Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T03:59:05.509Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2023

Amrita Bahri
Affiliation:
ITAM
Dorotea López
Affiliation:
University of Chile
Jan Remy
Affiliation:
The University of the West Indies

Summary

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

References

Primary Sources

Roberts, A and Lamp, N, Six Faces of Globalization: Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why It Matters (Harvard University Press 2022).Google Scholar
Chen, YZ and Tanaka, H, ‘Women’s Empowerment’ in Michalos, AC (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research (Springer 2014).Google Scholar
Bahri, M, ‘Measuring the Gender-Responsiveness of Free Trade Agreements: Using a Self-Evaluation Maturity Framework’ (2019) 14(11/12) Global Trade and Customs Journal 517527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bøler, EA, Javorcik, B and Ulltveit-Moe, KH, ‘Working across Time Zones: Exporters and the Gender Wage Gap’ (2018) 111(C) Journal of International Economics 122133.Google Scholar
Broda, C and Weinstein, DE, ‘Globalization and the Gains from Variety’ (2006) 121(2) Quarterly Journal of Economics 541585.Google Scholar
Ghosh, J, ‘Globalization, Export-Oriented Employment for Women and Social Policy: A Case Study of India’ (2002) 30(11) Social Scientist 1760.Google Scholar
Melanson, K, ‘An Examination of the Gendered Effects of Trade Liberalisation’ (2005) 2(1) Policy Perspectives 1017.Google Scholar
Oostendorp, R, ‘Globalization and the Gender Wage Gap’ (2009) 23(1) World Bank Economic Review 141161.Google Scholar
Sauvé, P and Zoabi, H, ‘International Trade, the Gender Wage Gap and Female Labor Force Participation’ (2014) 111(C) Journal of Development Economics 1733.Google Scholar
Standing, G, ‘Global Feminization through Flexible Labour (1989) 17(7) World Development 10771095.Google Scholar
Standing, G, ‘Global Feminization through Flexible Labour: A Theme Revisited’ (1999) 27(3) World Development 583602.Google Scholar
Verloo, M, ‘Reflections on the Concept and Practice of the Council of Europe Approach to Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality’ (2005) 12(3) Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 344365.Google Scholar
Alon, T, Doepke, M, Olmstead-Rumsey, J and Tertilt, M, ‘The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality’ (2020) NBER Working Paper No. 26947 <www.nber.org/papers/w26947> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Deardorff, AV and Stern, RM, ‘Measurement of Non-Tariff Barriers’ (1997) OECD Working Paper No. 179 <www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/568705648470.pdf?expires=1655752963&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=E8E491E03C3B460002DACE6A08B4D75B> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘The Evolution of Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ (2021) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2021-8 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd202108_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
von Hagen, M, ‘Trade and Gender – Exploring a Reciprocal Relationship: Approaches to Mitigate and Measure Gender-Related Trade Impacts’ (2014) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit <www.oecd.org/dac/gender-development/GIZ_Trade%20and%20Gender_Exploring%20a%20reciprocal%20relationship.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO, ‘Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture’ (2018) <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_626831.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Trade and Gender: A Framework of Analysis’ (March 2021) <www.oecd.org/publications/trade-and-gender-6db59d80-en.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Trade Policy, Note by the UNCTAD secretariat’, TD/B/C.I/EM.2/2/Rev.1 (2009) <www.unctad.org/en/docs/ciem2d2_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Trade Policy’, TD/B/C.I/EM.2/2/Rev.1 (19 March 2019).Google Scholar
UNFPA, ‘COVID-19: A Gender Lens, Technical Brief Protecting Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, and Promoting Gender Equality’ (March 2020) <www.unfpa.org/resources/covid-19-gender-lens> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNGA, ‘Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development (Addis Ababa Action Agenda)’, A/Res/69/313 (2015), para. 90.Google Scholar
UNGA, ‘Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, A/RES/70/1 (21 October 2015) <www.refworld.org/docid/57b6e3e44.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (30 July 2020) <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34140> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Gender Aware Trade Policy: A Springboard for Women’s Economic Empowerment’ 4 <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/dgra_21jun17_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Free Trade Agreements’ (ITC, 2020) <https://intracen.org/resources/publications/mainstreaming-gender-in-free-trade-agreements> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fontana, M and Paciello, C, ‘Gender Dimensions of Agricultural and Rural Employment: Differentiated Pathways out of Poverty’ (FAO, IFAD and ILO, 2010) <www.ilo.org/employment/Whatwedo/Publications/WCMS_150558/lang--en/index.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fontana, M, ‘Gender Justice in Trade Policy – The Gender Effects of Economic Partnership Agreements’ (One World Action, 2009) <https://oneworldaction.org.uk/GendJustTrad.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fontana, M, ‘The Gender Effects of Trade Liberalization in Developing Countries: A Review of Literature’ (Institute of Development Studies, 2009) <www.ids.ac.uk/publications/the-gender-effects-of-trade-liberalization-in-developing-countries-a-review-of-the-literature/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kutlina-Dimitrova, Z, Rueda-Cantuche, JM, Amores, AF and Román, V, ‘How Important Are EU Exports for Jobs in the EU?’ (EU Chief Economist Note, November 2018) <https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/risdgtcen/2018_5f004.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IIRR, ‘Building Back Best: Strengthening Rural Women’s Resilience Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic’ (March 2021) <https://iirr.org/building-back-best-strengthening-rural-womens-resilience-amid-the-covid-19-pandemic/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Concepts and Definitions’ <www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/conceptsandefinitions.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘On the 25th Anniversary of Landmark Beijing Declaration on Women’s Rights, UN Women Calls for Accelerating Its Unfinished Business’ (4 September 2020) <www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/9/press-release-25th-anniversary-of-the-beijing-declaration-on-womens-rights> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN, ‘Third International Conference on Financing for Development (FfD3)’ (13–16 July 2015) <www.un.org/esa/ffd/ffd3/conference.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender’ <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/iwg_trade_gender_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (July 2020) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/women_trade_pub2807_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Roberts, A and Lamp, N, Six Faces of Globalization: Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why It Matters (Harvard University Press 2022).Google Scholar
Chen, YZ and Tanaka, H, ‘Women’s Empowerment’ in Michalos, AC (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research (Springer 2014).Google Scholar
Bahri, M, ‘Measuring the Gender-Responsiveness of Free Trade Agreements: Using a Self-Evaluation Maturity Framework’ (2019) 14(11/12) Global Trade and Customs Journal 517527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bøler, EA, Javorcik, B and Ulltveit-Moe, KH, ‘Working across Time Zones: Exporters and the Gender Wage Gap’ (2018) 111(C) Journal of International Economics 122133.Google Scholar
Broda, C and Weinstein, DE, ‘Globalization and the Gains from Variety’ (2006) 121(2) Quarterly Journal of Economics 541585.Google Scholar
Ghosh, J, ‘Globalization, Export-Oriented Employment for Women and Social Policy: A Case Study of India’ (2002) 30(11) Social Scientist 1760.Google Scholar
Melanson, K, ‘An Examination of the Gendered Effects of Trade Liberalisation’ (2005) 2(1) Policy Perspectives 1017.Google Scholar
Oostendorp, R, ‘Globalization and the Gender Wage Gap’ (2009) 23(1) World Bank Economic Review 141161.Google Scholar
Sauvé, P and Zoabi, H, ‘International Trade, the Gender Wage Gap and Female Labor Force Participation’ (2014) 111(C) Journal of Development Economics 1733.Google Scholar
Standing, G, ‘Global Feminization through Flexible Labour (1989) 17(7) World Development 10771095.Google Scholar
Standing, G, ‘Global Feminization through Flexible Labour: A Theme Revisited’ (1999) 27(3) World Development 583602.Google Scholar
Verloo, M, ‘Reflections on the Concept and Practice of the Council of Europe Approach to Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality’ (2005) 12(3) Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 344365.Google Scholar
Alon, T, Doepke, M, Olmstead-Rumsey, J and Tertilt, M, ‘The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality’ (2020) NBER Working Paper No. 26947 <www.nber.org/papers/w26947> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Deardorff, AV and Stern, RM, ‘Measurement of Non-Tariff Barriers’ (1997) OECD Working Paper No. 179 <www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/568705648470.pdf?expires=1655752963&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=E8E491E03C3B460002DACE6A08B4D75B> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘The Evolution of Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ (2021) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2021-8 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd202108_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
von Hagen, M, ‘Trade and Gender – Exploring a Reciprocal Relationship: Approaches to Mitigate and Measure Gender-Related Trade Impacts’ (2014) Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit <www.oecd.org/dac/gender-development/GIZ_Trade%20and%20Gender_Exploring%20a%20reciprocal%20relationship.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO, ‘Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture’ (2018) <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_626831.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Trade and Gender: A Framework of Analysis’ (March 2021) <www.oecd.org/publications/trade-and-gender-6db59d80-en.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Trade Policy, Note by the UNCTAD secretariat’, TD/B/C.I/EM.2/2/Rev.1 (2009) <www.unctad.org/en/docs/ciem2d2_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Trade Policy’, TD/B/C.I/EM.2/2/Rev.1 (19 March 2019).Google Scholar
UNFPA, ‘COVID-19: A Gender Lens, Technical Brief Protecting Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, and Promoting Gender Equality’ (March 2020) <www.unfpa.org/resources/covid-19-gender-lens> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNGA, ‘Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the Third International Conference on Financing for Development (Addis Ababa Action Agenda)’, A/Res/69/313 (2015), para. 90.Google Scholar
UNGA, ‘Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, A/RES/70/1 (21 October 2015) <www.refworld.org/docid/57b6e3e44.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (30 July 2020) <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34140> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Gender Aware Trade Policy: A Springboard for Women’s Economic Empowerment’ 4 <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/dgra_21jun17_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Free Trade Agreements’ (ITC, 2020) <https://intracen.org/resources/publications/mainstreaming-gender-in-free-trade-agreements> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fontana, M and Paciello, C, ‘Gender Dimensions of Agricultural and Rural Employment: Differentiated Pathways out of Poverty’ (FAO, IFAD and ILO, 2010) <www.ilo.org/employment/Whatwedo/Publications/WCMS_150558/lang--en/index.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fontana, M, ‘Gender Justice in Trade Policy – The Gender Effects of Economic Partnership Agreements’ (One World Action, 2009) <https://oneworldaction.org.uk/GendJustTrad.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fontana, M, ‘The Gender Effects of Trade Liberalization in Developing Countries: A Review of Literature’ (Institute of Development Studies, 2009) <www.ids.ac.uk/publications/the-gender-effects-of-trade-liberalization-in-developing-countries-a-review-of-the-literature/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kutlina-Dimitrova, Z, Rueda-Cantuche, JM, Amores, AF and Román, V, ‘How Important Are EU Exports for Jobs in the EU?’ (EU Chief Economist Note, November 2018) <https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/risdgtcen/2018_5f004.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IIRR, ‘Building Back Best: Strengthening Rural Women’s Resilience Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic’ (March 2021) <https://iirr.org/building-back-best-strengthening-rural-womens-resilience-amid-the-covid-19-pandemic/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Concepts and Definitions’ <www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/conceptsandefinitions.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘On the 25th Anniversary of Landmark Beijing Declaration on Women’s Rights, UN Women Calls for Accelerating Its Unfinished Business’ (4 September 2020) <www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/9/press-release-25th-anniversary-of-the-beijing-declaration-on-womens-rights> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN, ‘Third International Conference on Financing for Development (FfD3)’ (13–16 July 2015) <www.un.org/esa/ffd/ffd3/conference.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender’ <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/iwg_trade_gender_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (July 2020) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/women_trade_pub2807_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Morrow Roberson, C, ‘Global Parcel Volumes Expected to Double by 2026 on e-Commerce Boom’ (2020) Journal of Commerce Online <www.joc.com/international-logistics/global-parcel-volumes-expected-double-2026-e-commerce-boom_20201012.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bouet, A, Pace, K and Glauber, JW, ‘Informal Cross-Border Trade in Africa: How Much? Why? And What Impact?’ (2018) FPRI Discussion Paper <www.ifpri.org/publication/informal-cross-border-trade-africa-how-much-why-and-what-impact> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
der Boghossian, A, ‘Trade Policies Supporting Women’s Economic Empowerment: Trends in WTO Members’ (2019) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2019-07 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201907_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
der Boghossian, A, ‘Women’s Economic Empowerment: An Inherent Part of Aid for Trade’ (2019) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2019-08 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201908_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
DiCaprio, A, Yao, Y and Simms, R, ‘Women and Trade: Gender’s Impact on Trade Finance and Fintech’ (2017) ADBI Working Paper Series No. 797 <www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/389186/adbi-wp797.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Elborgh-Woytek, K, Newiak, M, Kochhar, K, Fabrizio, S, Kpodar, K, Wingender, P, Clements, B and Schwartz, G, ‘Women, Work, and the Economy: Macroeconomic Gains from Gender Equity’ (2013) IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/13/10 <www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2013/sdn1310.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fernández, R, Isakova, A, Luna, F and Rambousek, B, ‘Gender Equality and Inclusive Growth’ (2021) IMF Working Paper WP/21/59 <www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/03/03/Gender-Equality-and-Inclusive-Growth-50147> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Franić, R and Kovačićek, T, ‘The Professional Status of Rural Women in the EU’ (2019) Study requested by the European Parliament FEMM Committee <www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2019/608868/IPOL_STU(2019)608868_EN.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kyvik Nordås, H, ‘Is Trade Liberalization a Window of Opportunity for Women?’ (2003) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2003-03 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd200303_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Morsy, H, ‘Access to Finance – Mind the Gender Gap’ (2017) EBRD Working Paper No. 202 <www.ebrd.com/publications/working-papers/access-to-finance> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
USAID, ‘Women in Cross-Border Agricultural Trade’ (2012) USAID Policy Brief No. 4 <www.agrilinks.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/EAT_PolicyBrief_WomenCrossBorderAgTrade_Oct2012_FINAL.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ADB, ‘2019 Asian Development Bank Annual Report’ (ADB, 2019) <www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/650011/adb-annual-report-2019.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Aid for Trade Task Force, ‘Recommendations of the Task Force on Aid for Trade’, WT/AFT/1 (27 July 2006).Google Scholar
FAO, ‘The State of Food and Agriculture 2010–2011’ (2011) <www.fao.org/3/i2050e/i2050e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of India, ‘All India Report of Sixth Economic Consensus’ (2016) <https://msme.gov.in/sites/default/files/All%20India%20Report%20of%20Sixth%20Economic%20Census.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IFC, ‘IFC Annual Report 2010: Where Innovation Meets Impact’ (IFC/World Bank, 2010) <www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/16494d0c-77b8-474a-bafd-f8f8a928ff8c/AR2010_English.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=iYNAdVZ> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO, ‘World Employment Social Outlook – Trends for Women 2017’ (2017) <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_557245.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
International Livestock Research Institute, ‘Why Women Are Essential in Livestock Development – and Why Livestock Are Essential in Women’s Lives’ (11 February 2022) <www.ilri.org/knowledge/stories/why-women-are-essential-livestock-development-and-why-livestock-are-essential> accessed 19 May 2023.+accessed+19+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the WTO, ‘Vision 2030, an Economic Diversification Strategy and Women’s Economic Empowerment’ (23 June 2021) <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/230621_saudi_arabia.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNDP, ‘Afghanistan Socio-Economic Outlook 2021–2022: Averting a Basic Needs Crisis’ (1 December 2021) <www.undp.org/publications/afghanistan-socio-economic-outlook-2021-2022-averting-basic-needs-crisis> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNECOSOC, ‘Meeting Coverage of the 63rd Commission on the Status of Women’, WOM/2175 (13 March 2019) <www.un.org/press/en/2019/wom2175.doc.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade. The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (WB/WTO, 2020) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/women_trade_pub2807_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Commission on the Environment and Development, ‘Our Common Future’ (1987).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Agreement on Trade Facilitation’ <www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/tfa-nov14_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Biennial Technical Assistance and Training Plan, Revision 2018–19’, WT/COMTD/W/227/Rev.1 (23 October 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Biennial Technical Assistance and Training Plan, Revision 2020–2021’, WT/COMTD/W/248/Rev.1 (1 November 2019).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Declaration on the Conclusion of Negotiations on Services Domestic Regulation’, WT/L/1129 (2 December 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Guidelines for Arrangements on Relations with Non-Governmental Organizations’, WT/L/162 (23 July 1996).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration’, WT/MIN(05)/DEC (22 December 2005).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Interim Report Following the Buenos Aires Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment’, WT/L/1095/Rev.1 (25 September 2020).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Japan – Minutes of the Meeting, Addendum’, WT/TPR/M/310/Add.1 (9 and 11 March 2015).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Pakistan’, WT/TPR/S/311 (17 February 2015).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Chile’, WT/TPR/G/315/Rev.1 (7 October 2015).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Egypt’, WT/TPR/G/367 (16 January 2018).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Guyana’, WT/TPR/G/320 (28 July 2016).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Iceland’ WT/TPR/G/361 (30 August 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Japan’, WT/TPR/G/310 (9 and 11 March 2015).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Mozambique’, WT/TPR/G/354, 7 (29 March 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Nigeria’, WT/TPR/G/356 (7 May 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Paraguay’, WT/TPR/G/360 (2 August 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by the Secretariat – India’, WT/TPR/S/313 (28 April 2015).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by the Secretariat – Southern African Customs Union’, WT/TPR/S/324 (30 September 2015).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by The Gambia’, WT/TPR/G/365, (21 November 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by United Arab Emirates’, WT/TPR/G/338 (27 April 2016).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by the United States’, WT/TPR/G/350 (14 November 2016).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Pehghu, Kinmen and Matsu – Minutes of the Meeting’, WT/TPR/M/377/Add.1 (28 January 2019).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – The Maldives – Minutes of the Meeting’, WT/TPR/M/332/Add.1 (7 June 2016).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – The Philippines – Minutes of the Meeting, Addendum’, WT/TPR/M/368/Add.1 (28 May 2018).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Zambia – Minutes of the Meeting’, WT/TPR/M/340/Add.1 (19 September 2016).Google Scholar
Etsy, ‘Celebrating Creative Entrepreneurship around the Globe’ (Etsy Global Seller Census Report 2019’ (2019) <https://extfiles.etsy.com/advocacy/Etsy_GlobalSellerCensus_4.2019.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Etsy, ‘Unlocking Opportunity – Annual Report 2018’ (2018) <http://s23.q4cdn.com/775204224/files/doc_downloads/2018-Annual-Report-(1).pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
General Authority for Statistics (Saudi Arabia), ‘Saudi Unemployment at 11.0%, Overall Unemployment at 6.9% in Q42021’ (2021) <www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/LMS%20Q042021E.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Global Alliance for Trade Facilitation, ‘WTO’s Trade Facilitation Agreement through Gender Lens, Global Alliance for Trade Facilitation’ (2020) <www.tradefacilitation.org/content/uploads/2020/05/2020-tfa-through-a-gender-lens-final.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, ‘GEM Global Report 2016/17’ (GERA, 2017) <www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2016-2017-global-report> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
MasterCard, ‘Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurs (MIWE) 2018’ (2018) <www.mastercard.com/news/media/phwevxcc/the-mastercard-index-of-women-entrepreneurs.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Morsy, H, ‘Access to Finance: Why Aren’t Women Leaning In?’ (IMF – Finance & Development Magazine, March 2020) <www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2020/03/pdf/africa-gender-gap-access-to-finance-morsy.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Southern Africa Trust, ‘The Experiences and Challenges of Women in the SADC Region: The Case of Trade and Agriculture Sectors’ (January 2018) <https://media.africaportal.org/documents/Experiences_and_challenges_of_women_in_SADC.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Weldegiorgis, F, Lawson, L, Verbrugge, H, ‘Women in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining: Challenges and Opportunities for Greater Participation’ (IISD, 12 May 2018) <www.iisd.org/publications/report/women-artisanal-and-small-scale-mining-challenges-and-opportunities-greater> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Benton, D, ‘Global Mining Industry Suffering a Major Skills Shortage Problem, Chamber of Mines Finds’ (Mining, 17 May 2022) <https://miningglobal.com/supply-chain-and-operations/global-mining-industry-suffering-major-skills-shortage-problem-chamber-mines-finds> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Business Standard, ‘Indian Textile & Handicrafts Industry Is the Largest Employment Generator after Agri: Ajay Tamta’ (Business Standard, 9 November 2017) <www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/indian-textile-handicrafts-industry-is-the-largest-employment-generator-after-agri-ajay-tamta-117110900180_1.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
EIF, ‘Delivering Change in Mali: Investing in Women and Beyond’ (Trade for Development News EIF, October 2016) <https://enhancedif.org/en/publication/2016-10/delivering-change-mali-investing-women-and-beyond> accessed 8 May 2022, link no longer active.+accessed+8+May+2022,+link+no+longer+active.>Google Scholar
European Innovation Council, ‘EU Launches Women TechEU Pilot to Put Women at the Forefront of Deep Tech’ (13 July 2021) <https://eic.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-launches-women-techeu-pilot-put-women-forefront-deep-tech-2021-07-13_en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Eurostat, ‘Farm Indicators by Agricultural Area, Type of Farm, Standard Output, Sex and Age of the Manager and NUTS 2 Regions’ (22 February 2021) <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/EF_M_FARMANG__custom_636393/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=f146257b-e328–43b7-b338–48c769ab000f> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fair Trade Africa, ‘I Am Back as a Woman’ (4 September 2020) <https://fairtradeafrica.net/i-am-coming-back-as-a-woman/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
FAO, ‘Women Farmers and Resilience in the Face of Climate Change’ <www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/news/detail/zh/c/881891/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fredenburgh, J, ‘The “Invisible” Women at the Heart of the Chocolate Industry’ (BBC, n.d.) <www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/the-invisible-women-farmers-of-ivory-coast.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO, ‘Employment in Agriculture, Female (% of Female Employment) (Modelled ILO Estimate)’ (29 January 2021) <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ISO, ‘IWA 34:2021, Women’s Entrepreneurship – Key Definitions and General Criteria’ <www.iso.org/standard/79585.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Vision 2030’ <www.vision2030.gov.sa> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Knowles, M, ‘Mali Mango Project Is “Bearing Fruit”’, 2 June 2017 <www.fruitnet.com/eurofruit/mali-mango-project-is-bearing-fruit/172388.article> accessed 19 May 2023.+accessed+19+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Lusaka Times, ‘Mines are Battling to Attract Skilled and Experienced People – Chamber of Mines’ (23 June 2017) <www.lusakatimes.com/2017/06/23/mines-battling-attract-skilled-experienced-people-chamber-mines/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Musumeci, M and Miyamoto, K, ‘Strengthening the Gender Dimension of Aid for Trade in the Least Developed Countries’ (Enhanced Integrated Framework, 25 June 2019) <https://trade4devnews.enhancedif.org/en/news/strengthening-gender-dimension-aid-trade-least-developed-countries> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
PwC Nigeria, ‘Impact of Women on Nigeria’s Economy’ (PwC, 12 March 2020) <www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/impact-of-women-on-nigerias-economy.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
