communications strategies ‘engagement’, (iii) recruitment of Fellows and understanding their background per cohort as a way of developing their specific career pipelines, (iv) putting in place supervisory arrangements with both local and external supervisors including frequency of meetings and reporting and (v) fellows applying and successfully securing additional grant funds for extra skills building, training, travel, operational costs and networking. These achievements are described briefly below. A detailed description is intended for publication upon completion of the program within the next 2 years.

Table 1. AMARI research domains

AMARI innovative courses

The Academic Competencies Enhancement Series (ACES) courses, which falls under sustainable career pipeline in the ToC (Fig. 1), focuses on building technical research and career building skills over 10 workshops (Table 2) which focus on three key themes: writing skills, self-development and science engagement. Writing skills focus on grant writing and academic writing for peer review journals. Self-development focuses on mentoring training, team working, work–life balance and career strategy. The engagement workshops focus on presentation skills, use of digital media, community and stakeholder teaching and engaging policymakers.

Table 2. Key components of the ACES program

The AMARI MPhil Webinars and Teaching Program run from the University of Cape Town (UCT) has formed the basis of the consortium's monthly webinars which fall under capacity to design and conduct research in the ToC map (Fig. 1). Building on the existing infrastructure and content of the monthly webinars run through UCT, fellows have had access to the online interactive platform through the existing Public Mental health program running through the UCT. This MPhil program is currently the only one of its kind in Africa. Through AMARI funding access to this program has been made possible for fellows who would otherwise be unable to afford the fees and travel to the UCT. The UCT MPhil application is open to all applicants from AMARI country partners offering a Masters level training for mental health services research and an entry to further Ph.D. studies.

The AMARI Public engagement grant – ARTICULATE public engagement component, builds on the engagement courses provided through ACES. This is reflected under ‘fellows as leaders’ in the ToC (Fig. 1). ARTICULATE provides an interactive platform for AMARI fellows, the community and key stakeholders, aimed at strengthening existing, cultural and or arts initiatives that work with or are prepared to work with people living with MNS in the four countries. In all four countries AMARI has identified and engaged existing arts and cultural initiatives where fellows are formally attached and interact with user groups and community members to increase awareness around mental health issues. This process is being documented through a four-part documentary film and a 20-series radio program run over 3 years. The documentary and radio programs will run in all four AMARI African countries.

Challenges

AMARI has in the last 3 years made considerable progress in recruiting and training Masters, Doctoral and Post-doctoral Fellows, whose research is contributing toward narrowing the treatment gap for MNS disorders in the four countries. A critical challenge has been the poor basic research skills in Ph.D. and MPhil candidates suggesting a need to focus on basic research training. Some challenges that have emerged include stimulating interest in MNS research for post-doc fellows, reflecting the underdevelopment of MNS research in two of the countries (Malawi and Zimbabwe) where ‘selection and training’ of post-doctoral fellows has not happened as described in the ToC (Fig. 1). The post-doctoral recruitment has, however, been successful where established research programs exist, for example, in Ethiopia and South Africa where both partners are WHO collaborating centers for mental health research. Another challenge has been identifying and engaging suitable local supervisors (Fig. 1) with relevant mental health and research experience. While there is supervisory support from the AMARI UK institutions managing the relationship between local and external (UK) supervisors has at times been difficult due to differing expectations and pre-existing experience as well as institutional structures which have not always been aligned with AMARI's objectives which encourage multidisciplinary Ph.D.s. The recruitment of fellows and registration at the institutional level has at times been delayed due to institutionally based administrative barriers such as lack of a post-doctoral career pathway and prolonged ethics approval. Operationalizing some of the AMARI developed online systems such as the Monitoring and Evaluation online log book, running the Webinar Series has been challenging due to unreliable and poor internet connectivity in some AMARI institutions. Finally, the proportion of clinicians applying for the program has been low with only six (16%) clinicians applying for either the MPhil, Ph.D. or post-doctoral positions. There is therefore a need to look into ways of making research a critical component of clinical work in SSA (Abas et al., Reference Abas, Nhiwatiwa, Mangezi, Jack, Piette, Cowan, Barley, Chingono, Iversen and Chibanda2014) by focusing on research that can be translated into clinical practice and contribute toward narrowing the treatment gap for MNS.

Future of AMARI

During a recent mid-term evaluation held in South Africa for the AAS DELTAS programs, AMARI was found to be on track in relation to the key objectives described above. As the program begins to look into the future a number of issues have emerged through consultations with stakeholders. These include the opportunity to bring on board more African countries as the program becomes consolidated across SSA. Interest from institutions outside Africa from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) such as India and China have opened up discussions about possibility of a broader global initiative.

