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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2024

Katherine S. Flowers
Katherine S. Flowers
Affiliation:
University of Massachusetts, Lowell
Type
Chapter
Information
Making English Official
Writing and Resisting Local Language Policies
 , pp. 206 - 212
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

academic writing, 66, 67, 148–150
linguistic authority and, 95–96
adult education, 14, 128, 150
Alaskans for a Common Language, 146
ALEC, 66, 148
Aliani, Renata, 20
Alim, H. Samy, 115
American Association for Applied Linguistics, 142
American Civil Liberties Union, 69, 71–72, 85
American Sign Language, 11, 13, 32, 122
Maryland School for the Deaf, 12
Anne Arundel County, 3, 23, 61, 63, 82, 90–92
bill 13-12 (2012), 63, 82–85, 91, 163–164
controversies, 81, 84–85
Queen Anne’s County and, 85, 86
antisemitism, 7, 32, 95
Anzaldúa, Gloria, 13, 33, 37
Arcuri, Frank, 54
Arizona, 56, 57, 70
Arizonans for Official English, 146
Horne v. Flores, 70
Arlington, Virginia, 49
Asgarov, Asgar, 87
Asian Americans, 1, 7–9, 13, 34, 122, 127–128
Asian American Center of Frederick, 9, 129
audience awareness, 55, 60, 70–71, 110, 143
media training and, 54–55
Baltimore, Maryland, 25, 82, 83, 90, 96, 107
Barletta, Lou, 24, 67–69, 73, 75
Baron, Dennis, 4, 5, 32, 114
Benson, Mark, 36
Bibby, Suzanne, 81–82
Bikales, Gerda, 47
Citizens of Dade United and, 38
failure as a strategy, 85
meeting S. I. Hayakawa, 50
Patty White and, 50
writing, 100, 145
bilingual education, 1, 16, 33, 58, 70
bilingualism. See multilingualism
Black Americans, 7, 9, 11–13, 15, 134
Haitian refugees, 36–38
immigrants, 34
Jim Crow experiences of, 124–127
opinions on English-only policies, 18–19
Black Lives Matter, 125
Blommaert, Jan, 15, 22, 92, 95–97, 148
boarding schools for Indigenous children, 31–32
Bonfiglio, Thomas P., 95
Brandt, Deborah, 65, 66
Brazier, George, 42, 43
Bricker, Kathy, 47
as U.S. English executive director, 55
Brown v. Board of Education, 33
California
Monterey Park, 54
Proposition 63, 70
Proposition O (San Francisco), 5, 52–54
San Bernardino, 74
San Francisco, 51
Tulelake, 44
Canada, 14, 32, 34
Canagarajah, Suresh, 9, 22, 96–97, 112, 114, 132, 134
capitalism, 145
Carroll County, 3, 23, 81, 89–90, 106
Hazleton and, 81
Monocacy River, 11
Ordinance 2013-01, 5, 61, 81–82, 89, 169–173
Queen Anne’s County and, 81
scale and, 104, 108–109
U.S. English and, 104
Carter, Jimmy, 38
Catholics, 32, 95
CCCC, 33, 114, 149
Chavez, Linda, 56
Chinese Americans, 54
Chinese American Society, 85
church, 138–139, 150
Citizens of Dade United, 29–30, 35–39, 71, 145
FAIR and, 55
newspaper ads, 31, 36
civil rights, 125, 128–130
class, 3, 9, 26–27, 37, 55, 143
climate change, 148–149
Colcom Foundation, 48
collaborative writing, 29, 63, 137–138, 140–142
across local governments, 3, 86
between local governments and ProEnglish, 3, 4, 86
disclosure of, 110
in education, 148
ubiquity of, 21–22
colonialism, 6, 12–13, 145
compiling, 86, 140–142
Conner, Roger, 7, 39, 69
hiring Barnaby Zall, 46
Conservation Workshop. See U.S., Inc. (Tanton umbrella organization)
copying, 65
among local governments, 61, 86
in education, 148
copyright, 65, 66
Crawford, James, 36, 37, 41, 156
Cuban refugees, 36–38, 48
Curry, Mary Jane, 65, 67
Dade County, Florida, 29–30, 33, 35–39, 67
anti-bilingualism ordinance, 5, 29, 36
repeal, 29, 112
Dammann, Sara Gay, 52
Dammann, Tom, 37, 46
De Costa, Peter, 96–97
Deardorff, Alan V., 66, 148
Delauter, Kirby, 4, 79, 139–140
Anne Arundel County and, 82
Devitt, Amy, 74