SAWDF, ‘International Women Entrepreneurs Summit – 2018’ <https://sawdf.org/portfolio-item/international-women-entrepreneurs-summit-2018/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Women at the Table, ‘Home’ <www.womenatthetable.net/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Women Entrepreneurship Knowledge Hub, ‘The State of Women’s Entrepreneurship in Canada 2021’ (June 2021) <https://wekh.ca/research/the-state-of-womens-entrepreneurship-in-canada-2021/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank, ‘Breaking the “Grass Ceiling”: Empowering Women Farmers’ (6 March 2018) <www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/03/06/breaking-the-grass-ceiling-empowering-women-farmers> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender’ (WTO, 26 February 2021) <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/iwg_trade_gender_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Workshop on Enhancing the Participation of Women Entrepreneurs and Traders in Government Procurement Hosted by the Republic of Moldova Organized in cooperation with the WTO, ITC and EBRD’ (25 June 2018) <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/programme_workshop_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO survey, Assessing Women Entrepreneurs’ Knowledge Gap on Trade in East Africa, South Asia, and Latin America (2019–2020) (Unpublished. on file with author).Google Scholar
Morrow Roberson, C, ‘Global Parcel Volumes Expected to Double by 2026 on e-Commerce Boom’ (2020) Journal of Commerce Online <www.joc.com/international-logistics/global-parcel-volumes-expected-double-2026-e-commerce-boom_20201012.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bouet, A, Pace, K and Glauber, JW, ‘Informal Cross-Border Trade in Africa: How Much? Why? And What Impact?’ (2018) FPRI Discussion Paper <www.ifpri.org/publication/informal-cross-border-trade-africa-how-much-why-and-what-impact> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
der Boghossian, A, ‘Trade Policies Supporting Women’s Economic Empowerment: Trends in WTO Members’ (2019) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2019-07 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201907_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
der Boghossian, A, ‘Women’s Economic Empowerment: An Inherent Part of Aid for Trade’ (2019) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2019-08 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201908_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
DiCaprio, A, Yao, Y and Simms, R, ‘Women and Trade: Gender’s Impact on Trade Finance and Fintech’ (2017) ADBI Working Paper Series No. 797 <www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/389186/adbi-wp797.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Elborgh-Woytek, K, Newiak, M, Kochhar, K, Fabrizio, S, Kpodar, K, Wingender, P, Clements, B and Schwartz, G, ‘Women, Work, and the Economy: Macroeconomic Gains from Gender Equity’ (2013) IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/13/10 <www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2013/sdn1310.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fernández, R, Isakova, A, Luna, F and Rambousek, B, ‘Gender Equality and Inclusive Growth’ (2021) IMF Working Paper WP/21/59 <www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/03/03/Gender-Equality-and-Inclusive-Growth-50147> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Franić, R and Kovačićek, T, ‘The Professional Status of Rural Women in the EU’ (2019) Study requested by the European Parliament FEMM Committee <www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2019/608868/IPOL_STU(2019)608868_EN.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kyvik Nordås, H, ‘Is Trade Liberalization a Window of Opportunity for Women?’ (2003) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2003-03 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd200303_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Morsy, H, ‘Access to Finance – Mind the Gender Gap’ (2017) EBRD Working Paper No. 202 <www.ebrd.com/publications/working-papers/access-to-finance> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
USAID, ‘Women in Cross-Border Agricultural Trade’ (2012) USAID Policy Brief No. 4 <www.agrilinks.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/EAT_PolicyBrief_WomenCrossBorderAgTrade_Oct2012_FINAL.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ADB, ‘2019 Asian Development Bank Annual Report’ (ADB, 2019) <www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/650011/adb-annual-report-2019.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Aid for Trade Task Force, ‘Recommendations of the Task Force on Aid for Trade’, WT/AFT/1 (27 July 2006).Google Scholar
FAO, ‘The State of Food and Agriculture 2010–2011’ (2011) <www.fao.org/3/i2050e/i2050e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of India, ‘All India Report of Sixth Economic Consensus’ (2016) <https://msme.gov.in/sites/default/files/All%20India%20Report%20of%20Sixth%20Economic%20Census.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IFC, ‘IFC Annual Report 2010: Where Innovation Meets Impact’ (IFC/World Bank, 2010) <www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/16494d0c-77b8-474a-bafd-f8f8a928ff8c/AR2010_English.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=iYNAdVZ> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO, ‘World Employment Social Outlook – Trends for Women 2017’ (2017) <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_557245.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
International Livestock Research Institute, ‘Why Women Are Essential in Livestock Development – and Why Livestock Are Essential in Women’s Lives’ (11 February 2022) <www.ilri.org/knowledge/stories/why-women-are-essential-livestock-development-and-why-livestock-are-essential> accessed 19 May 2023.+accessed+19+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Permanent Mission of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the WTO, ‘Vision 2030, an Economic Diversification Strategy and Women’s Economic Empowerment’ (23 June 2021) <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/230621_saudi_arabia.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNDP, ‘Afghanistan Socio-Economic Outlook 2021–2022: Averting a Basic Needs Crisis’ (1 December 2021) <www.undp.org/publications/afghanistan-socio-economic-outlook-2021-2022-averting-basic-needs-crisis> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNECOSOC, ‘Meeting Coverage of the 63rd Commission on the Status of Women’, WOM/2175 (13 March 2019) <www.un.org/press/en/2019/wom2175.doc.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade. The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (WB/WTO, 2020) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/women_trade_pub2807_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Commission on the Environment and Development, ‘Our Common Future’ (1987).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Agreement on Trade Facilitation’ <www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/tfa-nov14_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Biennial Technical Assistance and Training Plan, Revision 2018–19’, WT/COMTD/W/227/Rev.1 (23 October 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Biennial Technical Assistance and Training Plan, Revision 2020–2021’, WT/COMTD/W/248/Rev.1 (1 November 2019).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Declaration on the Conclusion of Negotiations on Services Domestic Regulation’, WT/L/1129 (2 December 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Guidelines for Arrangements on Relations with Non-Governmental Organizations’, WT/L/162 (23 July 1996).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration’, WT/MIN(05)/DEC (22 December 2005).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Interim Report Following the Buenos Aires Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment’, WT/L/1095/Rev.1 (25 September 2020).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Japan – Minutes of the Meeting, Addendum’, WT/TPR/M/310/Add.1 (9 and 11 March 2015).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Pakistan’, WT/TPR/S/311 (17 February 2015).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Chile’, WT/TPR/G/315/Rev.1 (7 October 2015).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Egypt’, WT/TPR/G/367 (16 January 2018).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Guyana’, WT/TPR/G/320 (28 July 2016).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Iceland’ WT/TPR/G/361 (30 August 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Japan’, WT/TPR/G/310 (9 and 11 March 2015).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Mozambique’, WT/TPR/G/354, 7 (29 March 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Nigeria’, WT/TPR/G/356 (7 May 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by Paraguay’, WT/TPR/G/360 (2 August 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by the Secretariat – India’, WT/TPR/S/313 (28 April 2015).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by the Secretariat – Southern African Customs Union’, WT/TPR/S/324 (30 September 2015).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by The Gambia’, WT/TPR/G/365, (21 November 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by United Arab Emirates’, WT/TPR/G/338 (27 April 2016).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Report by the United States’, WT/TPR/G/350 (14 November 2016).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Pehghu, Kinmen and Matsu – Minutes of the Meeting’, WT/TPR/M/377/Add.1 (28 January 2019).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – The Maldives – Minutes of the Meeting’, WT/TPR/M/332/Add.1 (7 June 2016).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – The Philippines – Minutes of the Meeting, Addendum’, WT/TPR/M/368/Add.1 (28 May 2018).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade Policy Review – Zambia – Minutes of the Meeting’, WT/TPR/M/340/Add.1 (19 September 2016).Google Scholar
Etsy, ‘Celebrating Creative Entrepreneurship around the Globe’ (Etsy Global Seller Census Report 2019’ (2019) <https://extfiles.etsy.com/advocacy/Etsy_GlobalSellerCensus_4.2019.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Etsy, ‘Unlocking Opportunity – Annual Report 2018’ (2018) <http://s23.q4cdn.com/775204224/files/doc_downloads/2018-Annual-Report-(1).pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
General Authority for Statistics (Saudi Arabia), ‘Saudi Unemployment at 11.0%, Overall Unemployment at 6.9% in Q42021’ (2021) <www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/LMS%20Q042021E.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Global Alliance for Trade Facilitation, ‘WTO’s Trade Facilitation Agreement through Gender Lens, Global Alliance for Trade Facilitation’ (2020) <www.tradefacilitation.org/content/uploads/2020/05/2020-tfa-through-a-gender-lens-final.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, ‘GEM Global Report 2016/17’ (GERA, 2017) <www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2016-2017-global-report> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
MasterCard, ‘Mastercard Index of Women Entrepreneurs (MIWE) 2018’ (2018) <www.mastercard.com/news/media/phwevxcc/the-mastercard-index-of-women-entrepreneurs.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Morsy, H, ‘Access to Finance: Why Aren’t Women Leaning In?’ (IMF – Finance & Development Magazine, March 2020) <www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2020/03/pdf/africa-gender-gap-access-to-finance-morsy.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Southern Africa Trust, ‘The Experiences and Challenges of Women in the SADC Region: The Case of Trade and Agriculture Sectors’ (January 2018) <https://media.africaportal.org/documents/Experiences_and_challenges_of_women_in_SADC.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Weldegiorgis, F, Lawson, L, Verbrugge, H, ‘Women in Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining: Challenges and Opportunities for Greater Participation’ (IISD, 12 May 2018) <www.iisd.org/publications/report/women-artisanal-and-small-scale-mining-challenges-and-opportunities-greater> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Benton, D, ‘Global Mining Industry Suffering a Major Skills Shortage Problem, Chamber of Mines Finds’ (Mining, 17 May 2022) <https://miningglobal.com/supply-chain-and-operations/global-mining-industry-suffering-major-skills-shortage-problem-chamber-mines-finds> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Business Standard, ‘Indian Textile & Handicrafts Industry Is the Largest Employment Generator after Agri: Ajay Tamta’ (Business Standard, 9 November 2017) <www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/indian-textile-handicrafts-industry-is-the-largest-employment-generator-after-agri-ajay-tamta-117110900180_1.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
EIF, ‘Delivering Change in Mali: Investing in Women and Beyond’ (Trade for Development News EIF, October 2016) <https://enhancedif.org/en/publication/2016-10/delivering-change-mali-investing-women-and-beyond> accessed 8 May 2022, link no longer active.+accessed+8+May+2022,+link+no+longer+active.>Google Scholar
European Innovation Council, ‘EU Launches Women TechEU Pilot to Put Women at the Forefront of Deep Tech’ (13 July 2021) <https://eic.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-launches-women-techeu-pilot-put-women-forefront-deep-tech-2021-07-13_en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Eurostat, ‘Farm Indicators by Agricultural Area, Type of Farm, Standard Output, Sex and Age of the Manager and NUTS 2 Regions’ (22 February 2021) <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/EF_M_FARMANG__custom_636393/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=f146257b-e328–43b7-b338–48c769ab000f> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fair Trade Africa, ‘I Am Back as a Woman’ (4 September 2020) <https://fairtradeafrica.net/i-am-coming-back-as-a-woman/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
FAO, ‘Women Farmers and Resilience in the Face of Climate Change’ <www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture/news/detail/zh/c/881891/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fredenburgh, J, ‘The “Invisible” Women at the Heart of the Chocolate Industry’ (BBC, n.d.) <www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/follow-the-food/the-invisible-women-farmers-of-ivory-coast.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO, ‘Employment in Agriculture, Female (% of Female Employment) (Modelled ILO Estimate)’ (29 January 2021) <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.FE.ZS> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ISO, ‘IWA 34:2021, Women’s Entrepreneurship – Key Definitions and General Criteria’ <www.iso.org/standard/79585.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Vision 2030’ <www.vision2030.gov.sa> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Knowles, M, ‘Mali Mango Project Is “Bearing Fruit”’, 2 June 2017 <www.fruitnet.com/eurofruit/mali-mango-project-is-bearing-fruit/172388.article> accessed 19 May 2023.+accessed+19+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Lusaka Times, ‘Mines are Battling to Attract Skilled and Experienced People – Chamber of Mines’ (23 June 2017) <www.lusakatimes.com/2017/06/23/mines-battling-attract-skilled-experienced-people-chamber-mines/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Musumeci, M and Miyamoto, K, ‘Strengthening the Gender Dimension of Aid for Trade in the Least Developed Countries’ (Enhanced Integrated Framework, 25 June 2019) <https://trade4devnews.enhancedif.org/en/news/strengthening-gender-dimension-aid-trade-least-developed-countries> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
PwC Nigeria, ‘Impact of Women on Nigeria’s Economy’ (PwC, 12 March 2020) <www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/impact-of-women-on-nigerias-economy.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
SAWDF, ‘International Women Entrepreneurs Summit – 2018’ <https://sawdf.org/portfolio-item/international-women-entrepreneurs-summit-2018/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Women at the Table, ‘Home’ <www.womenatthetable.net/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Women Entrepreneurship Knowledge Hub, ‘The State of Women’s Entrepreneurship in Canada 2021’ (June 2021) <https://wekh.ca/research/the-state-of-womens-entrepreneurship-in-canada-2021/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank, ‘Breaking the “Grass Ceiling”: Empowering Women Farmers’ (6 March 2018) <www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/03/06/breaking-the-grass-ceiling-empowering-women-farmers> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender’ (WTO, 26 February 2021) <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/iwg_trade_gender_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Workshop on Enhancing the Participation of Women Entrepreneurs and Traders in Government Procurement Hosted by the Republic of Moldova Organized in cooperation with the WTO, ITC and EBRD’ (25 June 2018) <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/programme_workshop_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO survey, Assessing Women Entrepreneurs’ Knowledge Gap on Trade in East Africa, South Asia, and Latin America (2019–2020) (Unpublished. on file with author).Google Scholar
Tran-Nguyen, AN and Beviglia, Zampetti A (eds), Trade and Gender: Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries (UNCTAD 2004).Google Scholar
Mikic, M and Sharma, V, ‘Feminizing WTO 2.0’ in Evenett, SJ and Baldwin, R (eds.), Revitalising Multilateralism: Pragmatic Ideas for the New WTO Director-General (Centre for Economic Policy Research Press 2020).Google Scholar
Cagatay, N, ‘Asian and Pacific Developing Economies and the First WTO Ministerial Conference: Issues of Concern’ (1996) 22 Studies in Trade and Investment 323334.Google Scholar
Erten, B and Keskin, P, ‘Trade-Offs? The Impact of WTO Accession on Intimate Partner Violence in Cambodia’ (2021) No. 14918 Review of Economics and Statistics 140.Google Scholar
der Boghossian, A, ‘Women’s Economic Empowerment: An Inherent Part of Aid for Trade’ (2019) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2019-08 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201908_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, OE, Acharya, R, Aydiner-Avsar, N, Babiak, O, Baka, S, Beliakova, A, Champagne, F-P, María de la Mora, L, Elson, D, Fontana, M, Goff, P, González, A, Honey, S, Kinnear, M, Malcorra, S, Panezi, M, Pinchis-Paulsen, M, Piovani, C, Rajagopal, B, Seiermann, J, Steger, D, Cherise Valles, C and Zarrilli, S, ‘Reshaping Trade through Women’s Economic Empowerment’ (2018) CIGI Special Report <www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/documents/Women%20and%20Trade.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Korinek, J, Moïsé, E and Tange, J, ‘Trade and Gender: A Framework of Analysis’ (2021) OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 246 <https://doi.org/10.1787/6db59d80-en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Rubinova, S and Sebti, M, ‘The WTO Trade Cost Index and Its Determinants’ (2021) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2021-6 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd202106_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Shepherd, B and Stone, S, ‘Trade and Women’ (2017) ADBI Working Paper Series No. 648 <www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/224666/adbi-wp648.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Tyers-Chowdhury, A and Binder, G, ‘What We Know about the Gender Digital Divide for Girls: A Literature Review’ (UNICEF Gender and Innovation Evidence Briefs, 2021) <www.unicef.org/eap/media/8311/file/What%20we%20know%20about%20the%20gender%20digital%20divide%20for%20girls:%20A%20literature%20review.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Upadhayay, NB, ‘Are Only Men Fighting Trade Wars? Empirical Evidence from the Temporary Trade Barriers (TTB) Data’ (2020) ERUDITE Working Papers 2020 <https://erudite.univ-paris-est.fr/fileadmin/public/ERUDITE/erudwp/ERU-03-20-nu.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Wolff, AW, ‘“WTO 2025: Constructing an Executive Branch’: PIIE Working Paper 22-8 (May 2022) <www.piie.com/sites/default/files/documents/wp22-8.pdf> accessed 22 April 2023.+accessed+22+April+2023.>Google Scholar
UN ESCAP, ‘Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Trends 2021–2022: Preferential Trade Agreements in Asia and the Pacific, United Nations, Bangkok’ (2020) <www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledge-products/APTIT_PTA_20212022.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN ESCAP, ‘Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific: Annual Report, 2 May 1995–24 April 1996’, E/1996/36 E/ESCAP/1044 (Economic and Social Council Official Records, 1996).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Trade and Gender: Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries’, UNCTAD/EDM/2004/2 (23 May 2004).Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (2020) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/women_trade_pub2807_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO Trade Cost Index, ‘Who Faces Higher Trade Costs? Trade Costs by Gender’ <http://tradecosts.wto.org/categories.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Committee on Agriculture in Special Session – Report by the Chairperson, HE Ms Gloria Abraham Peralta to the Trade Negotiations Committee’, TN/AG/50 (23 November 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘COVID-19 and World Trade’ <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/covid19_e/covid19_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Declaration on the Conclusion of Negotiations on Services Domestic Regulation’, WT/L/1129 (2 December 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Final Work Plan for Implementing Activities under the Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender’, INF/TGE/W/1/Rev.2 (29 March 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Informal Working Group on MSMEs, Declaration on Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs)’, INF/MSME/4/Rev.2 (6 October 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Ministerial Declaration on the Advancement of Gender Equality and Women’s Economic Empowerment within Trade 12th WTO Ministerial Conference’, WT/MIN21/4 (10 November 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Report on G20 Trade Measures’ (28 October 2021) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/report_trdev_nov21_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Singapore Ministerial Declaration’, WT/MIN(96)/DEC (18 December 1996).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Statement on the Inclusive Trade and Gender Equality from the Co-Chairs of the Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender’, WT/MIN(22)/7 (12 June 2022).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘WTO Trade Cost Index: Evolution, Incidence and Determinants, Background Note’ (March 2021) <http://tradecosts.wto.org/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
der Boghossian, A, ‘WTO Technical Assistance on Trade and Gender: New Strategy 2021–2026’ (WTO, 2021) <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/16july21/item_3.4.d._wto_secretariat.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘Delivering on the Buenos Aires Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment’ (2020) <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/tig_rpt_dec20_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Dommen, C, ‘WTO Advances Gender Agenda Amidst Calls for Broader Gender Lens’ (IISD, 2021) <https://sdg.iisd.org/news/wto-advances-gender-agenda-amidst-calls-for-broader-gender-lens/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, OE, ‘Modernizing the World Trade Organization’ (CIGI, 2020) <www.cigionline.org/articles/modernizing-world-trade-organization/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Minister Ng Promotes Benefits of Global Trade and Gender Arrangement at OECD’ (9 June 2021) <www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2021/06/minister-ng-promotes-benefits-of-global-trade-and-gender-arrangement-at-oecd.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Gromova, K, Anderson, R and Gupta, G, ‘Opening a Global Conversation about the Gender Digital Divide’ (World Bank, 4 November 2021) <https://blogs.worldbank.org/digital-development/opening-global-conversation-about-gender-digital-divide> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
New Zealand Foreign Affairs and Trade, ‘Inclusive Trade Action Group (ITAG)’ <www.mfat.govt.nz/kr/trade/nz-trade-policy/inclusive-trade-action-group-itag/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘How Trade Can Support Women’s Economic Empowerment Global Trade and Gender Arrangement (GTAGA): An Innovative Initiative to Support Women’s Economic Empowerment through Trade’ (9 June 2021) <www.oecd.org/trade/events/trade-women-economic-empowerment/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Trade and Gender: A Framework Analysis’ (2021) <www.oecd.org/trade/topics/trade-and-gender/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Sokolova, MV, DiCaprio, A, Bivens Collinson, N, ‘Is It Time for Women Leaders in International Organizations?’ (Trade Experettes, n.d.) <www.tradeexperettes.org/blog/articles/is-it-time-for-women-leaders-in-international-organizations> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Trade Experettes, ‘Time for Women Leaders in International Organizations’ <www.tradeexperettes.org/podcasts/episodes/women-leaders-in-international-organizations> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Ueno, A, ‘Erosion of the Non-discrimination Principle through Waves of Preferential Trade Agreements: A Warning from the Sutherland Report’ (REITI, n.d.) <www.rieti.go.jp/en/columns/a01_0163.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN ESCAP, ‘ARTNeT & WTO Webinar – Forward-Looking Conversation on “Trade for Peace”’ (10 December 2021) <www.unescap.org/events/2021/artnet-wto-webinar-forward-looking-conversation-trade-peace#> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Buenos Aires Declaration on Women and Trade Outlines Actions to Empower Women’ <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/mc11_12dec17_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/iwg_trade_gender_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Ministerial Conferences: Twelfth WTO Ministerial Conference’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc12_e/documents_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade and Gender Informal Working Group Co-chairs Present Draft Outcome Document for MC12’ (WTO News, 23 September 2021) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/women_23sep21_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Twelfth WTO Ministerial Conference’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc12_e/mc12_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO Conference Services, ‘From Gender Research to Action for a Post COVID-19 Resilient World’ (YouTube, 29 September 2021) <www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLHW27FyVdo> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Tran-Nguyen, AN and Beviglia, Zampetti A (eds), Trade and Gender: Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries (UNCTAD 2004).Google Scholar
Mikic, M and Sharma, V, ‘Feminizing WTO 2.0’ in Evenett, SJ and Baldwin, R (eds.), Revitalising Multilateralism: Pragmatic Ideas for the New WTO Director-General (Centre for Economic Policy Research Press 2020).Google Scholar
Cagatay, N, ‘Asian and Pacific Developing Economies and the First WTO Ministerial Conference: Issues of Concern’ (1996) 22 Studies in Trade and Investment 323334.Google Scholar
Erten, B and Keskin, P, ‘Trade-Offs? The Impact of WTO Accession on Intimate Partner Violence in Cambodia’ (2021) No. 14918 Review of Economics and Statistics 140.Google Scholar
der Boghossian, A, ‘Women’s Economic Empowerment: An Inherent Part of Aid for Trade’ (2019) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2019-08 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201908_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, OE, Acharya, R, Aydiner-Avsar, N, Babiak, O, Baka, S, Beliakova, A, Champagne, F-P, María de la Mora, L, Elson, D, Fontana, M, Goff, P, González, A, Honey, S, Kinnear, M, Malcorra, S, Panezi, M, Pinchis-Paulsen, M, Piovani, C, Rajagopal, B, Seiermann, J, Steger, D, Cherise Valles, C and Zarrilli, S, ‘Reshaping Trade through Women’s Economic Empowerment’ (2018) CIGI Special Report <www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/documents/Women%20and%20Trade.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Korinek, J, Moïsé, E and Tange, J, ‘Trade and Gender: A Framework of Analysis’ (2021) OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 246 <https://doi.org/10.1787/6db59d80-en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Rubinova, S and Sebti, M, ‘The WTO Trade Cost Index and Its Determinants’ (2021) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2021-6 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd202106_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Shepherd, B and Stone, S, ‘Trade and Women’ (2017) ADBI Working Paper Series No. 648 <www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/224666/adbi-wp648.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Tyers-Chowdhury, A and Binder, G, ‘What We Know about the Gender Digital Divide for Girls: A Literature Review’ (UNICEF Gender and Innovation Evidence Briefs, 2021) <www.unicef.org/eap/media/8311/file/What%20we%20know%20about%20the%20gender%20digital%20divide%20for%20girls:%20A%20literature%20review.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Upadhayay, NB, ‘Are Only Men Fighting Trade Wars? Empirical Evidence from the Temporary Trade Barriers (TTB) Data’ (2020) ERUDITE Working Papers 2020 <https://erudite.univ-paris-est.fr/fileadmin/public/ERUDITE/erudwp/ERU-03-20-nu.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Wolff, AW, ‘“WTO 2025: Constructing an Executive Branch’: PIIE Working Paper 22-8 (May 2022) <www.piie.com/sites/default/files/documents/wp22-8.pdf> accessed 22 April 2023.+accessed+22+April+2023.>Google Scholar
