Index
abstract subject matter, 185
American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature, 206
Applied Data Research, 126
artificial substances, 28
asexually reproduced plants, 200
aspirin patent, 104
Bachelard, Gaston, 37
basic patent for plants, 212
biological patents, 228
biological specimens, 282
biological subject matter, 229
evaluating, 251
history, 191
how accommodated, 233
and mechanical inventions, 191
breeders as inventors, , 205
Brenner v. Manson, 99
bundling of software and hardware, 120
Burbank, Luther, 203
Burpee, David, 193
central dogma of molecular biology, 226
chemical compounds. See also chemical subject matter
bounded, 53
as discoveries, 32
empirical nature of, 42
growth, 71
identification of, 60
internal organisation, 25
as inventions, 39
not inventions,
name, 87
novelty, role of structural formula, 92
obviousness, role of structural formula, 91
reasons for protecting untested compounds, 98
as research tools, 29
testing of,
chemical information, impact on patent law, 110
chemical inventions. See also chemical subject matter
decoupled from physical material, 93
treated as tangible object, 89
chemical literature, 112
chemical patents
families and classes of, 94
faulty, 68
ignored, 36
product patents, attempt to exclude, 17
chemical products compared to chemical process, 16
chemical specimens, , , 72, 282
compared to biological specimens, 75
end of, 93
Germany,
nature of, 73
role of,
shift away from,
trust, 75
United Kingdom, 53
chemical subject matter, 15, 101. See also chemical compounds
acceptance of, 17
dematerialisation of, 76
fickle, 27
Germany, 16
informed, role of, 59
lack of shape or form, 59
nature of,
and physical compounds, 44
problems with, 16
product patents, 16
quantitative, 101
rate and speed of change,
relation to physical compound, 58
speculative,
tangible, 77
class-based chemical claims, 94
classes of inventions, patents for, 282
compounds, internal organisation, 23
computer-related subject matter
conflicting views of, 118
dematerialisation of, 118
interest in intellectual property protection, 123
as machine, 132
problems with, 131
conception, of invention, 41
concreteness as test for eligibility, 189
copyright registration for software, first, 127
Crouch, Dennis, 155
DDR Holdings, 186
dematerialisation, , 271, 279
of chemical subject matter, 101
of gene-based inventions, 257
impact of, 4,
importance of the physical, 277
and the tangible, 277
deposit, 237
of biological material, 237,
to describe molecular inventions, 237
of genetic material, and description, 242
of physical material, ongoing importance of, 276
of plasmids, 241
seed, 216
description, chemical compounds, 70
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 189
Diamond v. Diehr, 161
Diaz, Gerardo Con, 131
digital sequence information, 2
empirical formula,
role of in describing inventions, 62
Enfish, 186
Ensmenger, Nathan, 130
epistemic things,
equity of an invention, 45
eugenics, 274
ex parte Christensen, 272
Ex parte Eagle, 96
ex parte Latimer, 90
Ex parte Markush,
experiment, role of, 21
experimental science, 29
experimental tests in patents,
families or classes of chemical compounds, 95
Farm Act, 2018, 192
Funk Brothers, 254
fuzziness in science, 268
GenBank Sequence Database, 248
gene-based inventions, description of, 237
general chemical formula claims, 95
generic chemical claims, 96
genes
as carriers of information, 255
changing nature of, 260
as chemical compounds, 232,
decoupled from physical form, 257
legal image of, 260
genetic determinism in patent law, 267
genetic engineering, 227
Geneva Congress 1892,
Geneva system, 92
German chemical industry, 17
German Patent Office, 54
German patents,
Goetz, Martin, 126
Gottschalk v. Benson, 135,
hardware relation to software, 151
hardwired computers, patenting of,
Hepler-Smith, Evan, 87
Hill, Edwin A., 110
Human Genome Project, 262
In re Bilski, 163
In re Le Grice, 196
In re Prater, 144
information-based inventions,
ingredients, 38
inorganic chemicals, 19
inventor, role of, 33
isomerism, 23
Jacobs, Morton, 116
law and technology, gap between, 156
legal-scientific hybrid, 109
Lemley, Mark, 188
Luhmann, Nicholas, 14
machine figure of, role, 4
machine-based jurisprudence, 280
Markush claims,
criticisms of, 109
Matheson v. Campbell, 103
means-plus-function claims, 171
Merges, Robert, 155
molecularisation of biological subject matter, changes, 234
mRNA vaccines, patents for, 2
Parke-Davis v. Mulford, 102
Parker v. Flook,
patent attorneys, 167
patent drafting, importance of, 168
plant subject matter as informed material, 221
plant-based intangible, features of, , 214
plant-based subject matter
changing nature of, 228
compared to other biological subject matter, 274
fluid nature of, 199
representing, 236
role of the physical, 205
secretive nature of, , 204
point of novelty,
Prater and Wei, 144
prior art, chemical, 115
priority of invention, 41
product patents, 16
public domain, organisation of, 158
saccharine, 34
science, impact in law, 58
secretive subject matter, 281
sequence identity,
sequence information, 244, 250, 256, 258, 275, 277
consequences of, 250
first uses in patents, 246
Patent Office problems with, 247
to describe invention, 244
to represent molecular subject matter, 247
sequence-based inventions, 258
Smith v Bousquet, 42
software products, emergence of, 121
software products industry, emergence of, 121
software-related subject matter. See also computer-related subject matter
confusion, 155
hardware manufacturers view of, 131
interpretation of, 160
specificity
and shift away from the physical, 190
as test for eligibility, 185,
dematerialisation, 190
speculative chemical inventions, 281
Standardized Plant Names: A Catalogue of Approved Scientific Names of Plants in American Commerce 1923, 206
structural formula, 18, 22, 78
compared to empirical formula, 79
for large classes of compounds, 96
impact in patent law, , , 93
impact on chemical subject matter, 101
in patents, 88
nature of,
replacing chemical samples, 93
to identify chemical inventions, 89
subject matter
acceptance of, 158
as informed material, 13
decoupling, 3
dematerialisation, 4
eligibility, 6
excluded, 8
heterogonous, 13
informed, 58
interpretation, 157
new, , 9
open-ended, 10
physicality, 184
requirements, 9
Supreme Court and technology,
synthetic chemicals, 70
tangible relation to intangible, 1
technical things, 270
technology, speed of change, 156
trade secrecy and early software, 127
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