Professor William Ivory (Ivor) Browne, 1929–2024 (Source: Professor Ivor Browne. Used with permission.)

Professor William Ivory (Ivor) Browne, consultant psychiatrist, who died on 24 January 2024, age 94, following an illness, was an enormously influential figure in Irish psychiatry. He is most associated with the end of the era of the ‘mental hospital’ in Ireland and the development of community-based mental health services. It took time to reverse Ireland’s fatal weakness for institutional responses to social problems, but Browne persisted and prevailed, in collaboration with a devoted team of colleagues across many disciplines. Browne is remembered as a social reformer, psychotherapist, and the public face of psychiatry in Ireland for several decades. His death is not only a deep personal loss to his family, friends, patients, and colleagues, but also a significant moment in the history of Irish medicine (Cullen Reference Cullen2024).

Born in Dublin in 1929, Browne was educated at Blackrock College and graduated from the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in 1954. He worked in England, where therapeutic tools included lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and his colleagues included Dr Joshua Bierer, a leader in social psychiatry who had a strong influence on Browne (Bierer and Browne Reference Bierer and Browne1960; Anonymous 2024). Browne also worked and trained in the United States, being awarded a fellowship to study public and community mental health in Harvard in the early 1960s.

Browne’s own experience of tuberculosis as a medical student had a significant impact on his outlook and career in medicine. He loved jazz and Irish music, but his illness limited his prospects on the trumpet (Ross Reference Ross2008). Nevertheless, Browne retained a deep love and appreciation of music all his life.

Browne returned to Ireland as Senior Administrative Medical Officer at Grangegorman in July 1962, and went on to serve as Chief Psychiatrist of the Eastern Health Board (1965–1994) and Professor of Psychiatry at University College Dublin (UCD; 1967–1994). For many years, Brown led the dismantling of the Grangegorman institution and the development of community mental health services, during the 1970s and 1980s. Along with Dr Dermot Walsh (Kelly, Reference Kelly2017a) and others, he sought to replace the ‘mental hospital’ with services that supported people in their communities and minimised hospital stays (Browne and Walsh Reference Browne and Walsh1964).

Reversing Ireland’s deep affinity for institutions took time, but inpatient numbers eventually declined. In 1960, there were 1,677 patients in St Brendan’s; by 1970, this had been reduced to 1,223; and by 1980, it stood at 942 (Kelly Reference Kelly2023; p. 138). Fewer patients were admitted; many inpatients moved to community residences; and a small (although significant) number of long-stay patients remained. The establishment of an assessment unit in St Brendan’s in April 1979 was just one of the reforms implemented to achieve this goal: this initiative alone reduced the annual admission rate from 2,676 in 1978 to 1,558 in 1980, by diverting less ill patients to community-based mental health services (Browne Reference Browne2008; pp. 148–149). This was just one aspect of a protracted, successful programme to accord greater dignity to the mentally ill and, ultimately, close the ‘mental hospital’ at Grangegorman.

At national level, numbers fell too: in 1963, there were 19,801 psychiatry inpatients in Ireland; by 1970, this had fallen to 16,403; and by 1980, it was 13,342 (Daly and Craig Reference Daly and Craig2016; p. 11). Decanting patients from the institutions, including St Brendan’s, continued steadily throughout the 1980s, seemingly heralding a new model of care based on community provision rather than institutions. By 1990, there were 7,334 psychiatry inpatients in Ireland; in 2000, there were 4,230; and in 2014, the number stood at 2,228 – the lowest in over a century. St Brendan’s closed in 2013.