UN ESCAP, ‘Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Trends 2021–2022: Preferential Trade Agreements in Asia and the Pacific, United Nations, Bangkok’ (2020) <www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledge-products/APTIT_PTA_20212022.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN ESCAP, ‘Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific: Annual Report, 2 May 1995–24 April 1996’, E/1996/36 E/ESCAP/1044 (Economic and Social Council Official Records, 1996).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Trade and Gender: Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries’, UNCTAD/EDM/2004/2 (23 May 2004).Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (2020) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/women_trade_pub2807_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO Trade Cost Index, ‘Who Faces Higher Trade Costs? Trade Costs by Gender’ <http://tradecosts.wto.org/categories.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Committee on Agriculture in Special Session – Report by the Chairperson, HE Ms Gloria Abraham Peralta to the Trade Negotiations Committee’, TN/AG/50 (23 November 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘COVID-19 and World Trade’ <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/covid19_e/covid19_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Declaration on the Conclusion of Negotiations on Services Domestic Regulation’, WT/L/1129 (2 December 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Final Work Plan for Implementing Activities under the Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender’, INF/TGE/W/1/Rev.2 (29 March 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Informal Working Group on MSMEs, Declaration on Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs)’, INF/MSME/4/Rev.2 (6 October 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Ministerial Declaration on the Advancement of Gender Equality and Women’s Economic Empowerment within Trade 12th WTO Ministerial Conference’, WT/MIN21/4 (10 November 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Report on G20 Trade Measures’ (28 October 2021) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/report_trdev_nov21_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Singapore Ministerial Declaration’, WT/MIN(96)/DEC (18 December 1996).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Statement on the Inclusive Trade and Gender Equality from the Co-Chairs of the Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender’, WT/MIN(22)/7 (12 June 2022).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘WTO Trade Cost Index: Evolution, Incidence and Determinants, Background Note’ (March 2021) <http://tradecosts.wto.org/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
der Boghossian, A, ‘WTO Technical Assistance on Trade and Gender: New Strategy 2021–2026’ (WTO, 2021) <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/16july21/item_3.4.d._wto_secretariat.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘Delivering on the Buenos Aires Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment’ (2020) <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/tig_rpt_dec20_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Dommen, C, ‘WTO Advances Gender Agenda Amidst Calls for Broader Gender Lens’ (IISD, 2021) <https://sdg.iisd.org/news/wto-advances-gender-agenda-amidst-calls-for-broader-gender-lens/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, OE, ‘Modernizing the World Trade Organization’ (CIGI, 2020) <www.cigionline.org/articles/modernizing-world-trade-organization/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Minister Ng Promotes Benefits of Global Trade and Gender Arrangement at OECD’ (9 June 2021) <www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2021/06/minister-ng-promotes-benefits-of-global-trade-and-gender-arrangement-at-oecd.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Gromova, K, Anderson, R and Gupta, G, ‘Opening a Global Conversation about the Gender Digital Divide’ (World Bank, 4 November 2021) <https://blogs.worldbank.org/digital-development/opening-global-conversation-about-gender-digital-divide> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
New Zealand Foreign Affairs and Trade, ‘Inclusive Trade Action Group (ITAG)’ <www.mfat.govt.nz/kr/trade/nz-trade-policy/inclusive-trade-action-group-itag/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘How Trade Can Support Women’s Economic Empowerment Global Trade and Gender Arrangement (GTAGA): An Innovative Initiative to Support Women’s Economic Empowerment through Trade’ (9 June 2021) <www.oecd.org/trade/events/trade-women-economic-empowerment/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Trade and Gender: A Framework Analysis’ (2021) <www.oecd.org/trade/topics/trade-and-gender/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Sokolova, MV, DiCaprio, A, Bivens Collinson, N, ‘Is It Time for Women Leaders in International Organizations?’ (Trade Experettes, n.d.) <www.tradeexperettes.org/blog/articles/is-it-time-for-women-leaders-in-international-organizations> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Trade Experettes, ‘Time for Women Leaders in International Organizations’ <www.tradeexperettes.org/podcasts/episodes/women-leaders-in-international-organizations> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Ueno, A, ‘Erosion of the Non-discrimination Principle through Waves of Preferential Trade Agreements: A Warning from the Sutherland Report’ (REITI, n.d.) <www.rieti.go.jp/en/columns/a01_0163.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN ESCAP, ‘ARTNeT & WTO Webinar – Forward-Looking Conversation on “Trade for Peace”’ (10 December 2021) <www.unescap.org/events/2021/artnet-wto-webinar-forward-looking-conversation-trade-peace#> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Buenos Aires Declaration on Women and Trade Outlines Actions to Empower Women’ <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/mc11_12dec17_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/iwg_trade_gender_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Ministerial Conferences: Twelfth WTO Ministerial Conference’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc12_e/documents_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade and Gender Informal Working Group Co-chairs Present Draft Outcome Document for MC12’ (WTO News, 23 September 2021) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/women_23sep21_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Twelfth WTO Ministerial Conference’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc12_e/mc12_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO Conference Services, ‘From Gender Research to Action for a Post COVID-19 Resilient World’ (YouTube, 29 September 2021) <www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLHW27FyVdo> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bashevkin, SB, True Patriot Love: The Politics of Canadian Nationalism (Oxford University Press 1991).Google Scholar
Brownlie, I, Principles of Public International Law (Oxford University Press 5th ed. 1998).Google Scholar
Crawford, J (ed), Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law (Oxford University Press 8th ed. 2012).Google Scholar
Edwards, R, Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century (Basic Books 1979).Google Scholar
Gibb, H, Gender Mainstreaming: Good Practices from the Asia Pacific Region (Renouf Publishing 2001).Google Scholar
Liebowitz, DJ, Gender and Identity in an Era of Globalization: Transnational Political Organizing in North America (Rutgers 2000).Google Scholar
Massey, D, Spatial Divisions of Labour: Social Structures and the Geography of Production (Macmillan 1984).Google Scholar
North, DC, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge University Press 2011).Google Scholar
Vickers, J, Rankin, P and Appelle, C, Politics as if Women Mattered: A Political Analysis of the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (University of Toronto Press 1993).Google Scholar
Walby, S, Gender Transformations (Routledge 1997).Google Scholar
Bonzon, Y, ‘Options for Public Participation in the WTO: Experience from Regional Trade Agreements’ in Steger, DP (ed.), WTO: Redesigning the World Trade Organization for the Twenty-first Century (CIGI & Wilfrid Laurier University Press 2010).Google Scholar
Burda, J, ‘Chinese Women after the Accession to the World Trade Organization: A Legal Perspective on Women’s Labor Rights’ in Berik, G, Dong, XY and Summerfield, G (eds.), Gender, China and the World Trade Organization: Essays from Feminist Economics (Routledge 2010).Google Scholar
Caglar, G, ‘Feminist Strategies and Social Learning in International Economic Governance’ in Caglar, G, Prügl, E and Zwingel, S (eds.), Feminist Strategies in International Governance (Routledge 2013).Google Scholar
Clark, JD, ‘The World Bank and Civil Society: An Evolving Experience’ in Scholte, JA and Schnabel, A (eds.), Civil Society and Global Finance (Routledge 2002).Google Scholar
Davidson, PJ, ‘The Role of Law in Governing Regionalism in Asia’ in Thomas, N (ed.), Governance and Regionalism in Asia (Routledge 2008).Google Scholar
Dawson, TC and Bhatt, G, ‘The IMF and Civil Society: Striking a Balance’ in Scholte, JA and Schnabel, A (eds.), Civil Society and Global Finance (Routledge 2002).Google Scholar
Dorsey, E, ‘The Global Women’s Movement: Articulating a New Vision of Global Governance’ in Diehl, PF (ed.), The Politics of Global Governance: International Organizations in an Interdependent World (Reinner 2005).Google Scholar
Elsig, M and Cottier, T, ‘Reforming the WTO: The Decision-Making Triangle Revisited’ in Cottier, T and Elsig, M (eds.), Governing the World Trade Organization: Past, Present and Beyond Doha (Cambridge University Press 2011).Google Scholar
Elsig, M, ‘WTO Decision-Making: Can We Get a Little Help from the Secretariat and the Critical Mass?’ in Steger, DP (ed.), WTO: Redesigning the World Trade Organization for the Twenty-first Century (CIGI & Wilfrid Laurier University Press 2010).Google Scholar
Garcia Rubio, M, ‘Unilateral Measures as a Means of Forcible Execution of WTO Recommendations and Decisions’ in Picchio Forlati, L and Sicilianos, LA (eds.), Les sanctions economiques en droit international / Economic Sanctions in International Law (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2004).Google Scholar
Nieto-Navia, R, ‘International Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens) and International Humanitarian Law’ in Lal Chand, V et al. (eds.), Man’s Inhumanity to Man (Brill Nijhoff 2003).Google Scholar
True, J, ‘Feminist Problems with International Norms: Gender Mainstreaming in Global Governance’ in Tickner, JA and Sjoberg, L (eds.), Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past, Present and Future (Routledge 2011).Google Scholar
True, J, ‘Gender Specialists and Global Governance: New Forms of Women’s Movement Mobilisation’ in Grey, S and Sawer, M (eds.), Women’s Movements: Flourishing or in Abeyance? (Routledge 2008).Google Scholar
Van den Bossche, P, ‘Non-Governmental Organizations and the WTO: Limits to Involvement?’ in Steger, DP (ed.), WTO: Redesigning the World Trade Organization for the Twenty-First Century (CIGI & Wilfrid Laurier University Press 2010).Google Scholar
Young, B, ‘Structural Power and the Gender Biases of Technocratic Network Governance in Finance’ in Caglar, G, Prügl, E and Zwingel, S (eds.), Feminist Strategies in International Governance (Routledge 2013).Google Scholar
Abbott, KW, Keohane, RO, Moravcsik, A, Slaughter, AM and Snidal, D, ‘The Concept of Legalization’ (2000) 54(3) International Organization 401419.Google Scholar
Costa, L, ‘Women Say No to WTO’ (2000) 4(2) Gender, Technology and Development 315322.Google Scholar
Gabriel, C and Macdonald, L, ‘Managing Trade Engagements? Mapping the Contours of State Feminism and Women’s Political Activism’ (2005) 12(1) Canadian Foreign Policy 71-88, 82.Google Scholar
Goetz, AM, ‘The New Competition in Multilateral Norm-Setting: Transnational Feminists and the Illiberal Backlash’ (2020) 149(1) Daedalus 165166.Google Scholar
Hathaway, OA, ‘The Cost of Commitment’ (2003) 55(5) Stanford Law Review 18211862.Google Scholar
Hawkesworth, M, ‘Policy Discourse as Sanctioned Ignorance: Theorizing the Erasure of Feminist Knowledge’ (2009) 3(3–4) Critical Policy Studies 268289.Google Scholar
Kuijper, PJ, ‘The Law of GATT as a Special Field of International Law – Ignorance, Further Refinement or Self-Contained System of International Law’ (1994) 25 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 227257.Google Scholar
Marceau, G, ‘WTO Dispute Settlement and Human Rights’ (2002) 13(4) European Journal of International Law 753814.Google Scholar
Mavroidis, PC, ‘Remedies in the WTO Legal System: Between a Rock and a Hard Place’ (2000) 11(4) European Journal of International Law 763813.Google Scholar
Nagar, R, Lawson, V, McDowell, L and Hanson, S, ‘Locating Globalization: Feminist (Re)readings of the Subjects and Spaces of Globalization’ (2002) 78(3) Economic Geography 257284.Google Scholar
Palmeter, D and Mavroidis, PC, ‘The WTO Legal System: Sources of Law’ (1998) 92 American Journal of International Law 398413.Google Scholar
Pauwelyn, J, ‘The Role of Public International Law in the WTO: How Far Can We Go?’ (2001) 95(3) American Journal of International Law 535578.Google Scholar
Steinkopf Rice, J, ‘Viewing Trade Liberalization through a Feminist Lens: A Content Analysis of the Counterhegemonic Discourse of Gender and Trade Advocacy Groups’ (2010) 30(3) Sociological Spectrum 289316.Google Scholar
Trachtman, J, ‘The Domain of WTO Dispute Resolution’ (1999) 40(2) Harvard International Law Journal 333378.Google Scholar
True, J and Mintrom, M, ‘Transnational Networks and Policy Diffusion: The Case of Gender Mainstreaming’ (2001) 45(1) International Studies Quarterly 2757.Google Scholar
Whitsitt, E, ‘A Comment on the Public Morals Exception in International Trade and the EC – Seal Products Case: Moral Imperialism and Other Concerns’ (2014) 3(4) Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law 13761391.Google Scholar
Jensen, M and Lee, E, ‘Trade and Employment: Challenges for Policy Research’ (2007) ILO and WTO Joint Study <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_091038.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Underhill, G, ‘Markets, Institutions, and Transaction Costs: The Endogeneity of Governance’ (2007) World Economy & Finance Research Programme Working Paper <https://ideas.repec.org/p/wef/wpaper/0025.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Vickers, J, ‘Is Nationalism Always “Bad for Women”? In Search of “Women-Friendly” Democracy: Gender/Nation Relations in Modern Nation-States’ 2005/2006 Davidson Dunton Research Lecture, Carleton University (27 March 2006).Google Scholar
Viilup, E, ‘The EU’s Trade Policy: From Gender-Blind to Gender Sensitive?’ (2015) In-Depth Analysis for the European Parliament, DG External Policies <www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/549058/EXPO_IDA(2015)549058_EN.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
APEC, ‘Framework for Integration of Women in APEC’ (1999) <www.apec.org/~/media/Files/Groups/GFPN/02_aggi_framewk.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
APEC, ‘Joint Ministerial Statement’ APEC Ministerial Meeting on Women (15–16 October 1998).Google Scholar
IMF, ‘Standard Rules for Review and Publication of Evaluation Reports and other IEO Documents’ (19 August 2002) <www.ieo-imf.org/ieo/files/origins/081902.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IPU, ‘2016 Annual Session of the Parliamentary Conference on the WTO: What Future for the WTO?, WTO Headquarters, Geneva, 13–14 June 2016, organized jointly by the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the European Parliament’ <www.ipu.org/splz-e/trade16.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women, ‘Supporting Gender Mainstreaming: The Work of the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women’ (March 2001) <www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/report.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNGA, ‘Methods and Procedures of the General Assembly’, A/RES/362 (22 October 1949) Rule 82 et seq.Google Scholar
World Bank, ‘International Bank of Reconstruction and Development: Voting Power of Executive Directors’ <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IBRDEDsVotingTable.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Buenos Aires Declaration on Women and Trade Outlines Actions to Empower Women – 12 December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/mc11_12dec17_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries, Decision of 28 November 1979’, L/4903 (29 November 1979).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Eleventh WTO Ministerial Conference: Buenos Aires Declaration on Women and Trade outlines actions to empower women’ (12 December 2017) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/mc11_12dec17_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Guidelines for Arrangements on Relations with Non-Governmental Organizations’, WT/L/162 (23 July 1996).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Interim Report Following the Buenos Aires Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment’ (25 September 2020) <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/L/1095R1.pdf&Open=True> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Ministerial Declaration on the Advancement of Gender Equality and Women’s Economic Empowerment within Trade’, WT/MIN(21)/4 (10 November 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Ministerial Declaration – Ministerial Conference, Fourth Session, Doha, 9–14 November 2001’, WT/MIN(01)/DEC/W/1 (20 November 2001) para. 47.Google Scholar
WTO, ‘The Future of the WTO: Addressing Institutional Challenges in the New Millennium, Report by the Consultative Board to the Director-General Supachai Penitchpakdi’ (2004) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/10anniv_e/future_wto_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries, WT/DS246/AB/R (31 August 2004).Google Scholar
Cohen, M, ‘The Macdonald Report and Its Implications for Women’ Feminist Action (December 1985).Google Scholar
The Warwick Commission, ‘The Multilateral Trade Regime: Which Way Forward? – The Report of the First Warwick Commission’ (University of Warwick December 2007).Google Scholar
APEC, ‘APEC Business Advisory Council – Achievements’ <www.apec.org/Groups/Other-Groups/APEC-Business-Advisory-Council.aspx> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Cornell University Law School’s Legal Information Institute, ‘Jus Cogens’ <www.law.cornell.edu/wex/jus_cogens> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IMF, ‘Completed Evaluations’ <www.ieo-imf.org/ieo/pages/Completed.aspx> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IMF, ‘Factsheet – Debt Relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative’ (24 March 2014) <www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/hipc.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IMF, ‘Factsheet – IMF Quotas’ (25 March 2014) <www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/quotas.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IMF, ‘IMF Executive Directors and Voting Power’ (19 August 2014) <www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/eds.aspx> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IPU, ‘2016 Annual Session of the Parliamentary Conference on the WTO – What Future for the WTO?, Geneva, 13–14 June 2016: Outcome Document – Adopted by consensus on 14 June 2016’ <www.ipu.org/splz-e/trade16/outcome.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Gender Mainstreaming’ <www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/gendermainstreaming.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Enhanced Integrated Framework’ <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/teccop_e/if_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘International Intergovernmental Organizations Granted Observer Status to WTO Bodies’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/igo_obs_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Overview of the WTO Secretariat’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/secre_e/intro_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘The WTO and Other Organizations’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/coher_e/coher_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Understanding the WTO: Cross-Cutting and New Issues – Labour Standards: Consensus, Coherence and Controversy; Consensus on Core Standards, Work Deferred to the ILO’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/bey5_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
European Parliament, ‘MEPS to Lead WTO Parliamentary Conference in Geneva’ (10 June 2016).Google Scholar
Bashevkin, SB, True Patriot Love: The Politics of Canadian Nationalism (Oxford University Press 1991).Google Scholar
Brownlie, I, Principles of Public International Law (Oxford University Press 5th ed. 1998).Google Scholar
Crawford, J (ed), Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law (Oxford University Press 8th ed. 2012).Google Scholar
Edwards, R, Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century (Basic Books 1979).Google Scholar
Gibb, H, Gender Mainstreaming: Good Practices from the Asia Pacific Region (Renouf Publishing 2001).Google Scholar
Liebowitz, DJ, Gender and Identity in an Era of Globalization: Transnational Political Organizing in North America (Rutgers 2000).Google Scholar
Massey, D, Spatial Divisions of Labour: Social Structures and the Geography of Production (Macmillan 1984).Google Scholar
North, DC, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance (Cambridge University Press 2011).Google Scholar
Vickers, J, Rankin, P and Appelle, C, Politics as if Women Mattered: A Political Analysis of the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (University of Toronto Press 1993).Google Scholar
Walby, S, Gender Transformations (Routledge 1997).Google Scholar
Bonzon, Y, ‘Options for Public Participation in the WTO: Experience from Regional Trade Agreements’ in Steger, DP (ed.), WTO: Redesigning the World Trade Organization for the Twenty-first Century (CIGI & Wilfrid Laurier University Press 2010).Google Scholar
Burda, J, ‘Chinese Women after the Accession to the World Trade Organization: A Legal Perspective on Women’s Labor Rights’ in Berik, G, Dong, XY and Summerfield, G (eds.), Gender, China and the World Trade Organization: Essays from Feminist Economics (Routledge 2010).Google Scholar
Caglar, G, ‘Feminist Strategies and Social Learning in International Economic Governance’ in Caglar, G, Prügl, E and Zwingel, S (eds.), Feminist Strategies in International Governance (Routledge 2013).Google Scholar
Clark, JD, ‘The World Bank and Civil Society: An Evolving Experience’ in Scholte, JA and Schnabel, A (eds.), Civil Society and Global Finance (Routledge 2002).Google Scholar
Davidson, PJ, ‘The Role of Law in Governing Regionalism in Asia’ in Thomas, N (ed.), Governance and Regionalism in Asia (Routledge 2008).Google Scholar
Dawson, TC and Bhatt, G, ‘The IMF and Civil Society: Striking a Balance’ in Scholte, JA and Schnabel, A (eds.), Civil Society and Global Finance (Routledge 2002).Google Scholar
Dorsey, E, ‘The Global Women’s Movement: Articulating a New Vision of Global Governance’ in Diehl, PF (ed.), The Politics of Global Governance: International Organizations in an Interdependent World (Reinner 2005).Google Scholar
Elsig, M and Cottier, T, ‘Reforming the WTO: The Decision-Making Triangle Revisited’ in Cottier, T and Elsig, M (eds.), Governing the World Trade Organization: Past, Present and Beyond Doha (Cambridge University Press 2011).Google Scholar
Elsig, M, ‘WTO Decision-Making: Can We Get a Little Help from the Secretariat and the Critical Mass?’ in Steger, DP (ed.), WTO: Redesigning the World Trade Organization for the Twenty-first Century (CIGI & Wilfrid Laurier University Press 2010).Google Scholar
Garcia Rubio, M, ‘Unilateral Measures as a Means of Forcible Execution of WTO Recommendations and Decisions’ in Picchio Forlati, L and Sicilianos, LA (eds.), Les sanctions economiques en droit international / Economic Sanctions in International Law (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2004).Google Scholar
Nieto-Navia, R, ‘International Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens) and International Humanitarian Law’ in Lal Chand, V et al. (eds.), Man’s Inhumanity to Man (Brill Nijhoff 2003).Google Scholar
True, J, ‘Feminist Problems with International Norms: Gender Mainstreaming in Global Governance’ in Tickner, JA and Sjoberg, L (eds.), Feminism and International Relations: Conversations about the Past, Present and Future (Routledge 2011).Google Scholar
True, J, ‘Gender Specialists and Global Governance: New Forms of Women’s Movement Mobilisation’ in Grey, S and Sawer, M (eds.), Women’s Movements: Flourishing or in Abeyance? (Routledge 2008).Google Scholar
Van den Bossche, P, ‘Non-Governmental Organizations and the WTO: Limits to Involvement?’ in Steger, DP (ed.), WTO: Redesigning the World Trade Organization for the Twenty-First Century (CIGI & Wilfrid Laurier University Press 2010).Google Scholar
Young, B, ‘Structural Power and the Gender Biases of Technocratic Network Governance in Finance’ in Caglar, G, Prügl, E and Zwingel, S (eds.), Feminist Strategies in International Governance (Routledge 2013).Google Scholar
Abbott, KW, Keohane, RO, Moravcsik, A, Slaughter, AM and Snidal, D, ‘The Concept of Legalization’ (2000) 54(3) International Organization 401419.Google Scholar
Costa, L, ‘Women Say No to WTO’ (2000) 4(2) Gender, Technology and Development 315322.Google Scholar
Gabriel, C and Macdonald, L, ‘Managing Trade Engagements? Mapping the Contours of State Feminism and Women’s Political Activism’ (2005) 12(1) Canadian Foreign Policy 71-88, 82.Google Scholar
Goetz, AM, ‘The New Competition in Multilateral Norm-Setting: Transnational Feminists and the Illiberal Backlash’ (2020) 149(1) Daedalus 165166.Google Scholar
Hathaway, OA, ‘The Cost of Commitment’ (2003) 55(5) Stanford Law Review 18211862.Google Scholar
Hawkesworth, M, ‘Policy Discourse as Sanctioned Ignorance: Theorizing the Erasure of Feminist Knowledge’ (2009) 3(3–4) Critical Policy Studies 268289.Google Scholar
Kuijper, PJ, ‘The Law of GATT as a Special Field of International Law – Ignorance, Further Refinement or Self-Contained System of International Law’ (1994) 25 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 227257.Google Scholar
Marceau, G, ‘WTO Dispute Settlement and Human Rights’ (2002) 13(4) European Journal of International Law 753814.Google Scholar
Mavroidis, PC, ‘Remedies in the WTO Legal System: Between a Rock and a Hard Place’ (2000) 11(4) European Journal of International Law 763813.Google Scholar
Nagar, R, Lawson, V, McDowell, L and Hanson, S, ‘Locating Globalization: Feminist (Re)readings of the Subjects and Spaces of Globalization’ (2002) 78(3) Economic Geography 257284.Google Scholar
Palmeter, D and Mavroidis, PC, ‘The WTO Legal System: Sources of Law’ (1998) 92 American Journal of International Law 398413.Google Scholar
Pauwelyn, J, ‘The Role of Public International Law in the WTO: How Far Can We Go?’ (2001) 95(3) American Journal of International Law 535578.Google Scholar
Steinkopf Rice, J, ‘Viewing Trade Liberalization through a Feminist Lens: A Content Analysis of the Counterhegemonic Discourse of Gender and Trade Advocacy Groups’ (2010) 30(3) Sociological Spectrum 289316.Google Scholar
Trachtman, J, ‘The Domain of WTO Dispute Resolution’ (1999) 40(2) Harvard International Law Journal 333378.Google Scholar
True, J and Mintrom, M, ‘Transnational Networks and Policy Diffusion: The Case of Gender Mainstreaming’ (2001) 45(1) International Studies Quarterly 2757.Google Scholar
Whitsitt, E, ‘A Comment on the Public Morals Exception in International Trade and the EC – Seal Products Case: Moral Imperialism and Other Concerns’ (2014) 3(4) Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law 13761391.Google Scholar
Jensen, M and Lee, E, ‘Trade and Employment: Challenges for Policy Research’ (2007) ILO and WTO Joint Study <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_091038.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Underhill, G, ‘Markets, Institutions, and Transaction Costs: The Endogeneity of Governance’ (2007) World Economy & Finance Research Programme Working Paper <https://ideas.repec.org/p/wef/wpaper/0025.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Vickers, J, ‘Is Nationalism Always “Bad for Women”? In Search of “Women-Friendly” Democracy: Gender/Nation Relations in Modern Nation-States’ 2005/2006 Davidson Dunton Research Lecture, Carleton University (27 March 2006).Google Scholar
