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The Formation and Transformation of Manganese Oxide Minerals on the Surface of Kaolinite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Fan Zhao ,
Guangyao Zhang ,
Yong Jiang ,
Hui Wang ,
Chi Cao ,
Yongbo Qi ,
Qingyun Wang  and
Huaiyan Zhao Open the ORCID record for Huaiyan Zhao [Opens in a new window]
Fan Zhao
Affiliation:
Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
Guangyao Zhang
Affiliation:
Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
Yong Jiang
Affiliation:
Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
Hui Wang
Affiliation:
Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
Chi Cao
Affiliation:
Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
Yongbo Qi
Affiliation:
Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
Qingyun Wang
Affiliation:
Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
Huaiyan Zhao*
Affiliation:
Anhui Province Key Lab of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, Key Laboratory of JiangHuai Arable Land Resources Protection and Eco-Restoration, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
*
e-mail: huaiyanzhao@126.com
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Abstract

The formation of manganese (Mn) oxides is influenced by environmental conditions and, in some red soils, Mn oxides occur as coatings on the surface of kaolinite particles in the form of colloidal films or fine particles. The present study aimed to explore the types of formation mechanisms of Mn oxide minerals on the surface of kaolinite. Mn oxide minerals synthesized by reducing the Mn in KMnO4 with a divalent Mn salt (MnSO4) were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of various initial molar ratios of Mn2+/Mn7+ (R = 1:0.67, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4), cationic species (Na+ or Mg2+), synthesis temperatures (30, 60, and 110°C), and amount of added kaolinite (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 g) on the formation of Mn oxides were studied. The results showed that Mn oxide mineral types were affected by the initial R value and the background cation. With decreases in the initial R value, the synthesized minerals transformed from cryptomelane to birnessite. The relative mass ratios of kaolinite to Mn oxide were calculated as 1:0.92, 1:0.63, 1:1.15, and 1:1.63. The sodium cation (Na+) had a greater role than Mg2+ in promoting the dissolution–recrystallization of birnessite to cryptomelane. The synthesis temperature had no effect on mineral types, but Mn content increased as temperature increased. When the amount of added kaolinite was increased from 0.25 to 5.0 g, Mn oxide minerals formed gradually and transformed from birnessite to cryptomelane. This work revealed a possible formation process and reaction mechanism on the surface of kaolinite particles in some red soils.

Keywords

BirnessiteCationic speciesCryptomelaneKaoliniteMn2+/Mn7+ molar ratiosSynthesis temperature
Type
Original Paper
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 71 , Issue 1 , February 2023 , pp. 106 - 118
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Clay Minerals Society 2023

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Footnotes

Associate Editor: William F. Jaynes

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