Throughout his career, Browne wrote and co-wrote extensively on a wide range of topics including alcohol dependence syndrome (Browne et al., Reference Browne, Ryan and McGrath1959), psychiatric night hospitals (Bierer and Browne Reference Bierer and Browne1960), psychiatry in Ireland (Browne Reference Browne1963), emotional reactions to the threat of impending death (Browne and Hackett Reference Browne and Hackett1967), the ‘dilemma of the human family’ (Browne and Kiernan Reference Browne and Kiernan1967), LSD (Fernandez et al., Reference Fernandez, Browne, Cullen, Brennan, Matheu, Fischer, Masterson and Law1973), screening psychiatric admissions at St Brendan’s (McGennis et al., Reference McGennis, O’Callaghan, Tedders, Browne and Hartman1980), playwright Thomas Murphy (Browne Reference Browne1987), the nature of society (Browne Reference Browne and Kearney1988), how psychotherapy works (Browne and Kenny Reference Browne, Kenny and Flach1989; Kenny and Browne Reference Kenny, Browne and Flach1989), psychological trauma or ‘unexperienced experience’ (Browne Reference Browne1990), contemporary psychiatry (Bracken et al., Reference Bracken, Thomas, Timimi, Asen, Behr and Beuster2012), therapeutic communities, psycho-social problems, and living system theory, among many other topics (Browne Reference Browne2013; pp. ix–x).

Browne’ Reference Browne2008 book, Music and Madness, made considerable impact on publication (see, for example: Benson Reference Benson2008; McCaffrey Reference McCaffrey2008; O’Shea Reference O’Shea2008; Kelly Reference Kelly2008) and contains a rare first-hand account of lobotomy in Ireland (Browne Reference Browne2008, pp 49–51). His 2013 book, The Writings of Ivor Browne – Steps Along the Road: The Evolution of a Slow Learner, presented a collection of writings drawn from his career (Browne Reference Browne2013; see also: Crumlish Reference Crumlish2013). Overall, Browne’s articles, papers, book chapters, and books are notable for their continuous empathic awareness of individual suffering, which was always central for Browne.

Browne practiced psychotherapy and developed a particular interest in the effects of trauma on the body and mind. His therapeutic approach was informed by his understanding of unprocessed trauma as a ‘frozen present’ which needed to be resolved (Browne Reference Browne2008; pp. 284–309; Phillips Reference Phillips2014). Against this background, Browne pioneered novel and, at times, unorthodox treatments at St Brendan’s (Bielenberg Reference Bielenberg2024). Some people have provided fascinating accounts of his ketamine-assisted psychotherapy in the 1990s, including John Waters (Waters, Reference Waters2010a; pp. 11–19; Waters, Reference Waters2010b), Colm Tóibín (Tóibín Reference Tóibín2008), and Browne himself (e.g., Carroll Reference Carroll2010). Other people had different experiences of this therapy, which, regrettably, was not structured as a formal research study. The programme was later discontinued. In recent times, there has been a resurgence of interest in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy which is now being explored chiefly on a research basis (Kelly et al., Reference Kelly, Baker, Babiker, Burke, Brennan and O’Keane2022), with greater emphasis on patient selection, dosage regimes, consent processes, and studying outcomes (e.g., Goodwin et al., Reference Goodwin, Aaronson, Alvarez, Arden, Baker and Bennett2022). Hopefully, evidence will support systematic clinical utility for these novel approaches in the years ahead.

Browne had many other involvements over the course of his long career. In 1968, he conceived, established, and was director of the Irish Foundation for Human Development (1968–1979) (Kelly Reference Kelly2016). Out of this grew the North West Centre for Learning and Development and the Inner City Trust which transformed the city of Derry, making it a model for the Prince of Wales’s urban village development project and other urban renewal developments around the world. In 1980, when David Norris (later Senator) challenged Ireland’s laws on homosexuality, Browne gave strong evidence in the High Court in support of change (Anonymous 1980; Kelly, Reference Kelly2017b). In 1983, Browne was appointed chairman of the group of European experts set up by the European Economic Community for the reform of psychiatry in Greece (Browne et al., Reference Browne, Liaropoulos, Lorenzen, Losavio, Maynard, Sakellaropoulos, Tsiantis and Katzourakis1984; Healy Reference Healy1992). Browne also had a significant public profile, appearing often on television (e.g., O’Mahony Reference O’Mahony2023).

