The author thanks Namgyal Monastery and its abbot Khenpo Tsewang Rigzin for permission to publish the scrolls and comparative objects from their collections, and apologises to the monasteries of Ghami and Dzong for the inclusion of photographs from their collections without seeking prior permission. Figures 26 and 48 have been greyed out as a consequence.

The author thanks the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston for permission to publish its image (Fig. 22) of the Cakrasaṃvara thangka (Photograph © 2020 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston) and David Pritzker for kind permission to reproduce the image (Fig. 21) of the Cakrasaṃvara Mandala thangka (First half of the 14th century, Central Tibet, Distemper on cotton, 68.6 x 57.2 cm, Pritzker Collection, Chicago). The author also thanks Lionel Fournier, who generously shared his DVD with the photographic archive from which was taken a comparative image (Fig. 6). Finally, thanks also to the Metropolitan Museum in New York (Fig. 29) and the Rubin Museum of Art (www.rubinmuseum.org) (Fig. 30) for permission to publish their images from their collections.