Viilup, E, ‘The EU’s Trade Policy: From Gender-Blind to Gender Sensitive?’ (2015) In-Depth Analysis for the European Parliament, DG External Policies <www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/549058/EXPO_IDA(2015)549058_EN.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
APEC, ‘Framework for Integration of Women in APEC’ (1999) <www.apec.org/~/media/Files/Groups/GFPN/02_aggi_framewk.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
APEC, ‘Joint Ministerial Statement’ APEC Ministerial Meeting on Women (15–16 October 1998).Google Scholar
IMF, ‘Standard Rules for Review and Publication of Evaluation Reports and other IEO Documents’ (19 August 2002) <www.ieo-imf.org/ieo/files/origins/081902.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IPU, ‘2016 Annual Session of the Parliamentary Conference on the WTO: What Future for the WTO?, WTO Headquarters, Geneva, 13–14 June 2016, organized jointly by the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the European Parliament’ <www.ipu.org/splz-e/trade16.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women, ‘Supporting Gender Mainstreaming: The Work of the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women’ (March 2001) <www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/pdf/report.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNGA, ‘Methods and Procedures of the General Assembly’, A/RES/362 (22 October 1949) Rule 82 et seq.Google Scholar
World Bank, ‘International Bank of Reconstruction and Development: Voting Power of Executive Directors’ <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IBRDEDsVotingTable.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Buenos Aires Declaration on Women and Trade Outlines Actions to Empower Women – 12 December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/mc11_12dec17_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries, Decision of 28 November 1979’, L/4903 (29 November 1979).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Eleventh WTO Ministerial Conference: Buenos Aires Declaration on Women and Trade outlines actions to empower women’ (12 December 2017) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/mc11_12dec17_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Guidelines for Arrangements on Relations with Non-Governmental Organizations’, WT/L/162 (23 July 1996).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Interim Report Following the Buenos Aires Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment’ (25 September 2020) <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/WT/L/1095R1.pdf&Open=True> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Ministerial Declaration on the Advancement of Gender Equality and Women’s Economic Empowerment within Trade’, WT/MIN(21)/4 (10 November 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Ministerial Declaration – Ministerial Conference, Fourth Session, Doha, 9–14 November 2001’, WT/MIN(01)/DEC/W/1 (20 November 2001) para. 47.Google Scholar
WTO, ‘The Future of the WTO: Addressing Institutional Challenges in the New Millennium, Report by the Consultative Board to the Director-General Supachai Penitchpakdi’ (2004) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/10anniv_e/future_wto_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Appellate Body Report, European Communities – Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries, WT/DS246/AB/R (31 August 2004).Google Scholar
Cohen, M, ‘The Macdonald Report and Its Implications for Women’ Feminist Action (December 1985).Google Scholar
The Warwick Commission, ‘The Multilateral Trade Regime: Which Way Forward? – The Report of the First Warwick Commission’ (University of Warwick December 2007).Google Scholar
APEC, ‘APEC Business Advisory Council – Achievements’ <www.apec.org/Groups/Other-Groups/APEC-Business-Advisory-Council.aspx> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Cornell University Law School’s Legal Information Institute, ‘Jus Cogens’ <www.law.cornell.edu/wex/jus_cogens> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IMF, ‘Completed Evaluations’ <www.ieo-imf.org/ieo/pages/Completed.aspx> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IMF, ‘Factsheet – Debt Relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative’ (24 March 2014) <www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/hipc.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IMF, ‘Factsheet – IMF Quotas’ (25 March 2014) <www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/quotas.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IMF, ‘IMF Executive Directors and Voting Power’ (19 August 2014) <www.imf.org/external/np/sec/memdir/eds.aspx> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IPU, ‘2016 Annual Session of the Parliamentary Conference on the WTO – What Future for the WTO?, Geneva, 13–14 June 2016: Outcome Document – Adopted by consensus on 14 June 2016’ <www.ipu.org/splz-e/trade16/outcome.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Gender Mainstreaming’ <www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/gendermainstreaming.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Enhanced Integrated Framework’ <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/teccop_e/if_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘International Intergovernmental Organizations Granted Observer Status to WTO Bodies’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/igo_obs_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Overview of the WTO Secretariat’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/secre_e/intro_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘The WTO and Other Organizations’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/coher_e/coher_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Understanding the WTO: Cross-Cutting and New Issues – Labour Standards: Consensus, Coherence and Controversy; Consensus on Core Standards, Work Deferred to the ILO’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/bey5_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
European Parliament, ‘MEPS to Lead WTO Parliamentary Conference in Geneva’ (10 June 2016).Google Scholar
Adu-Gyamfi, R, Asongu, SA, Sonto Mmusi, T, Wamalwa, H and Mangori, M, ‘A Comparative Study of Export Processing Zones in the Wake of the Sustainable Development Goals: The Cases of Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe’ (2020) WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2020-64 <www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/Publications/Working-paper/PDF/wp2020-64.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Anner, M, ‘Abandoned? The Impact of Covid-19 on Workers and Businesses at the Bottom of Global Garment Supply Chains’ (2020) Pennsylvania State University Center for Global Workers’ Rights Research Report <www.workersrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Abandoned-Penn-State-WRC-Report-March-27-2020.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Torres, J, Maduko, F, Gaddis, I, Iacovone, L and Beegle, K, ‘The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women-Led Businesses’ (2021) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 9817 <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/36435> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Making Trade Work for Least Developed Countries: A Handbook on Mainstreaming Trade’ (2016) Trade and Poverty Paper Series No. 5 <https://unctad.org/webflyer/making-trade-work-least-developed-countries-handbook-mainstreaming-trade> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Warr, P and Menon, J, ‘Cambodia’s Special Economic Zones’ (2015) ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 459 <www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/175236/ewp-459.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IFC, ‘Women-Owned SMEs: A Business Opportunity for Financial Institutions’ (2014) <www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/44b004b2-ed46-48fc-8ade-aa0f485069a1/WomenOwnedSMes+Report-Final.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=kiiZZDZ> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO, ‘Understanding the Gender Composition and Experience of Ready-Made Garment (RMG) Workers in Bangladesh’, BGD/16/03/MUL (3 September 2020).Google Scholar
ILO, ‘Weaving Gender. Challenges and Opportunities for the Myanmar Garment Industry’ (2018) <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-yangon/documents/publication/wcms_672751.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO and IFC, ‘Towards Gender Equality: Better Factories Cambodia’ (2018) <https://betterwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Toward-Gender-Equality-2017-18.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Impact of COVID-19 on Violence against Women and Girls and Service Provision: UN Women Rapid Assessment and Findings’ (UN Women Brief, 2020) <www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/Library/Publications/2020/Impact-of-COVID-19-on-violence-against-women-and-girls-and-service-provision-en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Unleashing the Potential of Women Informal Cross Border Traders to Transform Intra-African Trade’ (2010) <www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Media/Publications/en/factsheetafricanwomentradersen.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Whose Time to Care: Unpaid Care and Domestic Work during COVID-19’ (25 November 2020) <https://data.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Whose-time-to-care-brief_0.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, Entrepreneurship Policy Framework and Implementation Guidance (2012).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘The Least Developed Countries in the Post-COVID World: Learning from 50 Years of Experience’, UNCTAD/LDC/2021 (2021).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, Least Developed Countries Report 2007 (2007).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘The Least Developed Countries Report 2020 – Productive Capacities for the New Decade’, UNCTAD/LDC/2020 (2020).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘The Role of the Services Economy and Trade in Structural Transformation and Inclusive Development, Note by the Secretariat’, TD/B/C.I/MEM.4/14 (14 June 2017).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Trade and Development Report 2020 – From Global Pandemic to Prosperity for All: Avoiding Another Lost Decade’, UNCTAD/TDR/2020 (2020).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Trade and Gender Linkages: An Analysis of Least Developed Countries, Teaching Material on Trade and Gender: Module 4E’, UNCTAD/DITC/2021/1 (2021).Google Scholar
World Tourism Organization, ‘Global Report on Women in Tourism – Second Edition’ (2019) <www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Tourism Organization and ILO, ‘Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries – Guide with Best Practices’ (2014) <www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284416158> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Abdulla, H, ‘Myanmar Garment Factory Orders Fall by 75 Per Cent’ (Just-style, 3 September 2020) <www.just-style.com/news/myanmar-garment-factory-orders-fall-by-75/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Durant, I and Coke-Hamilton, P, ‘COVID-19 Requires Gender-Equal Responses to Save Economies’ (UNCTAD, 1 April 2020) <https://unctad.org/news/covid-19-requires-gender-equal-responses-save-economies> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
International Labour Organization, ‘Who Are Domestic Workers’ <www.ilo.org/global/topics/domestic-workers/who/lang--en/index.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘The Beijing Platform for Action: Inspiration Then and Now’ <https://beijing20.unwomen.org/en/about> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNDP, ‘Gender Tracker’ <https://data.undp.org/gendertracker/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Yonzan, N, Lakner, C and Gerszon, Mahler D, ‘Is COVID-19 Increasing Global Inequality?’ (World Bank, 7 October 2021) <https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/covid-19-increasing-global-inequality> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Adu-Gyamfi, R, Asongu, SA, Sonto Mmusi, T, Wamalwa, H and Mangori, M, ‘A Comparative Study of Export Processing Zones in the Wake of the Sustainable Development Goals: The Cases of Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe’ (2020) WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2020-64 <www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/Publications/Working-paper/PDF/wp2020-64.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Anner, M, ‘Abandoned? The Impact of Covid-19 on Workers and Businesses at the Bottom of Global Garment Supply Chains’ (2020) Pennsylvania State University Center for Global Workers’ Rights Research Report <www.workersrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Abandoned-Penn-State-WRC-Report-March-27-2020.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Torres, J, Maduko, F, Gaddis, I, Iacovone, L and Beegle, K, ‘The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women-Led Businesses’ (2021) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 9817 <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/36435> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Making Trade Work for Least Developed Countries: A Handbook on Mainstreaming Trade’ (2016) Trade and Poverty Paper Series No. 5 <https://unctad.org/webflyer/making-trade-work-least-developed-countries-handbook-mainstreaming-trade> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Warr, P and Menon, J, ‘Cambodia’s Special Economic Zones’ (2015) ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 459 <www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/175236/ewp-459.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IFC, ‘Women-Owned SMEs: A Business Opportunity for Financial Institutions’ (2014) <www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/44b004b2-ed46-48fc-8ade-aa0f485069a1/WomenOwnedSMes+Report-Final.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=kiiZZDZ> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO, ‘Understanding the Gender Composition and Experience of Ready-Made Garment (RMG) Workers in Bangladesh’, BGD/16/03/MUL (3 September 2020).Google Scholar
ILO, ‘Weaving Gender. Challenges and Opportunities for the Myanmar Garment Industry’ (2018) <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-yangon/documents/publication/wcms_672751.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO and IFC, ‘Towards Gender Equality: Better Factories Cambodia’ (2018) <https://betterwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Toward-Gender-Equality-2017-18.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Impact of COVID-19 on Violence against Women and Girls and Service Provision: UN Women Rapid Assessment and Findings’ (UN Women Brief, 2020) <www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/Library/Publications/2020/Impact-of-COVID-19-on-violence-against-women-and-girls-and-service-provision-en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Unleashing the Potential of Women Informal Cross Border Traders to Transform Intra-African Trade’ (2010) <www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Media/Publications/en/factsheetafricanwomentradersen.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Whose Time to Care: Unpaid Care and Domestic Work during COVID-19’ (25 November 2020) <https://data.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Whose-time-to-care-brief_0.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, Entrepreneurship Policy Framework and Implementation Guidance (2012).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘The Least Developed Countries in the Post-COVID World: Learning from 50 Years of Experience’, UNCTAD/LDC/2021 (2021).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, Least Developed Countries Report 2007 (2007).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘The Least Developed Countries Report 2020 – Productive Capacities for the New Decade’, UNCTAD/LDC/2020 (2020).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘The Role of the Services Economy and Trade in Structural Transformation and Inclusive Development, Note by the Secretariat’, TD/B/C.I/MEM.4/14 (14 June 2017).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Trade and Development Report 2020 – From Global Pandemic to Prosperity for All: Avoiding Another Lost Decade’, UNCTAD/TDR/2020 (2020).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Trade and Gender Linkages: An Analysis of Least Developed Countries, Teaching Material on Trade and Gender: Module 4E’, UNCTAD/DITC/2021/1 (2021).Google Scholar
World Tourism Organization, ‘Global Report on Women in Tourism – Second Edition’ (2019) <www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284420384> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Tourism Organization and ILO, ‘Measuring Employment in the Tourism Industries – Guide with Best Practices’ (2014) <www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284416158> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Abdulla, H, ‘Myanmar Garment Factory Orders Fall by 75 Per Cent’ (Just-style, 3 September 2020) <www.just-style.com/news/myanmar-garment-factory-orders-fall-by-75/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Durant, I and Coke-Hamilton, P, ‘COVID-19 Requires Gender-Equal Responses to Save Economies’ (UNCTAD, 1 April 2020) <https://unctad.org/news/covid-19-requires-gender-equal-responses-save-economies> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
International Labour Organization, ‘Who Are Domestic Workers’ <www.ilo.org/global/topics/domestic-workers/who/lang--en/index.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘The Beijing Platform for Action: Inspiration Then and Now’ <https://beijing20.unwomen.org/en/about> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNDP, ‘Gender Tracker’ <https://data.undp.org/gendertracker/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Yonzan, N, Lakner, C and Gerszon, Mahler D, ‘Is COVID-19 Increasing Global Inequality?’ (World Bank, 7 October 2021) <https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/covid-19-increasing-global-inequality> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Giødesen Thystrup, A, Governing Trade in Services – Transforming Rulemaking and Trade Integration (PhD thesis, University of Copenhagen 2017).Google Scholar
Lim, AH, WTO Domestic Regulation and Services Trade, Putting Principles into Practice (Cambridge University Press 2014).Google Scholar
Mattoo, A and Sauvé, P (eds), Domestic Regulation and Service Trade Liberalization (World Bank 2003).Google Scholar
Williams, M, Gender and Trade: Impacts and Implications for Financial Resources for Gender Equality (Commonwealth Secretariat 2007).Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Blockchaining International Trade: A Way Forward for Women’s Economic Empowerment?’ in Smeets, M et al. (eds.), Adapting to the Digital Trade Era: Challenges and Opportunities (WTO 2020) <www.wto-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789287043030s008-c002#> accessed 20 September 2022.Google Scholar
Acharya, R, Alamo, FO, Al-Battashi, SMT, der Boghossian, A, Ghei, N, Herrera, TP, Jackson, LA, Kask, U, Locatelli, C, Marceau, G, Motoc, I-V, Müller, AC, Neufeld, N, Padilla, S, Pardo de Léon, J, Perantakou, S, Sporysheva, N and Wolff, C, ‘Trade and Women – Opportunities for Women in the Framework of the World Trade Organization’ (2019) 22(3) Journal of International Economic Law 323354.Google Scholar
Alesina, AF, Lotti, F and Mistrulli, PE, ‘Do Women Pay More for Credit? Evidence from Italy’ (2013) 11 Journal of the European Economic Association 4566.Google Scholar
Banda, F and MacKinnon, CA, ‘Sex, Gender, and International Law’ (2006) 100 Proceedings of the Annual Meeting American Society of International Law 243248.Google Scholar
Benz, S, Ferencz, J and Nordås, HK, ‘Regulatory Barriers to Trade in Services: A New Database and Composite Indices’ (2020) 43 World Economy 28602879.Google Scholar
Calcagnini, G, Giombini, G and Lenti, E, ‘Gender Differences in Bank Loan Access: An Empirical Analysis’ (2014) 1 Italian Economic Journal 193.Google Scholar
Duflo, E, ‘Women Empowerment and Economic Development’ (2012) 50 Journal of Economic Literature 10511079.Google Scholar
Harkness, SK, ‘Discrimination in Lending Markets: Status and the Intersections of Gender and Race’ (2016) 79 Social Psychology Quarterly, 8193.Google Scholar
Kricheli-Katz, T and Regev, T, ‘How Many Cents on the Dollar? Women and Men in Product Markets’ (2016) 2(2) ScienceAdvances 2.Google Scholar
Thystrup, AG, ‘Gender-Inclusive Governance for E-Commerce’ (2020) 21(4) Journal of World Trade and Investment 595629.Google Scholar
Bacchetta, M, Cerra, V, Piermartini, R and Smeets, M, ‘Trade and Inclusive Growth’ (2021) IMF Working Papers WP/21/74.Google Scholar
Bamber, P and Staritz, C, ‘The Gender Dimensions of Global Value Chains’ (2016) ICTSD Policy Paper <www.tralac.org/images/docs/10585/the-gender-dimensions-of-global-value-chains-ictsd-september-2016.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
der Boghossian, A, ‘Trade Policies Supporting Women’s Economic Empowerment: Trends in WTO Members’ (2019) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2019-07 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201907_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fang, S, Shamseldin, H and Xu, LC, ‘Foreign Direct Investment and Female Entrepreneurship’ (2019) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. WPS 9083 <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/404861576511949229/Foreign-Direct-Investment-and-Female-Entrepreneurship> accessed 20 September 2022.+accessed+20+September+2022.>Google Scholar
Fernandez-Stark, K, Couto, V and Bamber, P, ‘Industry 4.0 in Developing Countries: The Mine of the Future and the Role of Women?’ (2019) World Bank Group Background Paper for the WBG-WTO Global Report on Trade and Gender 2019 <https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/824061568089601224/Industry-4-0-in-Developing-Countries-The-Mine-of-the-Future-and-the-Role-of-Women.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Ferrantino, M, Sicat, M, Xu, A, Mehetaj, E and Chemutai, V, ‘Leveraging New Technologies in Closing the Gender Gaps’ (2020) World Bank Working Paper No. 8.Google Scholar
Fontana, M, ‘Gender Equality in Trade Agreements’ (2016) European Parliament Study for the FEMM Committee <www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/571388/IPOL_STU(2016)571388_EN.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Frohmann, A, ‘Gender Equality and Trade Policy’ (2017) WTI Working Paper No. 24/2017 <www.wti.org/media/filer_public/8b/a8/8ba88d03-1a2b-4311-af6a-629d9997c54c/working_paper_no_24_2017_frohmann.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Hamrick, D and Bamber, P, ‘Pakistan in the Medical Device Global Value Chain’ (Duke Global Value Chains Center 2019) <https://gvcc.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/PakistanMedicalDeviceGVC.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ICTSD, ‘Updating the Multilateral Rule Book on E-Commerce. WTO: Paths Forward’ (2018) International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development Policy Brief – March 2018 <www.tralac.org/component/cck/?task=download&file=app_att_01&id=13518> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kim, K, Beck, S, Tayag, MC and Latoja, LM, ‘Trade Finance Gaps, Growth, and Jobs Survey’ (2019) ADB Briefs <www.adb.org/publications/2019-trade-finance-gaps-jobs-survey> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Korinek, J, ‘Trade and Gender: Issues and Interactions’ (2005) OECD Trade Policy Working Paper No. 24 <https://doi.org/10.1787/826133710302> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Korinek, J, Moïsé, E and Tange, J, ‘Trade and Gender: A Framework of Analysis’ (2021) OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 246, 3–4, 11–16, 27ff <https://doi.org/10.1787/6db59d80-en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Laperle-Forget, L, ‘Gender Provisions in African Trade Agreements: What Commitments Are There For Reconciling Gender Equality and Trade?’ (2022) Tralac Working Paper No. G21WP11/2021 <www.tralac.org/publications/article/15567-gender-provisions-in-african-trade-agreements-what-commitments-are-there-for-reconciling-gender-equality-and-trade.html> accessed 20 September 2022.+accessed+20+September+2022.>Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ (2018) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2018-15 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201815_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Nano, E, Nayyar, G, Rubínová, S and Stolzenburg, V, ‘The Impact of Services Liberalization on Education: Evidence From India’ (2021) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2021-10 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd202110_e.pdf> accessed 20 September 2022+accessed+20+September+2022>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Trade Finance for SMEs in the Digital Era’ (2021) OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers No. 24 <www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/Trade%20finance%20for%20SMEs%20in%20the%20digital%20era.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Sicat, M, Xu, A, Mehetaj, E, Ferrantino, M and Chemutai, V, ‘Leveraging New Technologies in Closing the Gender Gaps’ (2020) World Bank Working Paper No. 8 <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33165> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Sicat, M, Xu, A, Mehetaj, E, Ferrantino, M and Chemutai, V, ‘Leveraging New Technologies in Closing the Gender Gaps’ (2020) World Bank Working Paper No. 8 <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33165> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Sicat, M, Xu, A, Mehetaj, E, Ferrantino, M and Chemutai, V, ‘Leveraging New Technologies in Closing the Gender Gaps’ (2020) World Bank Working Paper No. 8 <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33165> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Suominen, K, ‘Women-Led Firms on the Web: What Are Their Regulatory Challenges – and What Are Solutions?’ (2018) ICTSD Working Paper, 3, 9–10, 16 <www.nextradegroupllc.com/_files/ugd/478c1a_ed3fb14c1a9b465eadd6076404d6da01.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Gender Mainstreaming in Free Trade Agreements: A Regional Analysis and Good Practice Examples’ (2022) Gender, Social Inclusion and Trade Knowledge Product Series <www.genderandtrade.com/_files/ugd/86d8f7_ea7e603922c54ff7a9e1f81e594a5d9f.pdf> accessed 20 September 2022.+accessed+20+September+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘From Europe to the World: Understanding Challenges for European Businesswomen’ (2019).Google Scholar
ITC, ‘SME Competitiveness Outlook 2016: Meeting the Standard for Trade’ (2016).Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Policy Framework for Gender-Sensitive Public Governance’, C/MIN(2021)21 (21 September 2021).Google Scholar
World Bank, ‘Women, Business and the Law 2018’ <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29498> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank, ‘World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends’ (2016) <www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2016> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (2020) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/women_trade_pub2807_e.pdf> accessed 20 September 2022.+accessed+20+September+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Declaration on the Conclusion of Negotiations on Services Domestic Regulation’, WT/L/1129 (2 December 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘EU Proposal for WTO Disciplines and Commitments Relating to Electronic Commerce’, INF/ECOM/22 (26 April 2019) <www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2020/659263/EPRS_ATA(2020)659263_EN.pdf> accessed 23 May 2023.+accessed+23+May+2023.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Initiative on Services Domestic Regulation – Schedules of specific commitments’, INF/SDR/3/Rev.1 (2 December 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Ministerial Statement – Declaration on the Establishment of a WTO Informal Work Programme for MSMEs’, WT/MIN(17)/58 (13 December 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Ministerial Statement on Investment Facilitation for Development, Ministerial Conference Eleventh Session Buenos Aires, 10–13 December 2017’, WT/MIN(17)/59 (13 December 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Ministerial Statement on Services Domestic Regulation, Ministerial Conference Eleventh Session Buenos Aires, 10–13 December 2017’, WT/MIN(17)/61 (13 December 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Ministerial Statement on Services Domestic Regulation’, WT/MIN(17)/61 (13 December 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Statement on Electronic Commerce, Ministerial Conference Eleventh Session Buenos Aires, 10–13 December 2017’, WT/MIN(17)/60 (13 December 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Statement on Electronic Commerce’, WT/MIN(17)/60 (13 December 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Note by the Chairperson, Joint Initiative on Services Domestic Regulation’, INF/SDR/W/1/Rev.2 (18 December 2020) Section I, paragraphs 1 and 2.Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Note by the Chairperson, Joint Initiative on Services Domestic Regulation’, INF/SDR/W/1/Rev.2 (18 December 2020).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Questions on Domestic Regulation, Submissions by the African Group’, JOB/SERV/269 (27 September 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Working Party on Domestic Regulation’, JOB/SERV/272/Rev.1 (7 November 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Working Room Document by the Chair’, DR4-D/Rev.1 (14 September 2018).Google Scholar