Diamond, Stanley, 40
California English Campaign, 50
John Tanton and, 49, 50
leading U.S. English, 50, 57
resignation, 57
tension with FAIR, 52
tension with John Tanton, 56
Dick, Hilary Parsons, 34, 71–72
disability, 122
Donald, Jerry, 24, 113, 133–137, 142
downscaling, 89–90, 92, 145
climate change and, 148–149
definitions of, 97
effectiveness of, 93, 108–110
as the main strategy, 98–103
upscaling combined with, 93, 94, 103–109
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 11
driver’s licenses, 16, 48
Duke, Hayden, 4, 78, 102, 104, 131
Dumenil, Phil, 86–87, 137
Dyson, Anne Haas, 10, 123
economic arguments, 4, 80, 100–102, 118, 120, 143
flipping the script, 87–88, 118–124, 129, 142
race and, 122–124
economies, local, 67, 120–121
English, 133–135
as a global language, 5, 92
myth of endangerment of, 2, 5, 72–73, 84, 104
translingual nature of, 132–137
in the United States, 144
English Language Amendment, 42–44, 85, 98
English Language Unity Act, 144
English-only policies. See also specific communities
anti-immigrant effects of, 87–88
boarding schools and, 31–32
in comparison to other public policies, 147–148
disparate impact of, 2, 6–10
oversimplification of, 2, 6, 10–16
popularity of, 6, 16–18
racism and, 18, 124–132
symbolic function of, 76–77, 128
as test cases, 54
as unwelcome mats, 2, 7, 131–132
unpopularity of, 18–19, 138–140
whites-only policies and, 124–125
ethnography, 22, 96, 155
Europe, 114
everyday writers, 65–66
Facebook, 126, 153, 154
Frederick Local Yokel, 118
Occupy Frederick, 113, 127, 142
ProEnglish, 133
failure, 42, 61, 63, 82–85, 144
FAIR, 2, 69, 99, 145
Citizens of Dade United and, 38, 55
mailing lists, 39
nativism, 48
U.S. English and, 47–48, 60
Farmers Branch, Texas, 75
feedback on writing, 21–22, 65, 140–141
feminist historiography, 30–31
Fishman, Joshua, 5, 6, 15
Fitzwater, Jessica, 113, 128, 142
economic arguments, 119–122, 124, 129
election, 116–117
petition, 138–140
planning, 117–118
writing process, 141
Flores, Nelson, 9, 15, 114, 115, 120, 126, 136
Frazier, Robin Bartlett, 89–90, 92, 104
Frederick County, 3, 8–10, 23, 106, 116. See also Frederick County repeal campaign; Frederick Local Yokel; Occupy Frederick
Anne Arundel County and, 82
Asian American Center of Frederick, 129
downscaling and, 100–102
Fredneck stereotype, 130–132
Human Relations Commission, 117
Jim Crow in, 124–125
Ku Klux Klan in, 126–127
Literacy Council of Frederick County, 10
Maryland School for the Deaf, 12
Monocacy River, 11
Ordinance 12-03-598 (2012), 61, 77–81, 160–162
Resolution 08-13 (2008), 74–77, 158
Frederick County repeal campaign, 105, 108, 112–113, 117–118
Bill 15-08 (2015), 119–120, 140–142, 145, 175–177
Frederick Local Yokel, 106
HRC resolution 2014-15A, 117, 128–130, 173–175
Human Relations Commission, 12, 137–138
Occupy Frederick, 142
petition, 138–140
ProEnglish and, 133, 140
Frederick Local Yokel, 113, 120–123, 130, 135–137, 142
French, 8, 12, 90, 96, 133
French Sign Language, 13
Futures Workshop. See U.S., Inc. (Tanton umbrella organization)
Gal, Susan, 92–94, 104
Gardner, Jan, 76, 77
genre, 61, 65, 74
genre choices, 25, 63, 140, 141, 143
between bills and amendments, 42–43, 59
between resolutions and ordinances, 74–77
German, 12, 32–33, 146
German Americans, 7, 13, 31–33, 129, 146
Maryland and, 11, 12
ghostwriting, 5, 35, 42, 59, 63, 66, 81
disclosure of, 30, 110
in education, 148
for Hayakawa, S. I., 52
ubiquity of, 21–22
globalization, 95, 134, 148
grant writing, 47, 48
Grumbach, Jacob M., 103
Haitian refugees, 36–38
Haley, Alex, 12
Hall, Richard L., 66, 148