Following his retirement from the Eastern Health Board and University College Dublin (UCD) in 1994, Browne continued his clinical work and pursued his interests in stress management, how the brain processes traumatic experience, and living system theory, as well as Sahaj Marg meditation, which he practiced since 1978. He continued to see people at his home, engaged with numerous therapists, writers, and artists, and featured in Alan Gilsenan’s remarkable documentary ‘Meetings with Ivor’ (Parzival Productions, 2017) (O’Reilly Reference O’Reilly2024).

Browne was a public figure who occasionally attracted controversy. In 1996, he was censured by the Medical Council in connection with an impossibly complex matter relating to confidentiality, which is detailed elsewhere (O'Toole Reference O’Toole1997; Browne Reference Browne2008, pp. 277–283; Kelly and Houston Reference Kelly and Houston2020, pp. 170–173; De Bréadún Reference De Bréadún2024; McCarthy Reference McCarthy2024). As psychiatrist Anthony Clare said at the time, he had ‘never in 25 years been in a situation where the conflict was quite as sharp as this’ (Kelly and Houston Reference Kelly and Houston2020; p. 171). Despite the censure, the Medical Council found that Browne had acted in the best interests of his patient at all times (O'Toole Reference O’Toole1997; Kelly and Houston Reference Kelly and Houston2020; O'Toole Reference O’Toole2024). Browne did not regret his actions (De Bréadún Reference De Bréadún2024), and, in Music and Madness, wrote that ‘as for me, I would do it all again’ (Browne Reference Browne2008, p. 283).

For a doctor with senior positions in healthcare and academia, Browne was remarkably unorthodox and iconoclastic. He was a captivating educator who had a lasting impact on many medical students and trainee doctors (e.g., Fitzpatrick Reference Fitzpatrick2024). Following Browne’s death in January 2024, Professor Colm McDonald, Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Galway, commented that ‘to myself as a medical student in St Brendan’s, [Browne] was inspirational, charismatic, iconoclastic, insightful, exciting, authentic, caring and warm-hearted. He stimulated several of us to choose psychiatry’.

Many of Browne’s patients and clients have spoken publicly about their meetings and treatment with him (e.g., Millett Reference Millett1991, p. 249; O’Doherty Reference O’Doherty2012; Pearson Reference Pearson2019; Roddy Reference Roddy2024). Psychiatrist Dr John Tobin described Browne as ‘a wonderful charismatic man, compassionate, forever patient and kind. He was a giant among men. He taught me many things that helped me in my career as a psychiatrist. In many ways he was well ahead of his time. I am forever indebted to him’.

There were many tributes following Browne’s death (e.g., Cosgrove Reference Cosgrove2024). President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins pointed to Browne’s systemic impact on the treatment of mental illness:

‘In fearlessly challenging what was a dehumanising system, Ivor Browne liberated countless individuals in institutional care and introduced a number of pioneering ground-breaking therapies to Ireland. His work confronted, and helped to change and reshape, the then prevalent thinking towards mental illness in Ireland. His respect for the dignity of those under his care was renowned and is often recalled by his former patients.

Among Ivor’s most valuable contributions in developing a more progressive approach to psychiatry and psychotherapy in Ireland was his concept of trauma of ‘the frozen present’, of unprocessed emotions, a radical idea that became a key part to understanding how he looked at psychiatric and psychotherapeutic work’ (Higgins Reference Higgins2024).

Ivor Browne leaves many legacies. Perhaps the most profound is the least tangible: the additional liberty enjoyed by thousands of people with mental illness who avoided institutionalisation as a result of the reforms which Browne came to represent. Today, community care remains uneven across the country, and admission rates are now very low, resulting in people with mental illness in prison and homeless. But the solution lies chiefly in better community support, and judicious, proportionate improvements in inpatient care, rather than recreating the large psychiatric institutions that persisted for almost two centuries in Ireland (Kelly Reference Kelly2016), waiting for a reformer like Browne to appear, to lead his similarly reformist colleagues in making historic change.

Browne was survived by his large blended family, which includes seven children, ten grandchildren, two great grandchildren, as well as numerous in-laws, nephews, and nieces. He was predeceased by his loving wife and partner of thirty-five years, June, his siblings, Valentine and Ismay, and his first wife, Orla.