WTO and OECD, ‘Services Domestic Regulation in the WTO: Cutting Red Tape, Slashing Trade Costs, and Facilitating Services Trade’ (November 2021) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/jssdr_26nov21_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
European Commission, ‘Digital Trade’ <https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/accessing-markets/goods-and-services/digital-trade/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
European Commission, ‘EU Releases Proposal on New WTO Rules for Electronic Commerce’ (3 May 2019), <https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=2016> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Harris, B, ‘What Is the Gender Gap (and Why Is It Getting Wider)?’ (World Economic Forum, 1 November 2017) <www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/11/the-gender-gap-actually-got-worse-in-2017> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Johnstone, N and Silva, M, ‘Gender Diversity in Energy: What We Know and What We Don’t Know’ (IEA, 6 March 2020) <www.iea.org/commentaries/gender-diversity-in-energy-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-know> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘E-Commerce in the Time of COVID-19’ (7 October 2020) <www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/e-commerce-in-the-time-of-covid-19-3a2b78e8/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Gender Wage Gap (Indicator)’ <https://data.oecd.org/earnwage/gender-wage-gap.htm> accessed 5 April 2022.+accessed+5+April+2022.>Google Scholar
Remy, JY, ‘Closing the Digital Gender Divide through Trade Rules,’ (CIGI, 9 October 2019) <www.cigionline.org/articles/closing-digital-gender-divide-through-trade-rules/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘COVID-19 and Its Economic Toll on Women: The Story behind the Numbers’ (16 September 2020) <www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/9/feature-covid-19-economic-impacts-on-women/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘DG Azevêdo: Global Cooperation on Digital Economy Vital to Unlock Trade Benefits for Women (WTO Speeches, 1 July 2019) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/spra_e/spra268_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘General Council Decides to Postpone MC12 Indefinitely’ (WTO News, 26 November 2021) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/mc12_26nov21_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/iwg_trade_gender_e.htm> accessed 15 September 2022+accessed+15+September+2022>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Negotiations on Services Domestic Regulation Conclude Successfully in Geneva’ (WTO News, 2 December 2021) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/jssdr_02dec21_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘New Initiatives on Electronic Commerce, Investment Facilitation and MSMEs’ (WTO News, 13 December 2017) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/minis_13dec17_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Participants in Domestic Regulation Talks Conclude Text Negotiations, on Track for MC12 Deal’ (WTO News, 27 September 2021) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/serv_27sep21_e.htm#.YVN1fj23jHo.linkedin> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade and Gender Co-chairs Affirm Commitment to Gender Equality in Trade at MC12’ (12 June 2022) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news22_e/iwgtg_13jun22_e.htm> accessed 15 September 2022.+accessed+15+September+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Twelfth WTO Ministerial Conference, including the MC12 Outcome Document’, WT/MIN(22)/24 (22 June 2022) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc12_e/mc12_e.htm#:~:text=The%20WTO’s%2012th%20Ministerial%20Conference,future%20work%20of%20the%20WTO> accessed 23 May 2023.+accessed+23+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Bamber, P, ‘Gender and Global Value Chains’ (WTO, 7 December 2018) <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/session_2_a_paper_4_penny_bamber.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Giødesen Thystrup, A, Governing Trade in Services – Transforming Rulemaking and Trade Integration (PhD thesis, University of Copenhagen 2017).Google Scholar
Lim, AH, WTO Domestic Regulation and Services Trade, Putting Principles into Practice (Cambridge University Press 2014).Google Scholar
Mattoo, A and Sauvé, P (eds), Domestic Regulation and Service Trade Liberalization (World Bank 2003).Google Scholar
Williams, M, Gender and Trade: Impacts and Implications for Financial Resources for Gender Equality (Commonwealth Secretariat 2007).Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Blockchaining International Trade: A Way Forward for Women’s Economic Empowerment?’ in Smeets, M et al. (eds.), Adapting to the Digital Trade Era: Challenges and Opportunities (WTO 2020) <www.wto-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789287043030s008-c002#> accessed 20 September 2022.Google Scholar
Acharya, R, Alamo, FO, Al-Battashi, SMT, der Boghossian, A, Ghei, N, Herrera, TP, Jackson, LA, Kask, U, Locatelli, C, Marceau, G, Motoc, I-V, Müller, AC, Neufeld, N, Padilla, S, Pardo de Léon, J, Perantakou, S, Sporysheva, N and Wolff, C, ‘Trade and Women – Opportunities for Women in the Framework of the World Trade Organization’ (2019) 22(3) Journal of International Economic Law 323354.Google Scholar
Alesina, AF, Lotti, F and Mistrulli, PE, ‘Do Women Pay More for Credit? Evidence from Italy’ (2013) 11 Journal of the European Economic Association 4566.Google Scholar
Banda, F and MacKinnon, CA, ‘Sex, Gender, and International Law’ (2006) 100 Proceedings of the Annual Meeting American Society of International Law 243248.Google Scholar
Benz, S, Ferencz, J and Nordås, HK, ‘Regulatory Barriers to Trade in Services: A New Database and Composite Indices’ (2020) 43 World Economy 28602879.Google Scholar
Calcagnini, G, Giombini, G and Lenti, E, ‘Gender Differences in Bank Loan Access: An Empirical Analysis’ (2014) 1 Italian Economic Journal 193.Google Scholar
Duflo, E, ‘Women Empowerment and Economic Development’ (2012) 50 Journal of Economic Literature 10511079.Google Scholar
Harkness, SK, ‘Discrimination in Lending Markets: Status and the Intersections of Gender and Race’ (2016) 79 Social Psychology Quarterly, 8193.Google Scholar
Kricheli-Katz, T and Regev, T, ‘How Many Cents on the Dollar? Women and Men in Product Markets’ (2016) 2(2) ScienceAdvances 2.Google Scholar
Thystrup, AG, ‘Gender-Inclusive Governance for E-Commerce’ (2020) 21(4) Journal of World Trade and Investment 595629.Google Scholar
Bacchetta, M, Cerra, V, Piermartini, R and Smeets, M, ‘Trade and Inclusive Growth’ (2021) IMF Working Papers WP/21/74.Google Scholar
Bamber, P and Staritz, C, ‘The Gender Dimensions of Global Value Chains’ (2016) ICTSD Policy Paper <www.tralac.org/images/docs/10585/the-gender-dimensions-of-global-value-chains-ictsd-september-2016.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
der Boghossian, A, ‘Trade Policies Supporting Women’s Economic Empowerment: Trends in WTO Members’ (2019) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2019-07 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201907_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fang, S, Shamseldin, H and Xu, LC, ‘Foreign Direct Investment and Female Entrepreneurship’ (2019) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. WPS 9083 <http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/404861576511949229/Foreign-Direct-Investment-and-Female-Entrepreneurship> accessed 20 September 2022.+accessed+20+September+2022.>Google Scholar
Fernandez-Stark, K, Couto, V and Bamber, P, ‘Industry 4.0 in Developing Countries: The Mine of the Future and the Role of Women?’ (2019) World Bank Group Background Paper for the WBG-WTO Global Report on Trade and Gender 2019 <https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/pt/824061568089601224/Industry-4-0-in-Developing-Countries-The-Mine-of-the-Future-and-the-Role-of-Women.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Ferrantino, M, Sicat, M, Xu, A, Mehetaj, E and Chemutai, V, ‘Leveraging New Technologies in Closing the Gender Gaps’ (2020) World Bank Working Paper No. 8.Google Scholar
Fontana, M, ‘Gender Equality in Trade Agreements’ (2016) European Parliament Study for the FEMM Committee <www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/571388/IPOL_STU(2016)571388_EN.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Frohmann, A, ‘Gender Equality and Trade Policy’ (2017) WTI Working Paper No. 24/2017 <www.wti.org/media/filer_public/8b/a8/8ba88d03-1a2b-4311-af6a-629d9997c54c/working_paper_no_24_2017_frohmann.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Hamrick, D and Bamber, P, ‘Pakistan in the Medical Device Global Value Chain’ (Duke Global Value Chains Center 2019) <https://gvcc.duke.edu/wp-content/uploads/PakistanMedicalDeviceGVC.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ICTSD, ‘Updating the Multilateral Rule Book on E-Commerce. WTO: Paths Forward’ (2018) International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development Policy Brief – March 2018 <www.tralac.org/component/cck/?task=download&file=app_att_01&id=13518> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kim, K, Beck, S, Tayag, MC and Latoja, LM, ‘Trade Finance Gaps, Growth, and Jobs Survey’ (2019) ADB Briefs <www.adb.org/publications/2019-trade-finance-gaps-jobs-survey> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Korinek, J, ‘Trade and Gender: Issues and Interactions’ (2005) OECD Trade Policy Working Paper No. 24 <https://doi.org/10.1787/826133710302> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Korinek, J, Moïsé, E and Tange, J, ‘Trade and Gender: A Framework of Analysis’ (2021) OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 246, 3–4, 11–16, 27ff <https://doi.org/10.1787/6db59d80-en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Laperle-Forget, L, ‘Gender Provisions in African Trade Agreements: What Commitments Are There For Reconciling Gender Equality and Trade?’ (2022) Tralac Working Paper No. G21WP11/2021 <www.tralac.org/publications/article/15567-gender-provisions-in-african-trade-agreements-what-commitments-are-there-for-reconciling-gender-equality-and-trade.html> accessed 20 September 2022.+accessed+20+September+2022.>Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ (2018) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2018-15 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201815_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Nano, E, Nayyar, G, Rubínová, S and Stolzenburg, V, ‘The Impact of Services Liberalization on Education: Evidence From India’ (2021) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2021-10 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd202110_e.pdf> accessed 20 September 2022+accessed+20+September+2022>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Trade Finance for SMEs in the Digital Era’ (2021) OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers No. 24 <www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/Trade%20finance%20for%20SMEs%20in%20the%20digital%20era.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Sicat, M, Xu, A, Mehetaj, E, Ferrantino, M and Chemutai, V, ‘Leveraging New Technologies in Closing the Gender Gaps’ (2020) World Bank Working Paper No. 8 <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33165> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Sicat, M, Xu, A, Mehetaj, E, Ferrantino, M and Chemutai, V, ‘Leveraging New Technologies in Closing the Gender Gaps’ (2020) World Bank Working Paper No. 8 <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33165> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Sicat, M, Xu, A, Mehetaj, E, Ferrantino, M and Chemutai, V, ‘Leveraging New Technologies in Closing the Gender Gaps’ (2020) World Bank Working Paper No. 8 <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33165> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Suominen, K, ‘Women-Led Firms on the Web: What Are Their Regulatory Challenges – and What Are Solutions?’ (2018) ICTSD Working Paper, 3, 9–10, 16 <www.nextradegroupllc.com/_files/ugd/478c1a_ed3fb14c1a9b465eadd6076404d6da01.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Gender Mainstreaming in Free Trade Agreements: A Regional Analysis and Good Practice Examples’ (2022) Gender, Social Inclusion and Trade Knowledge Product Series <www.genderandtrade.com/_files/ugd/86d8f7_ea7e603922c54ff7a9e1f81e594a5d9f.pdf> accessed 20 September 2022.+accessed+20+September+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘From Europe to the World: Understanding Challenges for European Businesswomen’ (2019).Google Scholar
ITC, ‘SME Competitiveness Outlook 2016: Meeting the Standard for Trade’ (2016).Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Policy Framework for Gender-Sensitive Public Governance’, C/MIN(2021)21 (21 September 2021).Google Scholar
World Bank, ‘Women, Business and the Law 2018’ <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29498> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank, ‘World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends’ (2016) <www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2016> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (2020) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/women_trade_pub2807_e.pdf> accessed 20 September 2022.+accessed+20+September+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Declaration on the Conclusion of Negotiations on Services Domestic Regulation’, WT/L/1129 (2 December 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘EU Proposal for WTO Disciplines and Commitments Relating to Electronic Commerce’, INF/ECOM/22 (26 April 2019) <www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2020/659263/EPRS_ATA(2020)659263_EN.pdf> accessed 23 May 2023.+accessed+23+May+2023.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Initiative on Services Domestic Regulation – Schedules of specific commitments’, INF/SDR/3/Rev.1 (2 December 2021).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Ministerial Statement – Declaration on the Establishment of a WTO Informal Work Programme for MSMEs’, WT/MIN(17)/58 (13 December 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Ministerial Statement on Investment Facilitation for Development, Ministerial Conference Eleventh Session Buenos Aires, 10–13 December 2017’, WT/MIN(17)/59 (13 December 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Ministerial Statement on Services Domestic Regulation, Ministerial Conference Eleventh Session Buenos Aires, 10–13 December 2017’, WT/MIN(17)/61 (13 December 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Ministerial Statement on Services Domestic Regulation’, WT/MIN(17)/61 (13 December 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Statement on Electronic Commerce, Ministerial Conference Eleventh Session Buenos Aires, 10–13 December 2017’, WT/MIN(17)/60 (13 December 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Statement on Electronic Commerce’, WT/MIN(17)/60 (13 December 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Note by the Chairperson, Joint Initiative on Services Domestic Regulation’, INF/SDR/W/1/Rev.2 (18 December 2020) Section I, paragraphs 1 and 2.Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Note by the Chairperson, Joint Initiative on Services Domestic Regulation’, INF/SDR/W/1/Rev.2 (18 December 2020).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Questions on Domestic Regulation, Submissions by the African Group’, JOB/SERV/269 (27 September 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Working Party on Domestic Regulation’, JOB/SERV/272/Rev.1 (7 November 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Working Room Document by the Chair’, DR4-D/Rev.1 (14 September 2018).Google Scholar
WTO and OECD, ‘Services Domestic Regulation in the WTO: Cutting Red Tape, Slashing Trade Costs, and Facilitating Services Trade’ (November 2021) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/jssdr_26nov21_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
European Commission, ‘Digital Trade’ <https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/accessing-markets/goods-and-services/digital-trade/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
European Commission, ‘EU Releases Proposal on New WTO Rules for Electronic Commerce’ (3 May 2019), <https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=2016> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Harris, B, ‘What Is the Gender Gap (and Why Is It Getting Wider)?’ (World Economic Forum, 1 November 2017) <www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/11/the-gender-gap-actually-got-worse-in-2017> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Johnstone, N and Silva, M, ‘Gender Diversity in Energy: What We Know and What We Don’t Know’ (IEA, 6 March 2020) <www.iea.org/commentaries/gender-diversity-in-energy-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-know> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘E-Commerce in the Time of COVID-19’ (7 October 2020) <www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/e-commerce-in-the-time-of-covid-19-3a2b78e8/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Gender Wage Gap (Indicator)’ <https://data.oecd.org/earnwage/gender-wage-gap.htm> accessed 5 April 2022.+accessed+5+April+2022.>Google Scholar
Remy, JY, ‘Closing the Digital Gender Divide through Trade Rules,’ (CIGI, 9 October 2019) <www.cigionline.org/articles/closing-digital-gender-divide-through-trade-rules/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘COVID-19 and Its Economic Toll on Women: The Story behind the Numbers’ (16 September 2020) <www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/9/feature-covid-19-economic-impacts-on-women/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘DG Azevêdo: Global Cooperation on Digital Economy Vital to Unlock Trade Benefits for Women (WTO Speeches, 1 July 2019) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/spra_e/spra268_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘General Council Decides to Postpone MC12 Indefinitely’ (WTO News, 26 November 2021) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/mc12_26nov21_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/iwg_trade_gender_e.htm> accessed 15 September 2022+accessed+15+September+2022>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Negotiations on Services Domestic Regulation Conclude Successfully in Geneva’ (WTO News, 2 December 2021) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/jssdr_02dec21_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘New Initiatives on Electronic Commerce, Investment Facilitation and MSMEs’ (WTO News, 13 December 2017) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/minis_13dec17_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Participants in Domestic Regulation Talks Conclude Text Negotiations, on Track for MC12 Deal’ (WTO News, 27 September 2021) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/serv_27sep21_e.htm#.YVN1fj23jHo.linkedin> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade and Gender Co-chairs Affirm Commitment to Gender Equality in Trade at MC12’ (12 June 2022) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news22_e/iwgtg_13jun22_e.htm> accessed 15 September 2022.+accessed+15+September+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Twelfth WTO Ministerial Conference, including the MC12 Outcome Document’, WT/MIN(22)/24 (22 June 2022) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc12_e/mc12_e.htm#:~:text=The%20WTO’s%2012th%20Ministerial%20Conference,future%20work%20of%20the%20WTO> accessed 23 May 2023.+accessed+23+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Bamber, P, ‘Gender and Global Value Chains’ (WTO, 7 December 2018) <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/session_2_a_paper_4_penny_bamber.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Malhotra, D and Bazerman, M, Negotiation Genius: How to Overcome Obstacles and Achieve Brilliant Results at the Bargaining Table and Beyond (Bantam 2008).Google Scholar
Whitty-Collins, G, Why Men Win at Work… and How We Can Make Inequality History (Luath Press 2020).Google Scholar
Alschner, W, Seiermann, J and Skougarevskiy, D, ‘Text of Trade Agreements (ToTA) – A Structured Corpus for the Text-as-Data Analysis of Preferential Trade Agreements’ (2018) 15(3) Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 648666.Google Scholar
Araújo, E, Araújo, NAM, Moreira, AA, Herrmann, HJ and Andrade, Jr. JS, ‘Gender Differences in Scientific Collaborations: Women Are More Egalitarian than Men’ (2017) 12(5) PLoS ONE.Google Scholar
Barbulescu, R and Bidwell, M, ‘Do Women Choose Different Jobs from Men? Mechanisms of Application Segregation in the Market for Managerial Workers’ (2012) 24(3) Organization Science 737756.Google Scholar
Fauré, C, ‘Absent from History’ (LS Robinson trans) (1981) 7(1) Journal of Women in Culture and Society 7180.Google Scholar
Kim, S and Shin, EH, ‘A Longitudinal Analysis of Globalization and Regionalization in International Trade: A Social Network Approach’ (2002) 81(1) Social Forces 445-471.Google Scholar
Kumar, R and Worm, V, ‘Social Capital and the Dynamics of Business Negotiations between the Northern Europeans and the Chinese’ (2003) 20(3) International Marketing Review 262285.Google Scholar
Neumayer, E and Plümper, T, ‘The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002’ (2007) 97(3) Annals of the Association of American Geographers 551566.Google Scholar
Reichert, E, ‘Women’s Rights Are Human Rights: Platform for Action’ (1998) 41(3) International Social Work 371384.Google Scholar
Santos‐Paulino, AU, DiCaprio, A and Sokolova, MV, ‘The Development Trinity: How Regional Integration Impacts Growth, Inequality and Poverty’ (2019) 42(7) World Economy 19611993.Google Scholar
Homann, C, Osnago, A and Ruta, M, ‘Horizontal Depth: A New Database on the Content of Preferential Trade Agreements’ (2017) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7981 <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/26148> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Korinek, J, Moïsé, E and Tange, J, ‘Trade and Gender: A Framework of Analysis’ (2021) OECD Policy Paper 246 <https://doi.org/10.1787/6db59d80-en> accessed 8 May 2022;.+accessed+8+May+2022;.>Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘The Evolution of Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ (2018) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2018-15 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201815_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Free Trade Agreements’ (2020), <https://intracen.org/resources/publications/mainstreaming-gender-in-free-trade-agreements> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade. The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (23 July 2020) <www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade/publication/women-and-trade-the-role-of-trade-in-promoting-womens-equality> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Amendment to the Trade Policy Review Mechanism’, WT/L/1014 (27 July 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ABC News, ‘Fiji Reinstated to the Commonwealth Following “Credible Elections”’ (26 September 2014) <www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-27/fiji-reinstated-to-the-commonwealth-following-elections/5773330> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Acharya, R, ‘Regional Trade Agreements: Challenges and Opportunities. Proliferation of Trade Accords has Potential to Increase Trade – and Make Trade Relations More Complex’ (ITC News, 20 December 2018) <www.intracen.org/news/Regional-trade-agreements-challenges-and-opportunities/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ACWL, ‘Home’ <www.acwl.ch> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Brunsden, J and Parker, G, ‘UK and EU to Resume Talks in Final Push for Post-Brexit Trade Deal’ (Financial Times, 22 October 2020) <www.ft.com/content/27d46f3b-a718-421e-b5d6-b007c08a441d> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Commonwealth, ‘Environment and Climate Change’ <https://climate.thecommonwealth.org> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Cullinan, R, ‘In Collaborative Work Cultures, Women Disproportionately Carry More of the Weight’ (Harvard Business Review, 24 July 2018) <https://hbr.org/2018/07/in-collaborative-work-cultures-women-carry-more-of-the-weight> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
EIGE, ‘Gender Mainstreaming’ <https://eige.europa.eu/gender-mainstreaming> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Euronews, ‘Swiss Newspaper Apologises for “Inappropriate” Headline about New WTO Director-General’ (1 March 2021) <www.euronews.com/2021/03/01/swiss-newspaper-apologises-for-inappropriate-headline-about-new-wto-director-general> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘SheTrades Outlook’ <www.shetrades.com/outlook/home> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘SME Trade Academy’ <https://learning.intracen.org> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, WTO and WCO, ‘Rules of Origin Facilitator’ <https://findrulesoforigin.org/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Labban, M, ‘Vaccine Trade Becomes a Key Factor in Global Diplomacy’ <www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/pricing-and-market-access/vaccine-trade-becomes-a-key-factor-in-global-diplomacy-html/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Petit, S, ‘Une ambassade à Genève, un luxe? Oui, a repondu le Benin’ (Le Temps, 28 August 2020) <www.letemps.ch/monde/une-ambassade-geneve-un-luxe-oui-repondu-benin> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Sheridan, MB, ‘López Obrador’s Cost-Cutting Spree Is Transforming Mexico — and Drawing Blowback from Bureaucrats’ (Washington Post, 14 July 2019) <www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/lopez-obradors-cost-cutting-spree-is-transforming-mexico--and-drawing-blowback-from-bureaucrats/2019/07/14/5e187b5e-66c2-11e9-a698-2a8f808c9cfb_story.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Sokolova, MV, ‘On the Role of Women Trade Trainers’ (Trade Experettes, n.d.) <www.tradeexperettes.org/blog/articles/on-the-role-of-women-trade-trainers> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Explainer: How Gender Inequality and Climate Change Are Interconnected’ <www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/explainer/2022/02/explainer-how-gender-inequality-and-climate-change-are-interconnected> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD ‘Virtual Institute’ <https://vi.unctad.org> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNECOSOC, ‘Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls’ <https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Veugelers, R, Poitiers, N and Guetta-Jeanrenaud, L, ‘A World Divided: Global Vaccine Trade and Production’ (Bruegel, 20 July 2021) <www.bruegel.org/blog-post/world-divided-global-vaccine-trade-and-production> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WEF, ‘Regionalization vs Globalization: What Is the Future Direction of Trade?’ (15 July 2021) <www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/regionalization-globalization-future-direction-trade/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender’ <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/iwg_trade_gender_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Regional Trade Agreements Database’ <https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘The WTO and the Sustainable Development Goals’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/coher_e/sdgs_e/sdgs_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade and Gender Informal Working Group Co-chairs Present Draft Outcome Document for MC12’ (23 September 2021) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/women_23sep21_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Malhotra, D and Bazerman, M, Negotiation Genius: How to Overcome Obstacles and Achieve Brilliant Results at the Bargaining Table and Beyond (Bantam 2008).Google Scholar
Whitty-Collins, G, Why Men Win at Work… and How We Can Make Inequality History (Luath Press 2020).Google Scholar
Alschner, W, Seiermann, J and Skougarevskiy, D, ‘Text of Trade Agreements (ToTA) – A Structured Corpus for the Text-as-Data Analysis of Preferential Trade Agreements’ (2018) 15(3) Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 648666.Google Scholar
Araújo, E, Araújo, NAM, Moreira, AA, Herrmann, HJ and Andrade, Jr. JS, ‘Gender Differences in Scientific Collaborations: Women Are More Egalitarian than Men’ (2017) 12(5) PLoS ONE.Google Scholar