Hardin, Garrett, 50, 98–100
John Tanton and, 45
Haugen, Einar, 34–35
Hayakawa, S. I., 26, 69, 145
academic career, 40
bilingual ballots, 41–42
bilingual education, 41, 42
criticism of Citizens of Dade United, 38
English Language Amendment, 43–44
ghostwriting for, 52
ill health, 50–51
Japanese internment, comments on, 41
legacy, 59
mailing list, 45, 49, 50
Mauro Mujica and, 23
meeting John Tanton, 50
Monterey Park, California, 54
multilingualism, late interest in, 41
newspaper column, 41
public intellectual, 39
recruiting local policymakers, 5, 44
scale, 98
Senate election, 41
student activists, conflicts with, 41
U.S. English conflicts, 52
U.S. English, joining, 50–52
Hazleton, Pennsylvania, 24, 61–63, 67–74
Lozano v. Hazleton, 69, 74
health policy, 36, 119, 150
opioid crisis, 147–148
Heller, Monica, 94, 96
higher education, 14, 26–27
cost of, 150
English in, 151
Honig, Bonnie, 7–8
Hopkins, Daniel J., 35, 55, 103
Howard County, 89, 96
immigrants, 7, 8, 34, 87, 121–124, 127–130
conflation with people of color, 8
hostility toward, 18, 73, 81–83, 107–108
immigration policy
DREAM Act (Maryland), 83, 117, 127
Hart-Celler Act, 34
Immigration Act (1924), 33, 34
racism of, 71–72
287(g) program, 75, 127, 128
Indigenous nations, 1, 31, 147
Accohannock Indian Tribe, 11
Cherokee Nation, 31
Piscataway Conoy Tribe, 11
Piscataway Indian Nation, 11
Indigenous people, 12, 13, 18, 134
interpreters, 75
Irish Americans, 7
Irvine, Judith, 92, 104
Islamophobia, 1, 25, 92
Japanese internment camps, 41, 44
Jenkins, Charles, 74–77, 83, 140
Jenkins, Chuck, 75, 79, 81
Jewish Americans, 7, 95
K–12 education, 6, 14, 150
English language learners, students categorized as, 75
standardized tests, 151
Kachru, Braj, 16
Kang, Yu-Kyung, 149
Keegan-Ayer, M. C., 113, 130–131, 142
economic arguments, 121–122
election, 117
petition, 139
planning, 117–118
writing process, 140–141
Keough, Farrell, 100–102
Klotz, Sarah, 32
Kobach, Kris, 24–25
Kreyòl, 36
Ku Klux Klan, 126–127, 129
Kunta Kinte-Alex Haley Memorial, 12
Ladd, Dick, 84–85
language ideology, 103
language policy as different from, 20, 64, 87, 109–111
linguistic authority, 54, 93–95, 105, 109
“one nation, one language,”36, 92, 109
stigma, lack of, 110–111
language policy, 20–21
comparative approaches to, 146–147
definition of, 1–2
field of, 22, 34–35, 142
language ideology as different from, 20, 87, 109–111
as part of everyday life, 22
Latinx Americans, 1, 7–9, 18, 33, 34, 122, 127–128
differences between Mexican Americans and Cuban refugees, 37
Lau v. Nichols, 33
Lawton, Rachele, 17
LeBlanc, Robert John, 97
legislative subsidy, 66–67, 148
Lejano, Raul P., 6, 148, 149
Lemke, Jay, 95, 99
libertarian arguments, 87–88, 105
Lillis, Theresa, 65, 67
linguistic landscapes, 8, 12, 54, 89
literacy tests, 7
Lo Bianco, Joseph, 5, 20, 22
local practice, language policy as a, 22–23, 30, 109
English-only policies and, 111
from policymakers’ perspective, 2, 5, 34–35, 89–90, 109–110, 145
Lorimer Leonard, Rebecca, 38
Louisiana, 12
LULAC, 85
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 92
MALDEF, 85
Mason, Jay, 113, 124–128, 142
Mathias, John, 79, 133–134
May, Cordelia Scaife, 48
May, Stephen, 123
McAlpin, K. C., 1–3, 47
McKay, Betty, 42
Melby, Robert, 54–55
memorials. See statues, public
Mexican Americans, 13, 15
Mexico, 34
Mihut, Ligia, 149
Miller, Stephen, 24–25
Minnesota, 131
Minutemen movement, 102–103
MLK Children v. Ann Arbor, 33
Moms for Liberty, 36
money, 17
costs of interpretation services, 121–122
direct mail as a source of, 48, 85
family foundations as a source of, 48