Common themes and challenges across LMIC such as the large treatment gap for MNS (Patel et al., Reference Patel, Maj, Flisher, De Silva, Koschorke, Prince and Zonal2010) put AMARI in a unique position to lead the expansion of this capacity building initiative with an emphasis on developing excellence in leadership, training and science in a sustainable way. AMARI has in the last 3 years focused on critical MNS research areas identified as priority areas in SSA (Hakim et al., Reference Hakim, Barry, Matenga, Cowan and Campbell2017). Moving forward, AMARI will have to build on the eight research domains by using this new knowledge to drive development of training curriculum and research driven care to influence clinical practice that ultimately contributes toward the narrowing of the treatment gap for MNS disorders. In addition, AMARI will need to focus on biomedical research in line with current debate on etiology and classification of mental disorders as outlined by the research domain criteria (Cuthbert and Insel, Reference Cuthbert and Insel2013). Although clinicians have not been the largest beneficiaries of AMARI, in the future AMARI will have to engage clinicians through appropriate platforms such as ToC workshops, to be better informed of the challenges that clinicians may be facing. These challenges could then be addressed using empirical observation and appropriate research methods (Fig. 2). Furthermore, the introduction of the MD-Ph.D. courses which equip the clinician with research skills will be needed including early identification of promising medical students who could be part of clinical research teams. AMARI could initially facilitate ToC workshops to inform the program of the needs of various clinical personnel starting with medical students. This knowledge could then be synthesized to develop an evidence-based training curriculum and a research driven care platform which would seek to strengthen clinical practice (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. AMARI future role.

For instance, with the growing evidence of task-shifting approaches (Petersen et al., Reference Petersen, Lund, Bhana and Flisher2012; van Ginneken et al., Reference Van Ginneken, Tharyan, Lewin, Rao, Meera, Pian, Chandrashekar and Patel2013; Joshi et al., Reference Joshi, Alim, Kengne, Jan, Maulik, Peiris and Patel2014; Nakimuli-Mpungu et al., Reference Nakimuli-Mpungu, Wamala, Okello, Alderman, Odokonyero, Mojtabai, Mills, Kanters, Nachega and Musisi2015; Chibanda et al., Reference Chibanda, Weiss, Verhey, Simms, Munjoma, Rusakaniko, Chingono, Munetsi, Bere, Manda, Abas and Araya2016b; Javadi et al., Reference Javadi, Feldhaus, Mancuso and Ghaffar2017; Patel et al., Reference Patel, Weobong, Weiss, Anand, Bhat, Katti, Dimidjian, Araya, Hollon, King, Vijayakumar, Park, Mcdaid, Wilson, Velleman, Kirkwood and Fairburn2017) AMARI could in the future contribute toward the development of culturally appropriate training curriculum and research strategies aimed at ensuring sustainable implementation and scale up of evidence based care as has been the case in the fight against HIV/AIDS (Zachariah et al., Reference Zachariah R, Philips, Lynch, Massaquoi, Janssens and Harries2009; Swartz et al., Reference Swartz, Kilian, Twesigye, Attah and Chiliza2014).

Conclusion

Key innovative lessons from AMARI include (i) the focus on capacity building which is not only restricted to research methods, but also to leadership, career development and public engagement, (ii) the development of strong mutually beneficial partnerships between high and LMIC, (iii) the creation of opportunities for Fellows to become future leaders through a focus on key outcomes such as grants and publications and (iv) it is African led.