Barbulescu, R and Bidwell, M, ‘Do Women Choose Different Jobs from Men? Mechanisms of Application Segregation in the Market for Managerial Workers’ (2012) 24(3) Organization Science 737756.Google Scholar
Fauré, C, ‘Absent from History’ (LS Robinson trans) (1981) 7(1) Journal of Women in Culture and Society 7180.Google Scholar
Kim, S and Shin, EH, ‘A Longitudinal Analysis of Globalization and Regionalization in International Trade: A Social Network Approach’ (2002) 81(1) Social Forces 445-471.Google Scholar
Kumar, R and Worm, V, ‘Social Capital and the Dynamics of Business Negotiations between the Northern Europeans and the Chinese’ (2003) 20(3) International Marketing Review 262285.Google Scholar
Neumayer, E and Plümper, T, ‘The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002’ (2007) 97(3) Annals of the Association of American Geographers 551566.Google Scholar
Reichert, E, ‘Women’s Rights Are Human Rights: Platform for Action’ (1998) 41(3) International Social Work 371384.Google Scholar
Santos‐Paulino, AU, DiCaprio, A and Sokolova, MV, ‘The Development Trinity: How Regional Integration Impacts Growth, Inequality and Poverty’ (2019) 42(7) World Economy 19611993.Google Scholar
Homann, C, Osnago, A and Ruta, M, ‘Horizontal Depth: A New Database on the Content of Preferential Trade Agreements’ (2017) World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7981 <https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/26148> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Korinek, J, Moïsé, E and Tange, J, ‘Trade and Gender: A Framework of Analysis’ (2021) OECD Policy Paper 246 <https://doi.org/10.1787/6db59d80-en> accessed 8 May 2022;.+accessed+8+May+2022;.>Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘The Evolution of Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ (2018) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2018-15 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201815_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Free Trade Agreements’ (2020), <https://intracen.org/resources/publications/mainstreaming-gender-in-free-trade-agreements> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade. The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (23 July 2020) <www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade/publication/women-and-trade-the-role-of-trade-in-promoting-womens-equality> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Amendment to the Trade Policy Review Mechanism’, WT/L/1014 (27 July 2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ABC News, ‘Fiji Reinstated to the Commonwealth Following “Credible Elections”’ (26 September 2014) <www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-27/fiji-reinstated-to-the-commonwealth-following-elections/5773330> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Acharya, R, ‘Regional Trade Agreements: Challenges and Opportunities. Proliferation of Trade Accords has Potential to Increase Trade – and Make Trade Relations More Complex’ (ITC News, 20 December 2018) <www.intracen.org/news/Regional-trade-agreements-challenges-and-opportunities/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ACWL, ‘Home’ <www.acwl.ch> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Brunsden, J and Parker, G, ‘UK and EU to Resume Talks in Final Push for Post-Brexit Trade Deal’ (Financial Times, 22 October 2020) <www.ft.com/content/27d46f3b-a718-421e-b5d6-b007c08a441d> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Commonwealth, ‘Environment and Climate Change’ <https://climate.thecommonwealth.org> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Cullinan, R, ‘In Collaborative Work Cultures, Women Disproportionately Carry More of the Weight’ (Harvard Business Review, 24 July 2018) <https://hbr.org/2018/07/in-collaborative-work-cultures-women-carry-more-of-the-weight> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
EIGE, ‘Gender Mainstreaming’ <https://eige.europa.eu/gender-mainstreaming> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Euronews, ‘Swiss Newspaper Apologises for “Inappropriate” Headline about New WTO Director-General’ (1 March 2021) <www.euronews.com/2021/03/01/swiss-newspaper-apologises-for-inappropriate-headline-about-new-wto-director-general> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘SheTrades Outlook’ <www.shetrades.com/outlook/home> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘SME Trade Academy’ <https://learning.intracen.org> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, WTO and WCO, ‘Rules of Origin Facilitator’ <https://findrulesoforigin.org/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Labban, M, ‘Vaccine Trade Becomes a Key Factor in Global Diplomacy’ <www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/pricing-and-market-access/vaccine-trade-becomes-a-key-factor-in-global-diplomacy-html/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Petit, S, ‘Une ambassade à Genève, un luxe? Oui, a repondu le Benin’ (Le Temps, 28 August 2020) <www.letemps.ch/monde/une-ambassade-geneve-un-luxe-oui-repondu-benin> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Sheridan, MB, ‘López Obrador’s Cost-Cutting Spree Is Transforming Mexico — and Drawing Blowback from Bureaucrats’ (Washington Post, 14 July 2019) <www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/lopez-obradors-cost-cutting-spree-is-transforming-mexico--and-drawing-blowback-from-bureaucrats/2019/07/14/5e187b5e-66c2-11e9-a698-2a8f808c9cfb_story.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Sokolova, MV, ‘On the Role of Women Trade Trainers’ (Trade Experettes, n.d.) <www.tradeexperettes.org/blog/articles/on-the-role-of-women-trade-trainers> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Explainer: How Gender Inequality and Climate Change Are Interconnected’ <www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/explainer/2022/02/explainer-how-gender-inequality-and-climate-change-are-interconnected> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD ‘Virtual Institute’ <https://vi.unctad.org> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNECOSOC, ‘Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls’ <https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal5> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Veugelers, R, Poitiers, N and Guetta-Jeanrenaud, L, ‘A World Divided: Global Vaccine Trade and Production’ (Bruegel, 20 July 2021) <www.bruegel.org/blog-post/world-divided-global-vaccine-trade-and-production> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WEF, ‘Regionalization vs Globalization: What Is the Future Direction of Trade?’ (15 July 2021) <www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/07/regionalization-globalization-future-direction-trade/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender’ <www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/womenandtrade_e/iwg_trade_gender_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Regional Trade Agreements Database’ <https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘The WTO and the Sustainable Development Goals’ <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/coher_e/sdgs_e/sdgs_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Trade and Gender Informal Working Group Co-chairs Present Draft Outcome Document for MC12’ (23 September 2021) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news21_e/women_23sep21_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Carlsson, A, Addressing Female Whiplash Injury Protection – A Step towards 50th Percentile Female Rear Impact Occupant Models (PhD thesis, Chalmers University of Technology 2012).Google Scholar
Criado-Perez, C, Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men (Vintage 2020).Google Scholar
National Research Council, Standards, Conformity Assessment and Trade: Into the 21st Century (National Academies Press 1995).Google Scholar
Bailey, AH, LaFrance, M and Dovidio, JF, ‘Is Man the Measure of All Things? A Social Cognitive Account of Androcentrism’ (2019) 23(4) Personality and Social Psychology Review 307331.Google Scholar
Beery, TA, ‘Gender Bias in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease’ (1995) 24(6) Heart & Lung 427435.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘Characteristics of Health Care Personnel with COVID-19 – United States, 12 February to 9 April 2020’, (2020) 69(15) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 477481.Google Scholar
Chang, TY and Kajackaite, A, ‘Battle for the Thermostat: Gender and the Effect of Temperature on Cognitive Performance’ (2019) 14(5) PloS ONE.Google Scholar
Forman, J, Poplin, GS, Shaw, CG, McMurry, TL, Schmidt, K, Ash, J and Sunnevang, C, ‘Automobile Injury Trends in the Contemporary Fleet: Belted Occupants in Frontal Collisions’ (2019) 20(6) Traffic Injury Prevention 607612.Google Scholar
Janson, DJ, Clift, BC and Dhokia, V, ‘PPE Fit of Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic’ (2022) 99/103610 Applied Ergonomics 18.Google Scholar
Kingma, B and van Marken Lichtenbelt, W, ‘Energy Consumption in Buildings and Female Thermal Demand’ (2015) 5(12) Nature Climate Change 10541056.Google Scholar
Kudenchuk, PJ, Maynard, C, Martin, JS, Wirkus, M and Weaver, WD, ‘Comparison of Presentation, Treatment, and Outcome of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Men versus Women (the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Registry)’ (1996) 78(1) American Journal of Cardiology 914.Google Scholar
Leitch, C, Welter, F and Henry, C, ‘Women Entrepreneurs’ Financing Revisited: Taking Stock and Looking Forward: New Perspectives on Women Entrepreneurs and Finance’ (2018) 20(2) Venture Capital 103114.Google Scholar
Madeira-Revell, KMA, Parnell, KJ, Richardson, J, Pope, KA, Fay, DT, Merriman, SE and Plant, KL, ‘How Can We Close the Gender Data Gap in Transportation Research?’ (2021) 32(1) Ergonomics SA: Journal of the Ergonomics Society of South Africa 1926.Google Scholar
Tatman, R, ‘Gender and Dialect Bias in YouTube’s Automatic Captions’ (2017) Proceedings of the First ACL Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing, Valencia, Spain. Association for Computational Linguistics <https://aclanthology.org/W17-1606.pdf> accessed 25 May 2023.+accessed+25+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Lesser, C, ‘Do Bilateral and Regional Approaches for Reducing Technical Barriers to Trade Converge towards the Multilateral Trading System?’ (2007) OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 58 <https://doi.org/10.1787/051058723767> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Okun-Kozlowicki, J, ‘Standards and Regulations: Measuring the Link to Goods Trade’ (2016) US Department of Commerce, Office of Standards and Investment Policy Paper <https://legacy.trade.gov/td/osip/documents/osip_standards_trade_full_paper.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, International Standards: Targeted Regulatory Review – Regulatory Roadmap (2021).Google Scholar
Government of New Zealand, ‘Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Strategy’ (2018).Google Scholar
Standards Council of Canada, ‘Gender and Standardization Strategy’ (2019) <www.scc.ca/en/system/files/publications/SCC_Gender-and-Standardization-Strategy-2019-2025_FINAL_EN.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Standards Council of Canada, ‘Requirements & Guidance – Accreditation of Standards Development Organizations’ (2019) <www.scc.ca/en/about-scc/publications/requirements-and-procedures-accreditation/requirements-guidance-accreditation-standards-development-organizations> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Steering Committee on Trade Capacity and Standards, ‘Working Party on Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies, Gender Mainstreaming in Standards’, ECE/SCTCS/WP.6/2016/3 (2016) 2.Google Scholar
UN ESCAP, ‘The Rise of Non-tariff Measures’ (2019) <www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/APTIR2019_Introduction.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Dispute Settlement, World Trade Organization, Technical Barriers to Trade’ (2003) <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/edmmisc232add22_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNECE, ‘Declaration for Gender Responsive Standards and Standards Development’ (2019).Google Scholar
UNECE, ‘Terms of Reference for Informal Working Group on Sex and Size Neutral Crash Safety’ GRSP-70-01 (7 September 2021).Google Scholar
WHO, ‘Global Health Estimates 2015: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000–2015’ (2016).Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (2020) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/women_trade_pub2807_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Diversity Institute, ‘The 50–30 Challenge, Publicly Available Specification (PAS)’ (2021) <https://secureservercdn.net/192.169.220.85/b0m.396.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Publicly-Available-Specification-PAS.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Heinrich, J, ‘Drug Safety: Most Drugs Withdrawn in Recent Years Had Greater Health Risks for Women. A Letter to the Honorable Tom Harkin, the Honorable Olympia J. Snowe, ‘The Honorable Barbara A. Mikulski, United States Senate, the Honorable Henry Waxman, House of Representatives’ (United States General Accounting Office, 19 January 2001) <www.gao.gov/assets/gao-01-286r.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Liao, D, ‘Annual Facts & Figures’ (Standards Council of Canada, 2021).Google Scholar
Parkouda, M, ‘An Ounce of Prevention: Standards as a Tool to Prevent Accidental Fatalities’ (Standards Council of Canada, 2019) <www.scc.ca/en/system/files/publications/SCC_Gender_Safety_Report_EN.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Algayerova, O and El-Yassir, A, ‘Personal Protective Equipment Standards Must Respond to Women’s Needs to Ensure the Safety of All Frontline Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic’ (UN Women, 2 May 2020) <https://unece.org/general-unece/news/personal-protective-equipment-standards-must-respond-womens-needs-ensure-safety> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
European Commission, ‘Pulling the Plug on Consumer Frustration and e-Waste: Commission Proposes a Common Charger for Electronic Devices’ (23 September 2021) <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_21_4613> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘International Trade Agreements and Local Government: A Guide for Canadian Municipalities’ (Global Affairs Canada, 2021) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/ressources/fcm/complete-guide-complet.aspx?lang=en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Majority-Female Owned Exporting SMEs in Canada’ (2020) <www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/businesswomen-femmesdaffaires/2016-MFO_SMES-PME_EDMF.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘The 50–30 Challenge: Your Diversity Advantage’ (Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, 2021) <www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/icgc.nsf/eng/07706.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Trade and Gender in Free Trade Agreements: The Canadian Approach’ (2021) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/gender_equality-egalite_genres/trade_gender_fta-ale-commerce_genre.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IEC, ‘Disappointing Results of Gender Survey in Technical Committees’ (21 June 2021) <www.iec.ch/blog/disappointing-results-gender-survey-technical-committees> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IEC, ‘What Is Conformity Assessment’ (2021) <www.iec.ch/conformity-assessment/what-conformity-assessment> access on 8 May 2022.+access+on+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ISO, ‘Women’s Entrepreneurship – Key Definitions and General Criteria’ (IWA 34:2021) <www.iso.org/standard/79585.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Mujica, S, ISO Secretary-General and Philippe Metzger IEC General Secretary & CEO, at the Standards Accelerator Online Event (14 October 2021) <www.worldstandardsday.org/contents/posts/events/the-standards-accelerator.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Mujica, S, ISO Secretary-General at the Standards Accelerator Online Event (14 October 2021) <www.worldstandardsday.org/contents/posts/events/the-standards-accelerator.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Trade’ <www.oecd.org/trade/topics/small-and-medium-enterprises-and-trade> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Reeves, RB and Deng, B, ‘At Least 65,000 More Men than Women Have Died from COVID-19 in the US’ (Brookings, 19 October 2021) <www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/10/19/at-least-65000-more-men-than-women-have-died-from-covid-19-in-the-us/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Smith, G and Rustagi, I, ‘When Good Algorithms Go Sexist: Why and How to Advance AI Gender Equity’ (Stanford Social Innovation Review, 31 March 2021) <https://ssir.org/articles/entry/when_good_algorithms_go_sexist_why_and_how_to_advance_ai_gender_equity> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Swedish Institute for Standards, ‘ISO/IWA 34 – Definition of a “Woman-Owned Business” and Guidance on Its Use’ (2021) <www.sis.se/en/about_sis/isoiwa-34-definition-of-a-womanowned-business-and-guidance-on-its-use/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNECE, ‘Gender Responsive Standards Initiative’ <https://unece.org/gender-responsive-standards-initiative> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Buenos Aires Declaration on Women and Trade Outlines Actions to Empower Women’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/mc11_12dec17_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Carlsson, A, Addressing Female Whiplash Injury Protection – A Step towards 50th Percentile Female Rear Impact Occupant Models (PhD thesis, Chalmers University of Technology 2012).Google Scholar
Criado-Perez, C, Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men (Vintage 2020).Google Scholar
National Research Council, Standards, Conformity Assessment and Trade: Into the 21st Century (National Academies Press 1995).Google Scholar
Bailey, AH, LaFrance, M and Dovidio, JF, ‘Is Man the Measure of All Things? A Social Cognitive Account of Androcentrism’ (2019) 23(4) Personality and Social Psychology Review 307331.Google Scholar
Beery, TA, ‘Gender Bias in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease’ (1995) 24(6) Heart & Lung 427435.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ‘Characteristics of Health Care Personnel with COVID-19 – United States, 12 February to 9 April 2020’, (2020) 69(15) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 477481.Google Scholar
Chang, TY and Kajackaite, A, ‘Battle for the Thermostat: Gender and the Effect of Temperature on Cognitive Performance’ (2019) 14(5) PloS ONE.Google Scholar
Forman, J, Poplin, GS, Shaw, CG, McMurry, TL, Schmidt, K, Ash, J and Sunnevang, C, ‘Automobile Injury Trends in the Contemporary Fleet: Belted Occupants in Frontal Collisions’ (2019) 20(6) Traffic Injury Prevention 607612.Google Scholar
Janson, DJ, Clift, BC and Dhokia, V, ‘PPE Fit of Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic’ (2022) 99/103610 Applied Ergonomics 18.Google Scholar
Kingma, B and van Marken Lichtenbelt, W, ‘Energy Consumption in Buildings and Female Thermal Demand’ (2015) 5(12) Nature Climate Change 10541056.Google Scholar
Kudenchuk, PJ, Maynard, C, Martin, JS, Wirkus, M and Weaver, WD, ‘Comparison of Presentation, Treatment, and Outcome of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Men versus Women (the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Registry)’ (1996) 78(1) American Journal of Cardiology 914.Google Scholar
Leitch, C, Welter, F and Henry, C, ‘Women Entrepreneurs’ Financing Revisited: Taking Stock and Looking Forward: New Perspectives on Women Entrepreneurs and Finance’ (2018) 20(2) Venture Capital 103114.Google Scholar
Madeira-Revell, KMA, Parnell, KJ, Richardson, J, Pope, KA, Fay, DT, Merriman, SE and Plant, KL, ‘How Can We Close the Gender Data Gap in Transportation Research?’ (2021) 32(1) Ergonomics SA: Journal of the Ergonomics Society of South Africa 1926.Google Scholar
Tatman, R, ‘Gender and Dialect Bias in YouTube’s Automatic Captions’ (2017) Proceedings of the First ACL Workshop on Ethics in Natural Language Processing, Valencia, Spain. Association for Computational Linguistics <https://aclanthology.org/W17-1606.pdf> accessed 25 May 2023.+accessed+25+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Lesser, C, ‘Do Bilateral and Regional Approaches for Reducing Technical Barriers to Trade Converge towards the Multilateral Trading System?’ (2007) OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 58 <https://doi.org/10.1787/051058723767> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Okun-Kozlowicki, J, ‘Standards and Regulations: Measuring the Link to Goods Trade’ (2016) US Department of Commerce, Office of Standards and Investment Policy Paper <https://legacy.trade.gov/td/osip/documents/osip_standards_trade_full_paper.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, International Standards: Targeted Regulatory Review – Regulatory Roadmap (2021).Google Scholar
Government of New Zealand, ‘Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Strategy’ (2018).Google Scholar
Standards Council of Canada, ‘Gender and Standardization Strategy’ (2019) <www.scc.ca/en/system/files/publications/SCC_Gender-and-Standardization-Strategy-2019-2025_FINAL_EN.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Standards Council of Canada, ‘Requirements & Guidance – Accreditation of Standards Development Organizations’ (2019) <www.scc.ca/en/about-scc/publications/requirements-and-procedures-accreditation/requirements-guidance-accreditation-standards-development-organizations> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Steering Committee on Trade Capacity and Standards, ‘Working Party on Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies, Gender Mainstreaming in Standards’, ECE/SCTCS/WP.6/2016/3 (2016) 2.Google Scholar
UN ESCAP, ‘The Rise of Non-tariff Measures’ (2019) <www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/APTIR2019_Introduction.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Dispute Settlement, World Trade Organization, Technical Barriers to Trade’ (2003) <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/edmmisc232add22_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNECE, ‘Declaration for Gender Responsive Standards and Standards Development’ (2019).Google Scholar
UNECE, ‘Terms of Reference for Informal Working Group on Sex and Size Neutral Crash Safety’ GRSP-70-01 (7 September 2021).Google Scholar
WHO, ‘Global Health Estimates 2015: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000–2015’ (2016).Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (2020) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/women_trade_pub2807_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Diversity Institute, ‘The 50–30 Challenge, Publicly Available Specification (PAS)’ (2021) <https://secureservercdn.net/192.169.220.85/b0m.396.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Publicly-Available-Specification-PAS.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Heinrich, J, ‘Drug Safety: Most Drugs Withdrawn in Recent Years Had Greater Health Risks for Women. A Letter to the Honorable Tom Harkin, the Honorable Olympia J. Snowe, ‘The Honorable Barbara A. Mikulski, United States Senate, the Honorable Henry Waxman, House of Representatives’ (United States General Accounting Office, 19 January 2001) <www.gao.gov/assets/gao-01-286r.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Liao, D, ‘Annual Facts & Figures’ (Standards Council of Canada, 2021).Google Scholar
Parkouda, M, ‘An Ounce of Prevention: Standards as a Tool to Prevent Accidental Fatalities’ (Standards Council of Canada, 2019) <www.scc.ca/en/system/files/publications/SCC_Gender_Safety_Report_EN.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Algayerova, O and El-Yassir, A, ‘Personal Protective Equipment Standards Must Respond to Women’s Needs to Ensure the Safety of All Frontline Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic’ (UN Women, 2 May 2020) <https://unece.org/general-unece/news/personal-protective-equipment-standards-must-respond-womens-needs-ensure-safety> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
European Commission, ‘Pulling the Plug on Consumer Frustration and e-Waste: Commission Proposes a Common Charger for Electronic Devices’ (23 September 2021) <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_21_4613> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘International Trade Agreements and Local Government: A Guide for Canadian Municipalities’ (Global Affairs Canada, 2021) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/ressources/fcm/complete-guide-complet.aspx?lang=en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Majority-Female Owned Exporting SMEs in Canada’ (2020) <www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/businesswomen-femmesdaffaires/2016-MFO_SMES-PME_EDMF.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘The 50–30 Challenge: Your Diversity Advantage’ (Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, 2021) <www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/icgc.nsf/eng/07706.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Trade and Gender in Free Trade Agreements: The Canadian Approach’ (2021) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/gender_equality-egalite_genres/trade_gender_fta-ale-commerce_genre.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IEC, ‘Disappointing Results of Gender Survey in Technical Committees’ (21 June 2021) <www.iec.ch/blog/disappointing-results-gender-survey-technical-committees> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IEC, ‘What Is Conformity Assessment’ (2021) <www.iec.ch/conformity-assessment/what-conformity-assessment> access on 8 May 2022.+access+on+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ISO, ‘Women’s Entrepreneurship – Key Definitions and General Criteria’ (IWA 34:2021) <www.iso.org/standard/79585.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Mujica, S, ISO Secretary-General and Philippe Metzger IEC General Secretary & CEO, at the Standards Accelerator Online Event (14 October 2021) <www.worldstandardsday.org/contents/posts/events/the-standards-accelerator.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Mujica, S, ISO Secretary-General at the Standards Accelerator Online Event (14 October 2021) <www.worldstandardsday.org/contents/posts/events/the-standards-accelerator.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Trade’ <www.oecd.org/trade/topics/small-and-medium-enterprises-and-trade> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Reeves, RB and Deng, B, ‘At Least 65,000 More Men than Women Have Died from COVID-19 in the US’ (Brookings, 19 October 2021) <www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2021/10/19/at-least-65000-more-men-than-women-have-died-from-covid-19-in-the-us/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Smith, G and Rustagi, I, ‘When Good Algorithms Go Sexist: Why and How to Advance AI Gender Equity’ (Stanford Social Innovation Review, 31 March 2021) <https://ssir.org/articles/entry/when_good_algorithms_go_sexist_why_and_how_to_advance_ai_gender_equity> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Swedish Institute for Standards, ‘ISO/IWA 34 – Definition of a “Woman-Owned Business” and Guidance on Its Use’ (2021) <www.sis.se/en/about_sis/isoiwa-34-definition-of-a-womanowned-business-and-guidance-on-its-use/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNECE, ‘Gender Responsive Standards Initiative’ <https://unece.org/gender-responsive-standards-initiative> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Buenos Aires Declaration on Women and Trade Outlines Actions to Empower Women’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/mc11_12dec17_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Soledad, C, Vinsrygg, K, Summerfield, A and Reingold, J, 2018 Global Board Diversity Tracker: Who’s Really on Board? (Egon Zehnder 2018).Google Scholar
Blanton, R and Blanton, SL, ‘Is Foreign Direct Investment Gender Blind? Women’s Rights as a Determination of US FDI’ (2015) 21(4) Feminist Economics 6188.Google Scholar
Díaz-García, C, González-Moreno, A and Sáez-Martínez, FJ, ‘Gender Diversity within R&D Teams: Its Impact on Radicalness of Innovation’ (2012) 15(2) Innovation 149160.Google Scholar
Leite, M, ‘Pluralizing Discourses: Multinationals and Gender Equality’ (2019) 20(3) Journal of International Women’s Studies 116138.Google Scholar
Ng, ES and Sears, GJ, ‘The Glass Ceiling in Context: The Influence of CEO Gender, Recruitment Practices and Firm Internationalisation on the Representation of Women in Management’ (2017) 27(1) Human Resource Management Journal 133151.Google Scholar
Sarmento, A, ‘The Scope of New Brazilian Investment Protections: Intellectual Property and the Limits of an Alternate Approach’ (2021) 52(2) University of Miami Inter-American Law Review n.p.Google Scholar
Vargas, AR and Daza, JL, ‘The Role of Regulations and MNEs in Ensuring Equal Opportunities for Women’ (2020) 27(3) UNCTAD Transnational Corporations Journal 183202.Google Scholar