for refugee resettlement, 37
salaries, 66
school budgets, 75
monolingual orientation, 20, 31, 61, 112, 114
Montgomery County, 90
Mujica, Mauro, 57–59, 83, 107–108
S. I. Hayakawa and, 23
multilingual orientation, 112, 114, 118–121
multilingualism, 1, 8, 10–16, 118–124
employment discrimination and, 55
in Europe, 91
narratives, 6–7, 10–11, 128–130, 149
Nashville English First, 146
nationalism, 109
Nero, Shondel J., 6, 134, 148, 149
Occupy Frederick, 17, 113, 127–128, 135
Olds, David, 86–87
Park, Bob, 47, 70
Pavlenko, Aneta, 13, 32, 123
Pennycook, Alastair
colonialism, 31
local practice, 22–23, 30, 99, 148
translingual theory, 114
petitions, 78, 138–140
Petoskey, Michigan, 51, 52
Philippines, 31
Plunske, Marion, 35, 36, 38
politicized places, 35, 55
Prior, Paul, 27n22, 65
ProEnglish, 1–3, 145
ALEC compared to, 66
Citizens of Dade United and, 29
English Language Advocates origins, 58
Facebook and, 140
Frederick County and, 133, 140
local mistrust of, 4, 106–107
name change, 58
public hearings, testimony at, 81–82, 87
publicizing role in local campaigns, 4, 86
scale, 98
U.S. English and, 60
ProEnglish model municipal ordinance
absence in Anne Arundel County, 84
Carroll County and, 81
Frederick County and, 4
origins of, 23, 61–63, 67–70
Queen Anne’s County and, 86
ubiquity of, 3
ProEnglish model resolution, 58–59, 72
Puerto Ricans, 7, 13, 15, 16, 33, 58
Queen Anne’s County, 3, 11, 23, 85–86, 106
Anne Arundel County and, 63, 85
ordinance 12-06 (2012), 61, 81, 86–88, 103–105, 165–168
ProEnglish and, 86
scale and, 103–104, 108–109
raciolinguistic perspective, 113–115, 125–126
racism, 10, 15, 20
anti-Asian racism, 84–85
English-only policies and, 1, 81, 107–108, 124–132, 142
immigration policy and, 71–72
refugees and, 36–38
Reagan, Ronald, 17, 41
recommendations, 111
combining strategies, 143
supporting existing initiatives, 150
working collectively, 149–150
refugees, 8, 11, 14, 36–38
repertoires, linguistic, 15–16
research methods, 3, 23
analyzing scale jumping, 97–98
archival, 23–24, 30–31, 111, 154–155
checking interpretations with participants, 80, 155
digital, 152
drafts, comparing, 156
field notes, 9, 152
interviews, 105, 110, 124, 125, 152–154
looking locally, 145
meeting participants, 66, 125
news and social media, 154
observations, 152
transcription, 155
resource, language as a, 9, 119, 151
revision, 21–22, 65, 71–74, 81, 86, 141–142
Ricento, Thomas, 14, 16
Rosa, Jonathan, 9, 15, 114, 126
rough drafts, 65, 66, 81, 86, 148
Ruíz, Richard, 9, 119, 123
sanctuary cities, 66
scale, 29
discursivity of, 95, 99
materiality of, 95, 99, 110
policymakers’ perspective on, 145
relevant scales, 102
scale jumping, 95–97, 109–111. See also downscaling; upscaling
critiques of, 96–97
research methods, 97–98
Schera, Enos, 36
Schiffman, Harold F., 35
Schildkraut, Deborah J., 8, 16–18, 87
Schlafly, Phyllis, 36
Shafer, Emmy, 5, 29–30, 35–39, 48, 54, 59, 145
Shoemaker, Haven, 81–82
Shreve, Billy, 4, 79, 118
Shumway, Norman, 57
Sierra Club, 45, 99
signs. See linguistic landscapes
Simmons, Bob, 11, 85–87
slavery, 11–13, 15, 31, 126–127, 134
Smith, C. Paul, 77–81
Smitherman, Geneva, 13, 16, 18–19, 22, 33, 114–115
Spanish, 13, 15, 16, 35–39, 89
employment, 7
higher education, 33, 149–150
history, 12
K–12 education, 6, 33
translations, 90
Spencer, Angela, 113, 128–130, 137–138
petition, 139
Spolsky, Bernard, 63–64, 120
St. Augustine, Florida, 12
state-level English-only policies, 2, 100
statues, public, 11, 12, 126–127
Stornaiuolo, Amy, 97
Students’ Right to their Own Language (resolution), 149–150