References

Abas, MA, Nhiwatiwa, SM, Mangezi, W, Jack, H, Piette, A, Cowan, FM, Barley, E, Chingono, A, Iversen, A and Chibanda, D (2014) Building mental health workforce capacity through training and retention of psychiatrists in Zimbabwe. International Review of Psychiatry 26, 453459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breuer, E, De Silva, MJ, Fekadu, A, Luitel, NP, Murhar, V, Nakku, J, Petersen, I and Lund, C (2014) Using workshops to develop theories of change in five low and middle income countries: lessons from the programme for improving mental health care (PRIME). International Journal of Mental Health Systems 8, 15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charlson, FJ, Diminic, S, Lund, C, Degenhardt, L and Whiteford, HA (2014) Mental and substance use disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: predictions of epidemiological changes and mental health workforce requirements for the next 40 years. PLoS One 9, e110208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chibanda, D, Benjamin, L, Weiss, HA and Abas, M (2014) Mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in people living with HIV/AIDS in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 67(suppl. 1), S54S67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chibanda, D, Verhey, R, Munetsi, E, Cowan, FM and Lund, C (2016 a) Using a theory driven approach to develop and evaluate a complex mental health intervention: the friendship bench project in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 10, 16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chibanda, D, Weiss, HA, Verhey, R, Simms, V, Munjoma, R, Rusakaniko, S, Chingono, A, Munetsi, E, Bere, T, Manda, E, Abas, M and Araya, R (2016 b) Effect of a primary care-based psychological intervention on symptoms of common mental disorders in Zimbabwe: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 316, 26182626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cuthbert, BN and Insel, TR (2013) Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: the seven pillars of RDoC. BMC Medicine 11, 126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Silva, MJ, Breuer, E, Lee, L, Asher, L, Chowdhary, N, Lund, C and Patel, V (2014) Theory of change: a theory-driven approach to enhance the Medical Research Council's framework for complex interventions. Trials 15, 267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hailemariam, M, Fekadu, A, Selamu, M, Alem, A, Medhin, G, Giorgis, TW, Desilva, M and Breuer, E (2015) Developing a mental health care plan in a low resource setting: the theory of change approach. BMC Health Services Research 15, 429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakim, JG, Barry, M, Matenga, J, Cowan, F and Campbell, TB (2017) Medical Education Partnership Initiative in Zimbabwe: partnerships for transformation. The Lancet. Global Health 5, e143e144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyman, S, Chisholm, D, Kessler, R, Patel, V and Whiteford, H (2006) Mental Disorders. In Jamison, DT, Breman, JG, Measham, AR, et al. , (eds), Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Chapter 31, 2nd edition. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google ScholarPubMed
Javadi, D, Feldhaus, I, Mancuso, A and Ghaffar, A (2017) Applying systems thinking to task shifting for mental health using lay providers: a review of the evidence. Global Mental Health (Cambridge) 4, e14.Google Scholar
Joshi, R, Alim, M, Kengne, AP, Jan, S, Maulik, PK, Peiris, D and Patel, AA (2014) Task shifting for non-communicable disease management in low and middle income countries – a systematic review. PLoS One 9, e103754.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubisch, AC, Connell, JP and Fulbright-Anderson, K (2001) Evaluating Complex Comprehensive Community Initiatives: Theory, Measurement and Analysis. In Pierson, J, Smith, J (eds), Rebuilding Community. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Liu, G, Jack, H, Piette, A, Mangezi, W, Machando, D, Rwafa, C, Goldenberg, M and Abas, M (2016) Mental health training for health workers in Africa: a systematic review. The Lancet. Psychiatry 3, 6576.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakimuli-Mpungu, E, Wamala, K, Okello, J, Alderman, S, Odokonyero, R, Mojtabai, R, Mills, EJ, Kanters, S, Nachega, JB and Musisi, S (2015) Group support psychotherapy for depression treatment in people with HIV/AIDS in northern Uganda: a single-centre randomised controlled trial. The Lancet HIV 2, e190e199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, V, Maj, M, Flisher, AJ, De Silva, MJ, Koschorke, M, Prince, M, Zonal, WPA and Member Society, R (2010) Reducing the treatment gap for mental disorders: a WPA survey. World Psychiatry 9, 169176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, V, Weobong, B, Weiss, HA, Anand, A, Bhat, B, Katti, B, Dimidjian, S, Araya, R, Hollon, SD, King, M, Vijayakumar, L, Park, AL, Mcdaid, D, Wilson, T, Velleman, R, Kirkwood, BR and Fairburn, CG (2017) The Healthy Activity Program (HAP), a lay counsellor-delivered brief psychological treatment for severe depression, in primary care in India: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 389, 176185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, I, Lund, C, Bhana, A, Flisher, AJ and Mental, H. & Poverty Research Programme, C (2012) A task shifting approach to primary mental health care for adults in South Africa: human resource requirements and costs for rural settings. Health Policy and Planning 27, 4251.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shidhaye, R, Lund, C and Chisholm, D (2015) Closing the treatment gap for mental, neurological and substance use disorders by strengthening existing health care platforms: strategies for delivery and integration of evidence-based interventions. International Journal of Mental Health Systems 9, 40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swartz, L, Kilian, S, Twesigye, J, Attah, D and Chiliza, B (2014) Language, culture, and task shifting – an emerging challenge for global mental health. Global Health Action 7, 23433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Ginneken, N, Tharyan, P, Lewin, S, Rao, GN, Meera, SM, Pian, J, Chandrashekar, S and Patel, V (2013) Non-specialist health worker interventions for the care of mental, neurological and substance-abuse disorders in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Nov 19(11): CD009149. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009149.Google ScholarPubMed
Whiteford, HA, Ferrari, AJ, Degenhardt, L, Feigin, V and Vos, T (2015). Mental, neurological, and substance use disorders: disease control priorities. PloS One 10, e0116820. doi:10.371/journal.pone.0116820Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2010) mhGAP Intervention Guide for Mental, Neurological and Substance use Disorders in Non-Specialized Health settings. ISBN 978 92 4 154806 9. Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Zachariah R, FN, Philips, M, Lynch, S, Massaquoi, M, Janssens, V and Harries, AD (2009) Task shifting in HIV/AIDS: opportunities, challenges and proposed actions for sub-Saharan Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103, 549558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figure 0

Fig. 1. AMARI ToC.

Figure 1

Table 1. AMARI research domains

Figure 2

Table 2. Key components of the ACES program

Figure 3

Fig. 2. AMARI future role.