Tornado warnings are usually issued minutes before the storm touchdown, giving little time for discussing and carefully weighing different options. Reference Brooks and Correia1 Studies have shown that having a household emergency plan (HEP) helped individuals take appropriate protective action in tornadoes and thus reduce casualties and save lives. Reference Cong, Liang and Luo2 Although the importance of having an HEP is acknowledged and family involvement is encouraged, few studies have empirically examined the helpfulness of those plans and the importance of family involvement when disasters happen.
METHODS
A random digit-dialing telephone survey was conducted with 1006 respondents in October 2012, a little more than 1 year after the EF-5 tornado in Joplin, Missouri, which caused over 160 fatalities and 1000 injuries, and an EF-4 in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, which caused over 60 fatalities and 1500 injuries 3 ; 538 respondents had an HEP before the tornadoes and 522 reported the helpfulness of their plans. Listwise deletion of missing values in other variables further reduced the sample size to 494 respondents.
Respondents were asked about whether they had an emergency plan in place before the tornadoes and, if yes, they were further asked: How much did the plan help you for this tornado? They were also asked: Have you ever discussed the plan with your family before the tornado (0 = No, 1 = Yes)?
Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine relationships between family discussions and whether the plan provided a lot of help, some help, versus no help at all (reference). Demographic information controlled included age, gender, education, marital status, and race. Functional limitations in walking, running, vision, and hearing were also controlled.
RESULTS
Results showed that discussing with family members significantly increased the odds ratio (OR) (OR = 3.14, P < 0.05) of reporting an HEP having provided a lot of help versus no help in Joplin. Discussing with family members did not affect the helpfulness of an HEP in Tuscaloosa.
DISCUSSION
The difference between Joplin and Tuscaloosa concerning the effect of discussion among family members might be related to the differences in these 2 cities with respect to their preparedness for tornadoes. Tuscaloosa residents experienced significant tornadoes several times over the past several decades, and 1 happened just 1 week before the violent tornado. 3 In contrast, Joplin residents experienced much fewer tornado events. Because of that, Tuscaloosa communities might generally be more prepared for tornadoes and better understand what to expect and what to do when tornadoes happen. 4 Thus, even without discussing with family members, their plans may be well-developed and helpful. Overall, we suspect that a family discussion of an HEP is more important in places that are less prepared for disasters than in those that are better prepared.
CONCLUSION
This study only includes whether the plan was discussed with family members and does not have other information about family mechanisms. In the future, a detailed examination about family involvement in the plan-making process will contribute to important knowledge on reducing the casualties and losses caused by disasters. In addition, future research should address how different components of an HEP are associated with its effectiveness in disasters.
Financial Support
This material is based upon work supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grants CMMI 1839516 and CMMI 1400224.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