Subtirelu, Nicholas, 109–110, 115
Swensrud, Sydney, 48
syllabi, 149–150
Taney, Roger, 11, 126–127
Tanton, John, 59, 69, 145
Citizens of Dade United and, 38
downscaling and, 98–100, 109
Emmy Shafer and, 39
environmentalism, 45
forming FAIR, 46
Hardin, Garrett, 45
immigration, 46
interest in local policies, 5
meeting S. I. Hayakawa, 50
population control, 45–46
recruiting S. I. Hayakawa, 45, 49–52
refugees, 37
retaining S. I. Hayakawa, 52
sabbatical, 48–50
skepticism of bilingualism, 15
writer, 46, 52
Writer’s Workshop, 2
Tanton, Mary Lou, 45
Tardy, Christine, 111
Tatalovich, Raymond, 16–18
Tax ID numbers
ProEnglish, 58
U.S. English, 51, 58
Tea Party movement, 17, 102–103, 127
templates, 63, 65, 127. See also ProEnglish model municipal ordinance
disclosure of, 110
using multiple, 64, 81, 86
text histories, 64–67, 82
Tollefson, James, 6, 14, 150
Torres, Peter Joseph, 148
translators, 4, 75, 89
translingual practice, 113, 114, 132–137
Trumbauer, Chris, 83, 84
Trump, Donald, 24–25
Tseng, Amelia, 115
Tyler, Jesse, 104
upscaling, 90–92
definitions of, 95–97
downscaling combined with, 93, 94, 103–109
U.S. English, 2, 3, 69, 71, 145
choosing the name, 51
Citizens of Dade United and, 29
conflicts within, 30, 52, 54–55
direct mail fundraising, 85
downscaling and, 98–100
early local campaigns, 55
ethnic names strategy, 50
FAIR and, 47–48, 60
Frederick County and, 107–108
local mistrust of, 106
members, 104
Mujica era, 57–58
polls sponsored by, 18
ProEnglish and, 60
Proposition O (San Francisco), 5, 52–54
public hearings, testimony at, 104
recruiting S. I. Hayakawa, 50–52
scale and, 98, 107–108
tumult, 56–57
U.S., Inc. (Tanton umbrella organization), 51
Vandervoort, Robert, 23, 69, 70, 76–77, 106–108
Vietnam War, 14, 41, 84
voting, 33, 66
bilingual ballots, 41–42
multilingual ballots, 109
Walker, Jerry, 82–84
Washington, DC, 25, 38, 47, 48, 51, 57
Maryland counties and, 3, 82, 106–107
Waterman, Kevin, 87–88, 105
Westermeyer, William H., 102–103
White, Patty, 42, 43, 50
whiteness, 8–10, 26–27, 130–132, 143
Wible, Scott, 20, 22, 33, 114, 118–119
WITAN memo, 56–57, 145
Woolard, Kathryn, 93–95, 105
World War I, 32, 146
writer, identifying as a, 52, 66, 76
Writer’s Workshop, 1–3
writing
as the focus of English-only policies, 76, 79
importance of, 21, 52, 61, 71
writing processes, 6, 52, 64, 93, 147–148. See also collaborative writing; compiling; copying; feedback on writing; ghostwriting; revision; rough drafts
writing studies, 22, 148
Yiddish, 134
Young, Blaine, 77–79, 107–108
Anne Arundel County and, 82
backlash to, 81, 127–128
ProEnglish and, 79–81
Suzanne Bibby radio interview, 82
Zall, Barnaby, 47, 49, 55, 69–73
Zentella, Ana Celia, 7–8, 13, 16, 22, 115
Zero Population Growth, 45, 46, 99

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  • Index
  • Katherine S. Flowers, University of Massachusetts, Lowell
  • Book: Making English Official
  • Online publication: 04 January 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009278058.010
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  • Index
  • Katherine S. Flowers, University of Massachusetts, Lowell
  • Book: Making English Official
  • Online publication: 04 January 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009278058.010
Available formats
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  • Index
  • Katherine S. Flowers, University of Massachusetts, Lowell
  • Book: Making English Official
  • Online publication: 04 January 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009278058.010
Available formats
×