Alai, P and Amaral, R, ‘The Importance (and Complexity) of Mainstreaming Gender in Trade Agreements’ (Centre for International Governance Innovation, October 2019) <www.cigionline.org/articles/importance-and-complexity-mainstreaming-gender-trade-agreements/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Barafani, M and Barral, VA, ‘Género y comercio: Una relación a distintas velocidades’ (2020) IBD Note Técnica No. IDB-NT-2006 <https://publications.iadb.org/es/genero-y-comercio-una-relacion-distintas-velocidades> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Gertsberg, M, Mollerstrom, J and Pagel, M, ‘Gender Quotas and Support for Women in Board Elections’ (2021) National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 28463 <www.nber.org/papers/w28463> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kahn, S and Ginther, D, ‘Women and STEM’ (2017) NBER Working Paper No. w23525 <https://ssrn.com/abstract=2988746> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ (2018) WTO Economic Research and Statistics Division Staff Working Paper ERSD-2018-15 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201815_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Sengupta, R, ‘The Gender Dynamics of Trade and Investment and the Post-2015 Development Agenda: A Developing-Country Perspective’ (2013) Third World Network Briefing Paper 68 <www.twn.my/title2/briefing_papers/No68.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IADB, ‘Una olimpíada desigual: La equidad de género en las empresas latinoamericanas y del Caribe’ (August 2021) BID Nota Técnica No. IDB-TN-2255 <https://publications.iadb.org/publications/spanish/document/Una-olimpiada-desigual-la-equidad-de-genero-en-las-empresas-latinoamericanas-y-del-Caribe.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO, ‘Women in Business and Management: The Business Case for Change’ (2019) <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_700953.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kingdom of the Netherlands, ‘Model Investment Agreement’ (2019) <https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/5832/download> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN, ‘Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4–15 September 1995’, A/CONF.177/20/REV.1 (1996) Chap. I, Resolution 1, Annex II.Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Agreement between the Kingdom of Morocco and Japan for the Promotion and Protection of Investment’ <https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/5908/download> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Multinational Enterprises and the International Transmission of Gender Policies and Practices’, UNCTAD/DIAE/INF/2021/1 (8 March 2021).Google Scholar
World Economic Forum, ‘Global Gender Gap Report’ (March 2021) <www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Acumen, ‘Women and Social Enterprises: How Gender Integration Can Boost Entrepreneurial Solutions to Poverty’ (2015) <https://acumen.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Women_And_Social_Enterprises_Report_Acumen_ICRW_2015.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Calvert Impact Capital, ‘Just Good Investing: Why Gender Matters to Your Portfolio and What You Can Do about It’ (2018) <https://assets.ctfassets.net/4oaw9man1yeu/2X1gLdNUrUPFhRAJbAXp1q/205876bdd2d7e076fce05d5771183dfe/calvert-impact-capital-gender-report.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Credit Suisse Research Institute, ‘The CS Gender 3000: Reward for Change’ (2016) <https://evolveetfs.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Credit-Suisse-Reward-for-Change_1495660293279_2.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Barker, G, Garg, A, Heilman, B, van der Gaag, N and Mehaffey, R, ‘State of the World’s Fathers: Structural Solutions to Achieve Equality in Care Work’ (MenCare, 2021) <https://men-care.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/210610_BLS21042_PRO_SOWF.v08.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Corbett, H, ‘How Companies Are Supporting Working Parents in the COVID Economy’ (Forbes, 30 July 2020) <www.forbes.com/sites/hollycorbett/2020/07/30/how-companies-are-supporting-working-parents-in-the-covid-economy/?sh=52bbb64e328f> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Ely, RJ and Thomas, DA, ‘Getting Serious about Diversity: Enough Already with the Business Case’ (Harvard Business Review, November-December 2010) <https://hbr.org/2020/11/getting-serious-about-diversity-enough-already-with-the-business-case> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ExxonMobil, ‘Community Engagement: Women’s Economic Opportunity’ <https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/Sustainability/Community-engagement/Womens-economic-opportunity> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Entis, L, ‘This Is the No. 1 Thing These CEOs Look For in Job Candidates’ (Fortune, 26 March 2017) <https://fortune.com/2017/03/26/ceos-ideal-job-candidates/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Froehlicher, M, Knuckles Griek, L, Nematzadeh, A, Hall, L, and Stovall, N, ‘Gender Equality in the Workplace: Going Beyond Women on the Board’ (S&P Global, 5 February 2021) <www.spglobal.com/esg/csa/yearbook/articles/gender-equality-workplace-going-beyond-women-on-the-board> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO and UN Women, ‘Win–Win: Gender Equality Means Good Business’ (August 2017) <https://ganarganar.lim.ilo.org/en/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Korn Ferry, ‘Women Outperform Men in 11 of 12 Key Emotional Intelligence Competencies’ (2016) <www.kornferry.com/about-us//press/new-research-shows-women-are-better-at-using-soft-skills-crucial-for-effective-leadership> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
McKinsey & Company, ‘Diversity Wins: How Inclusion Matters’ (2020) <www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/diversity-wins-how-inclusion-matters> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
McKinsey & Company, ‘How Advancing Women’s Equality Can Add $12 Trillion to Global Growth’ (2015) <www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/how-advancing-womens-equality-can-add-12-trillion-to-global-growth> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
McKinsey & Company, ‘The Power of Parity: Advancing Women’s Equality in the United States’ (2016) <www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/the-power-of-parity-advancing-womens-equality-in-the-united-states> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
McKinsey & Company & LeanIn.Org, ‘Women in the Workplace’ (2021) <www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/women-in-the-workplace> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Millennium Challenge Corporation, ‘Gender Equality: A Smart Proposition for Business’ (2015) <www.mcc.gov/resources/story/story-kin-apr-2015-gender-equality-a-smart-business-proposition#ref-4-a> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
She-conomy, ‘Marketing to Women Quick Facts’ <http://she-conomy.com/report/marketing-to-women-quick-facts> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Zaidan, Y, ‘Five Reasons Social Enterprises Are Applying a Gender Lens to Their Businesses’ (Acumen, 24 May 2016) <https://acumen.org/blog/five-reasons-social-enterprises-are-applying-a-gender-lens-to-their-businesses/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Zukis, B, ‘How Women Will Save the Future, One Corporate Board at a Time’ (Forbes, 30 June 2020) <www.forbes.com/sites/bobzukis/2020/06/30/how-women-will-save-the-future-one-corporate-board-at-a-time/?sh=44915c207bc9> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Soledad, C, Vinsrygg, K, Summerfield, A and Reingold, J, 2018 Global Board Diversity Tracker: Who’s Really on Board? (Egon Zehnder 2018).Google Scholar
Blanton, R and Blanton, SL, ‘Is Foreign Direct Investment Gender Blind? Women’s Rights as a Determination of US FDI’ (2015) 21(4) Feminist Economics 6188.Google Scholar
Díaz-García, C, González-Moreno, A and Sáez-Martínez, FJ, ‘Gender Diversity within R&D Teams: Its Impact on Radicalness of Innovation’ (2012) 15(2) Innovation 149160.Google Scholar
Leite, M, ‘Pluralizing Discourses: Multinationals and Gender Equality’ (2019) 20(3) Journal of International Women’s Studies 116138.Google Scholar
Ng, ES and Sears, GJ, ‘The Glass Ceiling in Context: The Influence of CEO Gender, Recruitment Practices and Firm Internationalisation on the Representation of Women in Management’ (2017) 27(1) Human Resource Management Journal 133151.Google Scholar
Sarmento, A, ‘The Scope of New Brazilian Investment Protections: Intellectual Property and the Limits of an Alternate Approach’ (2021) 52(2) University of Miami Inter-American Law Review n.p.Google Scholar
Vargas, AR and Daza, JL, ‘The Role of Regulations and MNEs in Ensuring Equal Opportunities for Women’ (2020) 27(3) UNCTAD Transnational Corporations Journal 183202.Google Scholar
Alai, P and Amaral, R, ‘The Importance (and Complexity) of Mainstreaming Gender in Trade Agreements’ (Centre for International Governance Innovation, October 2019) <www.cigionline.org/articles/importance-and-complexity-mainstreaming-gender-trade-agreements/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Barafani, M and Barral, VA, ‘Género y comercio: Una relación a distintas velocidades’ (2020) IBD Note Técnica No. IDB-NT-2006 <https://publications.iadb.org/es/genero-y-comercio-una-relacion-distintas-velocidades> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Gertsberg, M, Mollerstrom, J and Pagel, M, ‘Gender Quotas and Support for Women in Board Elections’ (2021) National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 28463 <www.nber.org/papers/w28463> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kahn, S and Ginther, D, ‘Women and STEM’ (2017) NBER Working Paper No. w23525 <https://ssrn.com/abstract=2988746> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ (2018) WTO Economic Research and Statistics Division Staff Working Paper ERSD-2018-15 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201815_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Sengupta, R, ‘The Gender Dynamics of Trade and Investment and the Post-2015 Development Agenda: A Developing-Country Perspective’ (2013) Third World Network Briefing Paper 68 <www.twn.my/title2/briefing_papers/No68.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
IADB, ‘Una olimpíada desigual: La equidad de género en las empresas latinoamericanas y del Caribe’ (August 2021) BID Nota Técnica No. IDB-TN-2255 <https://publications.iadb.org/publications/spanish/document/Una-olimpiada-desigual-la-equidad-de-genero-en-las-empresas-latinoamericanas-y-del-Caribe.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO, ‘Women in Business and Management: The Business Case for Change’ (2019) <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_700953.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kingdom of the Netherlands, ‘Model Investment Agreement’ (2019) <https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/5832/download> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN, ‘Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4–15 September 1995’, A/CONF.177/20/REV.1 (1996) Chap. I, Resolution 1, Annex II.Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Agreement between the Kingdom of Morocco and Japan for the Promotion and Protection of Investment’ <https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaty-files/5908/download> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Multinational Enterprises and the International Transmission of Gender Policies and Practices’, UNCTAD/DIAE/INF/2021/1 (8 March 2021).Google Scholar
World Economic Forum, ‘Global Gender Gap Report’ (March 2021) <www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2021.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Acumen, ‘Women and Social Enterprises: How Gender Integration Can Boost Entrepreneurial Solutions to Poverty’ (2015) <https://acumen.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Women_And_Social_Enterprises_Report_Acumen_ICRW_2015.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Calvert Impact Capital, ‘Just Good Investing: Why Gender Matters to Your Portfolio and What You Can Do about It’ (2018) <https://assets.ctfassets.net/4oaw9man1yeu/2X1gLdNUrUPFhRAJbAXp1q/205876bdd2d7e076fce05d5771183dfe/calvert-impact-capital-gender-report.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Credit Suisse Research Institute, ‘The CS Gender 3000: Reward for Change’ (2016) <https://evolveetfs.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Credit-Suisse-Reward-for-Change_1495660293279_2.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Barker, G, Garg, A, Heilman, B, van der Gaag, N and Mehaffey, R, ‘State of the World’s Fathers: Structural Solutions to Achieve Equality in Care Work’ (MenCare, 2021) <https://men-care.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/210610_BLS21042_PRO_SOWF.v08.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Corbett, H, ‘How Companies Are Supporting Working Parents in the COVID Economy’ (Forbes, 30 July 2020) <www.forbes.com/sites/hollycorbett/2020/07/30/how-companies-are-supporting-working-parents-in-the-covid-economy/?sh=52bbb64e328f> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Ely, RJ and Thomas, DA, ‘Getting Serious about Diversity: Enough Already with the Business Case’ (Harvard Business Review, November-December 2010) <https://hbr.org/2020/11/getting-serious-about-diversity-enough-already-with-the-business-case> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ExxonMobil, ‘Community Engagement: Women’s Economic Opportunity’ <https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/Sustainability/Community-engagement/Womens-economic-opportunity> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Entis, L, ‘This Is the No. 1 Thing These CEOs Look For in Job Candidates’ (Fortune, 26 March 2017) <https://fortune.com/2017/03/26/ceos-ideal-job-candidates/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Froehlicher, M, Knuckles Griek, L, Nematzadeh, A, Hall, L, and Stovall, N, ‘Gender Equality in the Workplace: Going Beyond Women on the Board’ (S&P Global, 5 February 2021) <www.spglobal.com/esg/csa/yearbook/articles/gender-equality-workplace-going-beyond-women-on-the-board> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO and UN Women, ‘Win–Win: Gender Equality Means Good Business’ (August 2017) <https://ganarganar.lim.ilo.org/en/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Korn Ferry, ‘Women Outperform Men in 11 of 12 Key Emotional Intelligence Competencies’ (2016) <www.kornferry.com/about-us//press/new-research-shows-women-are-better-at-using-soft-skills-crucial-for-effective-leadership> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
McKinsey & Company, ‘Diversity Wins: How Inclusion Matters’ (2020) <www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/diversity-wins-how-inclusion-matters> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
McKinsey & Company, ‘How Advancing Women’s Equality Can Add $12 Trillion to Global Growth’ (2015) <www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/how-advancing-womens-equality-can-add-12-trillion-to-global-growth> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
McKinsey & Company, ‘The Power of Parity: Advancing Women’s Equality in the United States’ (2016) <www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/the-power-of-parity-advancing-womens-equality-in-the-united-states> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
McKinsey & Company & LeanIn.Org, ‘Women in the Workplace’ (2021) <www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/women-in-the-workplace> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Millennium Challenge Corporation, ‘Gender Equality: A Smart Proposition for Business’ (2015) <www.mcc.gov/resources/story/story-kin-apr-2015-gender-equality-a-smart-business-proposition#ref-4-a> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
She-conomy, ‘Marketing to Women Quick Facts’ <http://she-conomy.com/report/marketing-to-women-quick-facts> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Zaidan, Y, ‘Five Reasons Social Enterprises Are Applying a Gender Lens to Their Businesses’ (Acumen, 24 May 2016) <https://acumen.org/blog/five-reasons-social-enterprises-are-applying-a-gender-lens-to-their-businesses/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Zukis, B, ‘How Women Will Save the Future, One Corporate Board at a Time’ (Forbes, 30 June 2020) <www.forbes.com/sites/bobzukis/2020/06/30/how-women-will-save-the-future-one-corporate-board-at-a-time/?sh=44915c207bc9> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Harrison, J, The Human Rights Impact of the World Trade Organization (Hart Publishing 1st ed 2007).Google Scholar
Chinkin, C and Butegwa, F, Gender Mainstreaming in Legal and Constitutional Affairs: A Reference Manual for Governments and Other Stakeholders (Commonwealth Secretariat 2001).Google Scholar
McGill, E, ‘Trade and Gender’ in Appleton, A, Macrory, P and Plummer, M (eds.), The World Trade Organization – Legal, Economic, and Political Analysis (Springer Science and Business Media 2005).Google Scholar
Mikic, M and Sharma, V, ‘Feminising WTO 2.0’ in Evenett, SJ and Baldwin, R (eds.), Revitalizing Multilateral Trade Cooperation: Pragmatic Ideas for The New WTO Director-General (VoxEU 2020).Google Scholar
Acharya, R, Falgueras, Alamo O, Thabit Al-Battashi, SM, der Boghossian, A, Ghei, N, Parcero Herrera, T, Jackson, LA, Kask, U, Locatelli, C, Marceau, G, Motoc, IV, Müller, AC, Neufeld, N, Padilla, S, Pardo de Léon, J, Perantakou, S, Sporysheva, N, Wolff, C, ‘Trade and Women – Opportunities for Women in the Framework of the World Trade Organization’ (2019) 22(3) Journal of International Economic Law 323354.Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Measuring the Gender-Responsiveness of Free Trade Agreements: Using a Self-Evaluation Maturity Framework’ (2019) 14(2) Global Trade & Customs Journal 517527.Google Scholar
Bayat, N, ‘A “Business Unusual” Approach for Gender Equality under the AfCFTA’ (2020) 9(1) ECDPM Great Insights Magazine n.p.Google Scholar
Bugingo, EM, ‘Empowering Women by Supporting Small-Scale Cross-Border Trade’ (2018) 7(4) Tralac: Bridges Africa – Supporting Small-Scale Cross-Border Traders across Africa 1113.Google Scholar
Crenshaw Williams, K, ‘Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics’ (1989) 1 University of Chicago Legal Forum <https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf> accessed 25 May 2023.+accessed+25+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, J and Kelly, KR, ‘Gendered Aspects of Migration: Law and the Female Migrant’ (1998) 22(1) Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 47112.Google Scholar
Floro, M and Dymski, G, ‘Financial Crisis, Gender, and Power: An Analytical Framework’ (2000) 28 World Development 12691283.Google Scholar
Gammage, C and Momodu, M, ‘The Economic Empowerment of Women in Africa: Regional Approaches to Gender-Sensitive Trade Policies’ (2020) 1 African Journal of International Economic Law 5.Google Scholar
Gathii, J, ‘Writing Race and Identity in a Global Context: What CRT and TWAIL Can Learn from Each Other’ (2020) 67 UCLA Law Review 16101650.Google Scholar
Jarvis, LM, ‘Women’s Rights and the Public Morals Exception of GATT Article 20’ (2000) 22 Michigan Journal of International Law 219238.Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K and Agutu, AL, ‘The African Continental Free Trade Area: Toward A New Model for Trade and Development Law’ (2020) 51(4) Georgetown Journal of International Law 853808.Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K and Dey, B, ‘Using Regulatory Flexibility to Address Market Informality in Seed Systems: A Global Study’ (2021) 11(2) 377 Agronomy 127.Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K, ‘Mapping Inclusive Law and Regulation: A Comparative Agenda for Trade and Development’ (2021) 2 African Journal of International Economic Law 4887.Google Scholar
Lim, JY, ‘The Effects of the East Asian Crisis on the Employment of Women and Men: The Philippine Case’ (2000) 28 World Development 12851306.Google Scholar
Mehra, R and Gammage, S, ‘Trends, Countertrends, and Gaps in Women’s Employment’ (1999) 27(3) World Development 533550.Google Scholar
Singh, A and Zammit, A, ‘International Capital Flows: Identifying the Gender Dimension’ (2000) 28 World Development 12491268.Google Scholar
Bayat, N, ‘A “Business Unusual” Approach for Gender Equality under the AfCFTA’ (2020) 9(1) ECDPM Great Insights Magazine.Google Scholar
Brown, LR, Feldstein, H, Haddad, L, Pena, C and Quisumbing, A, ‘Generating Food Security in the Year 2020: Women as Producers, Gatekeepers, and Shock Absorbers’ (1995) International Food Policy Research Institute 2020 Vision Brief 17 <www.semanticscholar.org/paper/GENERATING-FOOD-SECURITY-IN-THE-YEAR-2020%3A-WOMEN-AS-Brown-Feldstein/01f19be2a78245ec09e5ccde6c7c36d96187a929> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
der Boghossian, A, ‘Trade Policies Supporting Women’s Economic Empowerment: Trends in WTO Members’ (2019) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2019-07 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201907_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘The Evolution of Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’, (2018) World Trade Organization Staff Working Paper ERSD-2021-8 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201815_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Ndumbe, LN, ‘Unshackling Women Traders: Cross-Border Trade of Eru from Cameroon to Nigeria’ (2013) Africa Trade Policy Note 38 <https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/262591468292477021/pdf/797110BRI0PN380Box0377384B00PUBLIC0.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Osakwe, S, ‘Extending MSMEs’ Access to Trade Finance under the AFCFTA’ (2021) Centre for the Study of Economies of Africa <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3780767> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
White, M, Salas, C, and Gammage, S, ‘Trade Impact Review: Mexico Case Study; NAFTA and the FTAA: A Gender Analysis of Employment Poverty Impacts in Agriculture’ (2003) Women’s Edge Coalition <www.iatp.org/sites/default/files/NAFTA_and_the_FTAA_A_Gender_Analysis_of_Employ.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
AU, ‘Decision of the African Continental Free Trade Area (2020), Assembly/AU/4/(XXXIII).Google Scholar
AU, ‘Ten Year Action Plan to Eradicate Child Labour, Forced Labour, Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery (2020–2030)’ (2019) <https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/40112-wd-child_labour_action_plan-final-english.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
AU and UNDP, ‘The Futures Report, Making the AfCFTA Work for Women and Youth’ (2020) 22 <https://au.int/en/documents/20201202/making-afcta-work-women-and-youth> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
AU Commission, ‘African Union (AU) Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want’ (2015) <https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/36204-doc-agenda2063_popular_version_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
CEDAW and the UN, ‘Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, UNGA Res. A/RES/70/1 (25–27 September 2015).Google Scholar
Commission on the Status of Women, ‘Report on the Forty-Sixth Session’ Ch. I.A., Draft Resolution III.A, U.N. Doc. E/2002/27-E/CN.6/2002/13 (2002).Google Scholar
ECOWAS, ‘Supplementary Act A/SA.1/01/10 on Personal Data Protection within ECOWAS’ (16 February 2015) <www.tit.comm.ecowas.int/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/SIGNED-Data-Protection-Act.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
FAO, ‘The State of Food and Agriculture’ (2015) <www.fao.org/publications/sofa/2015/en/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Singapore, ‘Digital Economy Partnership Agreement’ (2020) <www.mti.gov.sg/Trade/Digital-Economy-Agreements/The-Digital-Economy-Partnership-Agreement> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Free Trade Agreements’ (2020) <https://intracen.org/resources/publications/mainstreaming-gender-in-free-trade-agreements> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘What Role for Women in International Trade?’ (2019) <https://intracen.org/news-and-events/news/what-role-for-women-in-international-trade> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Katende, E and Kuhlmann, K, ‘Building a Regulatory Environment for Agricultural Finance’ (Uganda Banker’s Association, June 2019) <https://cb4fec8a-9641-471c-9042-2712ac32ce3e.filesusr.com/ugd/095963_a0e1d52d6040405c86334e2bfd8084dc.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Bridging the Gender Digital Divide’ (2018) <www.oecd.org/digital/bridging-the-digital-gender-divide.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Borderline: Women in Informal Cross-Border Trade in Malawi, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia’ (2019) <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditc2018d3_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Harnessing E-Commerce for Sustainable Development’ (WTO, 2017) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/aid4trade17_chap7_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Trade and Development: Transitioning to a New Normal’ (2020) <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osg2020d1_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNECA, ‘Advancing Gender-Equitable Outcomes in African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Implementation’ (2021) <www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/keymessageanddocuments/22May_Final_WhitePaper_Advancing_gender_equitable_outcomes.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNGA, ‘Right to Privacy in the Digital Age’, A/RES/71/199 (25 January 2017).Google Scholar
UNHRC, ‘Right to Privacy in the Digital Age’, A/HRC/RES/34/7 (7 April 2017).Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (WTO, 2020) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/women_trade_pub2807_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Communication from Argentina, Canada, Colombia, Iceland, and Uruguay: Domestic Regulation – Development of Measures, Gender Equality’, JOB/SERV/258 (2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender: Trade and Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ INF/TGE/COM/4 (WTO 2022) <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/INF/TGE/COM_4.pdf&Open=True> accessed 2 May 2023.+accessed+2+May+2023.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Afrieximbank, ‘African Trade Report: Informal Cross-Border Trade in Africa in the Context of the AfCFTA’ (2020) <https://afr-corp-media-prod.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/afrexim/African-Trade-Report-2020.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Alliance for Financial Inclusion, ‘Policy and Regulatory Reforms in the AFI Network 2019’ (2019) <www.afi-global.org/sites/default/files/publications/2020-07/AFI_P%26amp%3BRR__G_2019_AW.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Apiko, P, Woolfrey, S and Byiers, B, ‘The Promise of the Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)’ (ECDPM, 2020) <https://ecdpm.org/publications/promise-african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Gender Mainstreaming in Free Trade Agreements: A Regional Analysis and Good Practice Examples’ (Gender, Social Inclusion and Trade Knowledge Product Series, 2021) <https://wtochairs.org/sites/default/files/7.%20Gender%20mainstreaming%20in%20FTAs_final%20%286%29.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Better than Cash Alliance, Women’s World Banking and World Bank, ‘Advancing Women’s Digital Financial Inclusion’ (2020) <www.mfw4a.org/sites/default/files/resources/saudig20_women_compressed.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
EASSI, ‘Annual Report’ (2020) <https://eassi.org/annual-reports/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Henson, S, ‘Gender and Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures in the Context of Trade: A Review of Issues and Policy Recommendations’ (2018) <https://standardsfacility.org/sites/default/files/Gender_SPS_measures_in_the_context_of_trade_Henson_ICTSD_Nov_18.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K, ‘Handbook on Provisions and Options for Trade in Times of Crisis and Pandemic’ (UNESCAP, 2021) <www.unescap.org/kp/2021/handbook-provisions-and-options-trade-times-crisis-and-pandemic> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K, ‘The Human Face of Trade and Food Security: Lessons on the Enabling Environment from Kenya and India’ (Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 2017) <www.csis.org/analysis/human-face-trade-and-food-security> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K, ‘U.S. Preference Programs: How Well Do They Work?’ (US Senate Finance Committee, 16 May 2007) <www.finance.senate.gov/hearings/us-preference-programs-how-well-do-they-workd> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K, ‘Why the United States and Africa Should Lead a Collaborative, Rules-Based Approach to Food Security’ (Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2020) <www.csis.org/analysis/why-united-states-and-africa-should-lead-collaborative-rules-based-approach-food-security> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K, Francis, T, Thomas, I, Le Great, M, Rahman, M, Madrigal, F, Cohen, M and Nalbantoglu, A, ‘Reconceptualizing Free Trade Agreements through a Sustainable Development Lens’ (27 July 2020) <https://cb4fec8a-9641-471c-9042-2712ac32ce3e.filesusr.com/ugd/095963_8b66c44bd19b4683b974eaa267fd4070.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
STDF, ‘STDF Briefing Note, Inclusive Trade Solutions: Women in SPS Capacity Building’ (2015) <www.standardsfacility.org/sites/default/files/STDF_Briefing_note_13.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
AU, ‘Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa’ (2005), <https://au.int/en/treaties/protocol-african-charter-human-and-peoples-rights-rights-women-africa> accessed 8 May 2022+accessed+8+May+2022>Google Scholar
Al Mutair, S, Konomi, D and Page, L, ‘Trade & Gender: Exploring International Practices That Promote Women’s Economic Empowerment’ (TradeLab, 17 May 2018) <www.tradelab.org/single-post/2018/05/17/Trade-and-Gender-1> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
APO Group, ‘Piecing the Puzzle of African Integration: The Successes and Exponential Potential’ (2020) <www.africanews.com/2021/07/16/piecing-the-puzzle-of-african-integration-the-successes-and-exponential-potential/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
AU, ‘African Union Is Committed to Ending Child Labour and Other Forms of Human Exploitation’ (29 May 2021) <https://au.int/en/articles/african-union-committed-ending-child-labour-and-other-forms-human-exploitation> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bayat, N and Luke, D, ‘Gender Mainstreaming in AfCFTA National Strategies: Why It Matters for the SDGs’ (IISD, 20 February 2020) <http://sdg.iisd.org/commentary/guest-articles/gender-mainstreaming-in-afcfta-national-strategies-why-it-matters-for-the-sdgs/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fundira, T, ‘Informal Cross-Border Trading – Review of the Simplified Trade Regimes in East and Southern Africa’ (TRALAC, 2018) <www.tralac.org/publications/article/12825-informal-cross-border-trading-review-of-the-simplified-trade-regimes-in-east-and-southern-africa.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K, ‘Flexibility and Innovation in International Economic Law: Enhancing Rule of Law, Inclusivity, and Resilience in the Time of COVID-19’ (Afronomicslaw, 27 February 2020) <www.afronomicslaw.org/2020/08/27/flexibility-and-innovation-in-international-economic-law-enhancing-rule-of-law-inclusivity-and-resilience-in-the-time-of-covid-19/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Lane, L and Nass, P, ‘Women in Trade Can Reinvigorate the WTO and Global Economy’ (CIGI, 27 April 2020) <www.cigionline.org/articles/women-trade-can-reinvigorate-wto-and-global-economy/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Laperle-Forget, L, ‘Gender Responsiveness in Trade Agreements – How Does the AfCFTA Fare’ (Tralac, 17 March 2021) <www.tralac.org/blog/article/15141-gender-responsiveness-in-trade-agreements-how-does-the-afcfta-fare.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN, ‘Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women’, UNGA Res. 34/180 (18 December 1979) (CEDAW). <www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women> accessed 23 May 2023.+accessed+23+May+2023.>Google Scholar
UN, ‘Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration’ (13 July 2018), <https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/migration-compact> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Opportunities for Women Entrepreneurs in the African Continental Free Trade Area’ (2019) <https://africa.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2019/07/opportunities-for-women-in-the-acfta> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘SDG 5: Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls’ <www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-5-gender-equality> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Women in Informal Economy’ (2021) <www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/csw61/women-in-informal-economy> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNECE, ‘Gender Responsive Standards Initiative’ <https://unece.org/gender-responsive-standards-initiative> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Xinhua, ‘AfCFTA Secretariat Mulls Protocol to Promote Gender, Youth Interests’ (The Standard, 27 April 2021) <www.standardmedia.co.ke/business-news/article/2001411063/afcfta-secretariat-mulls-protocol-to-promote-gender-youth-interests> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Zarelli, S and Lopez, M, ‘Leveraging Digital Solutions to Seize the Potential of Informal Cross-Border Trade’ (UNCTAD, 29 April 2020) <https://unctad.org/es/node/2394> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Prabhu, S, ‘Indian Minister of Industry and Commerce’ (Indian Press Conference, WTO Ministerial Conference, Buenos Aires, 11 December 2017).Google Scholar
Harrison, J, The Human Rights Impact of the World Trade Organization (Hart Publishing 1st ed 2007).Google Scholar
Chinkin, C and Butegwa, F, Gender Mainstreaming in Legal and Constitutional Affairs: A Reference Manual for Governments and Other Stakeholders (Commonwealth Secretariat 2001).Google Scholar
McGill, E, ‘Trade and Gender’ in Appleton, A, Macrory, P and Plummer, M (eds.), The World Trade Organization – Legal, Economic, and Political Analysis (Springer Science and Business Media 2005).Google Scholar
Mikic, M and Sharma, V, ‘Feminising WTO 2.0’ in Evenett, SJ and Baldwin, R (eds.), Revitalizing Multilateral Trade Cooperation: Pragmatic Ideas for The New WTO Director-General (VoxEU 2020).Google Scholar
Acharya, R, Falgueras, Alamo O, Thabit Al-Battashi, SM, der Boghossian, A, Ghei, N, Parcero Herrera, T, Jackson, LA, Kask, U, Locatelli, C, Marceau, G, Motoc, IV, Müller, AC, Neufeld, N, Padilla, S, Pardo de Léon, J, Perantakou, S, Sporysheva, N, Wolff, C, ‘Trade and Women – Opportunities for Women in the Framework of the World Trade Organization’ (2019) 22(3) Journal of International Economic Law 323354.Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Measuring the Gender-Responsiveness of Free Trade Agreements: Using a Self-Evaluation Maturity Framework’ (2019) 14(2) Global Trade & Customs Journal 517527.Google Scholar
Bayat, N, ‘A “Business Unusual” Approach for Gender Equality under the AfCFTA’ (2020) 9(1) ECDPM Great Insights Magazine n.p.Google Scholar
Bugingo, EM, ‘Empowering Women by Supporting Small-Scale Cross-Border Trade’ (2018) 7(4) Tralac: Bridges Africa – Supporting Small-Scale Cross-Border Traders across Africa 1113.Google Scholar
Crenshaw Williams, K, ‘Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics’ (1989) 1 University of Chicago Legal Forum <https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf> accessed 25 May 2023.+accessed+25+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Fitzpatrick, J and Kelly, KR, ‘Gendered Aspects of Migration: Law and the Female Migrant’ (1998) 22(1) Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 47112.Google Scholar
Floro, M and Dymski, G, ‘Financial Crisis, Gender, and Power: An Analytical Framework’ (2000) 28 World Development 12691283.Google Scholar
Gammage, C and Momodu, M, ‘The Economic Empowerment of Women in Africa: Regional Approaches to Gender-Sensitive Trade Policies’ (2020) 1 African Journal of International Economic Law 5.Google Scholar
Gathii, J, ‘Writing Race and Identity in a Global Context: What CRT and TWAIL Can Learn from Each Other’ (2020) 67 UCLA Law Review 16101650.Google Scholar
Jarvis, LM, ‘Women’s Rights and the Public Morals Exception of GATT Article 20’ (2000) 22 Michigan Journal of International Law 219238.Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K and Agutu, AL, ‘The African Continental Free Trade Area: Toward A New Model for Trade and Development Law’ (2020) 51(4) Georgetown Journal of International Law 853808.Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K and Dey, B, ‘Using Regulatory Flexibility to Address Market Informality in Seed Systems: A Global Study’ (2021) 11(2) 377 Agronomy 127.Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K, ‘Mapping Inclusive Law and Regulation: A Comparative Agenda for Trade and Development’ (2021) 2 African Journal of International Economic Law 4887.Google Scholar
Lim, JY, ‘The Effects of the East Asian Crisis on the Employment of Women and Men: The Philippine Case’ (2000) 28 World Development 12851306.Google Scholar
Mehra, R and Gammage, S, ‘Trends, Countertrends, and Gaps in Women’s Employment’ (1999) 27(3) World Development 533550.Google Scholar
Singh, A and Zammit, A, ‘International Capital Flows: Identifying the Gender Dimension’ (2000) 28 World Development 12491268.Google Scholar
Bayat, N, ‘A “Business Unusual” Approach for Gender Equality under the AfCFTA’ (2020) 9(1) ECDPM Great Insights Magazine.Google Scholar
Brown, LR, Feldstein, H, Haddad, L, Pena, C and Quisumbing, A, ‘Generating Food Security in the Year 2020: Women as Producers, Gatekeepers, and Shock Absorbers’ (1995) International Food Policy Research Institute 2020 Vision Brief 17 <www.semanticscholar.org/paper/GENERATING-FOOD-SECURITY-IN-THE-YEAR-2020%3A-WOMEN-AS-Brown-Feldstein/01f19be2a78245ec09e5ccde6c7c36d96187a929> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
der Boghossian, A, ‘Trade Policies Supporting Women’s Economic Empowerment: Trends in WTO Members’ (2019) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2019-07 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201907_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘The Evolution of Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’, (2018) World Trade Organization Staff Working Paper ERSD-2021-8 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201815_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Ndumbe, LN, ‘Unshackling Women Traders: Cross-Border Trade of Eru from Cameroon to Nigeria’ (2013) Africa Trade Policy Note 38 <https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/262591468292477021/pdf/797110BRI0PN380Box0377384B00PUBLIC0.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Osakwe, S, ‘Extending MSMEs’ Access to Trade Finance under the AFCFTA’ (2021) Centre for the Study of Economies of Africa <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3780767> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
White, M, Salas, C, and Gammage, S, ‘Trade Impact Review: Mexico Case Study; NAFTA and the FTAA: A Gender Analysis of Employment Poverty Impacts in Agriculture’ (2003) Women’s Edge Coalition <www.iatp.org/sites/default/files/NAFTA_and_the_FTAA_A_Gender_Analysis_of_Employ.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
AU, ‘Decision of the African Continental Free Trade Area (2020), Assembly/AU/4/(XXXIII).Google Scholar
AU, ‘Ten Year Action Plan to Eradicate Child Labour, Forced Labour, Human Trafficking and Modern Slavery (2020–2030)’ (2019) <https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/40112-wd-child_labour_action_plan-final-english.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
AU and UNDP, ‘The Futures Report, Making the AfCFTA Work for Women and Youth’ (2020) 22 <https://au.int/en/documents/20201202/making-afcta-work-women-and-youth> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
AU Commission, ‘African Union (AU) Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want’ (2015) <https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/36204-doc-agenda2063_popular_version_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
CEDAW and the UN, ‘Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, UNGA Res. A/RES/70/1 (25–27 September 2015).Google Scholar
Commission on the Status of Women, ‘Report on the Forty-Sixth Session’ Ch. I.A., Draft Resolution III.A, U.N. Doc. E/2002/27-E/CN.6/2002/13 (2002).Google Scholar
ECOWAS, ‘Supplementary Act A/SA.1/01/10 on Personal Data Protection within ECOWAS’ (16 February 2015) <www.tit.comm.ecowas.int/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/SIGNED-Data-Protection-Act.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
FAO, ‘The State of Food and Agriculture’ (2015) <www.fao.org/publications/sofa/2015/en/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Singapore, ‘Digital Economy Partnership Agreement’ (2020) <www.mti.gov.sg/Trade/Digital-Economy-Agreements/The-Digital-Economy-Partnership-Agreement> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Free Trade Agreements’ (2020) <https://intracen.org/resources/publications/mainstreaming-gender-in-free-trade-agreements> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘What Role for Women in International Trade?’ (2019) <https://intracen.org/news-and-events/news/what-role-for-women-in-international-trade> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Katende, E and Kuhlmann, K, ‘Building a Regulatory Environment for Agricultural Finance’ (Uganda Banker’s Association, June 2019) <https://cb4fec8a-9641-471c-9042-2712ac32ce3e.filesusr.com/ugd/095963_a0e1d52d6040405c86334e2bfd8084dc.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Bridging the Gender Digital Divide’ (2018) <www.oecd.org/digital/bridging-the-digital-gender-divide.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Borderline: Women in Informal Cross-Border Trade in Malawi, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia’ (2019) <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditc2018d3_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Harnessing E-Commerce for Sustainable Development’ (WTO, 2017) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/aid4trade17_chap7_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Trade and Development: Transitioning to a New Normal’ (2020) <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osg2020d1_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNECA, ‘Advancing Gender-Equitable Outcomes in African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) Implementation’ (2021) <www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/keymessageanddocuments/22May_Final_WhitePaper_Advancing_gender_equitable_outcomes.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNGA, ‘Right to Privacy in the Digital Age’, A/RES/71/199 (25 January 2017).Google Scholar
UNHRC, ‘Right to Privacy in the Digital Age’, A/HRC/RES/34/7 (7 April 2017).Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (WTO, 2020) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/women_trade_pub2807_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Communication from Argentina, Canada, Colombia, Iceland, and Uruguay: Domestic Regulation – Development of Measures, Gender Equality’, JOB/SERV/258 (2017).Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Informal Working Group on Trade and Gender: Trade and Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ INF/TGE/COM/4 (WTO 2022) <https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=q:/INF/TGE/COM_4.pdf&Open=True> accessed 2 May 2023.+accessed+2+May+2023.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Afrieximbank, ‘African Trade Report: Informal Cross-Border Trade in Africa in the Context of the AfCFTA’ (2020) <https://afr-corp-media-prod.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/afrexim/African-Trade-Report-2020.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Alliance for Financial Inclusion, ‘Policy and Regulatory Reforms in the AFI Network 2019’ (2019) <www.afi-global.org/sites/default/files/publications/2020-07/AFI_P%26amp%3BRR__G_2019_AW.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Apiko, P, Woolfrey, S and Byiers, B, ‘The Promise of the Africa Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)’ (ECDPM, 2020) <https://ecdpm.org/publications/promise-african-continental-free-trade-area-afcfta/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Gender Mainstreaming in Free Trade Agreements: A Regional Analysis and Good Practice Examples’ (Gender, Social Inclusion and Trade Knowledge Product Series, 2021) <https://wtochairs.org/sites/default/files/7.%20Gender%20mainstreaming%20in%20FTAs_final%20%286%29.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Better than Cash Alliance, Women’s World Banking and World Bank, ‘Advancing Women’s Digital Financial Inclusion’ (2020) <www.mfw4a.org/sites/default/files/resources/saudig20_women_compressed.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
EASSI, ‘Annual Report’ (2020) <https://eassi.org/annual-reports/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Henson, S, ‘Gender and Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures in the Context of Trade: A Review of Issues and Policy Recommendations’ (2018) <https://standardsfacility.org/sites/default/files/Gender_SPS_measures_in_the_context_of_trade_Henson_ICTSD_Nov_18.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K, ‘Handbook on Provisions and Options for Trade in Times of Crisis and Pandemic’ (UNESCAP, 2021) <www.unescap.org/kp/2021/handbook-provisions-and-options-trade-times-crisis-and-pandemic> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K, ‘The Human Face of Trade and Food Security: Lessons on the Enabling Environment from Kenya and India’ (Centre for Strategic and International Studies, 2017) <www.csis.org/analysis/human-face-trade-and-food-security> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K, ‘U.S. Preference Programs: How Well Do They Work?’ (US Senate Finance Committee, 16 May 2007) <www.finance.senate.gov/hearings/us-preference-programs-how-well-do-they-workd> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K, ‘Why the United States and Africa Should Lead a Collaborative, Rules-Based Approach to Food Security’ (Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2020) <www.csis.org/analysis/why-united-states-and-africa-should-lead-collaborative-rules-based-approach-food-security> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K, Francis, T, Thomas, I, Le Great, M, Rahman, M, Madrigal, F, Cohen, M and Nalbantoglu, A, ‘Reconceptualizing Free Trade Agreements through a Sustainable Development Lens’ (27 July 2020) <https://cb4fec8a-9641-471c-9042-2712ac32ce3e.filesusr.com/ugd/095963_8b66c44bd19b4683b974eaa267fd4070.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
STDF, ‘STDF Briefing Note, Inclusive Trade Solutions: Women in SPS Capacity Building’ (2015) <www.standardsfacility.org/sites/default/files/STDF_Briefing_note_13.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
AU, ‘Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa’ (2005), <https://au.int/en/treaties/protocol-african-charter-human-and-peoples-rights-rights-women-africa> accessed 8 May 2022+accessed+8+May+2022>Google Scholar
Al Mutair, S, Konomi, D and Page, L, ‘Trade & Gender: Exploring International Practices That Promote Women’s Economic Empowerment’ (TradeLab, 17 May 2018) <www.tradelab.org/single-post/2018/05/17/Trade-and-Gender-1> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
APO Group, ‘Piecing the Puzzle of African Integration: The Successes and Exponential Potential’ (2020) <www.africanews.com/2021/07/16/piecing-the-puzzle-of-african-integration-the-successes-and-exponential-potential/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
AU, ‘African Union Is Committed to Ending Child Labour and Other Forms of Human Exploitation’ (29 May 2021) <https://au.int/en/articles/african-union-committed-ending-child-labour-and-other-forms-human-exploitation> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bayat, N and Luke, D, ‘Gender Mainstreaming in AfCFTA National Strategies: Why It Matters for the SDGs’ (IISD, 20 February 2020) <http://sdg.iisd.org/commentary/guest-articles/gender-mainstreaming-in-afcfta-national-strategies-why-it-matters-for-the-sdgs/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Fundira, T, ‘Informal Cross-Border Trading – Review of the Simplified Trade Regimes in East and Southern Africa’ (TRALAC, 2018) <www.tralac.org/publications/article/12825-informal-cross-border-trading-review-of-the-simplified-trade-regimes-in-east-and-southern-africa.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Kuhlmann, K, ‘Flexibility and Innovation in International Economic Law: Enhancing Rule of Law, Inclusivity, and Resilience in the Time of COVID-19’ (Afronomicslaw, 27 February 2020) <www.afronomicslaw.org/2020/08/27/flexibility-and-innovation-in-international-economic-law-enhancing-rule-of-law-inclusivity-and-resilience-in-the-time-of-covid-19/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Lane, L and Nass, P, ‘Women in Trade Can Reinvigorate the WTO and Global Economy’ (CIGI, 27 April 2020) <www.cigionline.org/articles/women-trade-can-reinvigorate-wto-and-global-economy/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Laperle-Forget, L, ‘Gender Responsiveness in Trade Agreements – How Does the AfCFTA Fare’ (Tralac, 17 March 2021) <www.tralac.org/blog/article/15141-gender-responsiveness-in-trade-agreements-how-does-the-afcfta-fare.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN, ‘Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women’, UNGA Res. 34/180 (18 December 1979) (CEDAW). <www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women> accessed 23 May 2023.+accessed+23+May+2023.>Google Scholar
UN, ‘Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration’ (13 July 2018), <https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/migration-compact> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Opportunities for Women Entrepreneurs in the African Continental Free Trade Area’ (2019) <https://africa.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2019/07/opportunities-for-women-in-the-acfta> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘SDG 5: Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls’ <www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-5-gender-equality> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Women in Informal Economy’ (2021) <www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/csw61/women-in-informal-economy> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNECE, ‘Gender Responsive Standards Initiative’ <https://unece.org/gender-responsive-standards-initiative> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Xinhua, ‘AfCFTA Secretariat Mulls Protocol to Promote Gender, Youth Interests’ (The Standard, 27 April 2021) <www.standardmedia.co.ke/business-news/article/2001411063/afcfta-secretariat-mulls-protocol-to-promote-gender-youth-interests> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Zarelli, S and Lopez, M, ‘Leveraging Digital Solutions to Seize the Potential of Informal Cross-Border Trade’ (UNCTAD, 29 April 2020) <https://unctad.org/es/node/2394> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Prabhu, S, ‘Indian Minister of Industry and Commerce’ (Indian Press Conference, WTO Ministerial Conference, Buenos Aires, 11 December 2017).Google Scholar
Dohnert, S, Crespi, G and Maffioli, A (eds.), Exploring Firm-Level Innovation and Productivity in Developing Countries: The Perspective of Caribbean Small States (IADB 2017).Google Scholar
Gmelch, G, Behind the Smile: The Working Lives of Caribbean Tourism (Indiana University Press 2nd ed. 2012).Google Scholar
Barker, D, ‘Beyond Women and Economics: Rereading “Women’s Work”’ (2005) 30(4) Journal of Women in Culture and Society 21892209.Google Scholar
Barry, T, Gahman, L, Greenidge, A and Mohamed, A, ‘Wrestling with Race and Colonialism in Caribbean Agriculture: Toward a (Food) Sovereign and (Gender) Just Future’ (2020) 109 Geoforum 106110.Google Scholar
Marques, C, Leal, C, Ferreira, J and Ratten, V, ‘The Formal–Informal Dilemma for Women Micro-Entrepreneurs: Evidence from Brazil’ (2018) 14 Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 5.Google Scholar
Ferdinand, C (ed), ‘Jobs, Gender and Small Enterprises in the Caribbean: Lessons from Barbados, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago’ (2001) SEED Working Paper No. 19 <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_113771.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Fonjong, L, ‘The Role of Women’s Nutrition Literacy in Food Security: The Case of Africa’ (August 2022) Observer Research Foundation Issue Brief No. 572.Google Scholar
Kepler, E and Scott, S, ‘Are Male and Female Entrepreneurs Really That Different?’ (2007) Office of Advocacy Small Business Working Papers 07ekss, US Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy.Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘Gender Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ (2018) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2018-15, 20–22 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201815_e.pdf> accessed 13 September 2022.+accessed+13+September+2022.>Google Scholar
UN ECLAC Gender Equality Observatory for Latin America and the Caribbean, ‘International Trade: A Means to a Recovery with Gender Equality?’, (ECLAC Notes No 31, 24 February 2021) <https://oig.cepal.org/sites/default/files/note_for_equality_gender_and_trade_n31.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
CAFRA, Gender and Trade in the Caribbean, November 15, 2002.Google Scholar
CARICOM Secretariat, ‘CARICOM’s Statistics on International Trade in Services 2012–2018’ (CARICOM 2021) <http://statistics.caricom.org/Files/Publications/Trade%20in%20Services/TIS_2012–2018.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
CARICOM Secretariat, ‘Plan of Action to 2005: Framework for Mainstreaming Gender into Key CARICOM Programmes’ (CARICOM 2005) <https://caricom.org/documents/11303-plan_of_action_to_2005.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
CARICOM Secretariat, ‘Snapshot of CARICOM’s Trade Series 1: CARICOM’s Intra-Regional Trade 2011–2016’ (CARICOM, 2018) <https://statistics.caricom.org/Files/Publications/Snapshot/Series_1_2011–2016.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
CEDA, ‘Caribbean Export Outlook 2016’ (CEDA, 2017) <http://statistics.caricom.org/snapshot.html> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Hesse Bayne, LNO and Haarr, R (eds), ‘Role of Gender in CARICOM and CARIFORUM Regional Trade Agreements’ (UN Women, 2021) <https://caribbean.eclac.org/publications/role-gender-caricom-and-cariforum-regional-trade-agreements> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
IDB, ‘Estimating the Size of the Informal Economy in Caribbean States’ (IDB, 2017) <https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Estimating-the-Size-of-the-Informal-Economy-in-Caribbean-States.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
IDB-CARICOM Report, ‘Progress and Challenges of the Integration Agenda’, (IDB/CARICOM, 2020) <https://publications.iadb.org/en/caricom-report-progress-and-challenges-integration-agenda> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Free Trade Agreements’ (2020) <https://intracen.org/resources/publications/mainstreaming-gender-in-free-trade-agreements> accessed 13 September 2022.+accessed+13+September+2022.>Google Scholar
Ministry of Social Development and Family Services, Central Statistical Office and UNICEF, ‘Trinidad and Tobago Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011, Key Findings & Tables’ (Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago: Ministry of Social Development and Family Services, Central Statistical Office and UNICEF).Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Special Feature: The Caribbean Small States’ <www.oecd.org/dev/americas/LEO-2019-Chapter-6.pdf> accessed 13 September 2022.+accessed+13+September+2022.>Google Scholar
PIOJ and STATIN, ‘Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions 2018’ (PIOJ/STATIN, 2018).Google Scholar
UN WTO, ‘Global and Regional Tourism Performance’ <www.unwto.org/tourism-data/global-and-regional-tourism-performance> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘The Inaugural Gender and Development Forum at the Fifteenth Session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Bridgetown Declaration’, TD/INF.71 (7 October 2021).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘UNCTAD Trade and Gender Tool Box’ (UNCTAD, 2017) <https://unctad.org/webflyer/unctad-trade-and-gender-tool-box> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
UNGA, ‘Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women’, 1249 UNTS 13 (18 December 1979) ILO Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100);Google Scholar
UNGA, ‘Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, A/RES/70/1 (21 October 2015).Google Scholar
UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean and Barbados Ministry of Youth and Community Empowerment, ‘Generation Unlimited: The Wellbeing of Young People in Barbados Summary Findings’ (UNICEF, 2020) <www.unicef.org/easterncaribbean/media/2171/file/generation%20unlimited%20barbados%20factsheet.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Ministerial Declaration on the Advancement of Gender Equality and Women’s Economic Empowerment within Trade’, WT/MIN(21)/4 (10 November 2021).Google Scholar
Bellony, A, Hoyos, A and Ñopo, H, ‘Gender Earnings Gaps in the Caribbean: Evidence from Barbados and Jamaica’ (IADB, 2010) <https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Gender-Earnings-Gaps-in-the-Caribbean-Evidence-from-Barbados-and-Jamaica.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Brathwaite, C, Nicholls, A and Remy, JY, ‘Trading Our Way to Recovery during COVID-19: Recommendations for CARICOM Countries’ (SRC, 2020) <https://shridathramphalcentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/SRC-COVID-19-Policy-Document-October-2020_FINAL.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Budlender, D and Iyahen, I, ‘Status of Women and Men Report: Productive Employment and Decent Work for All’ (UN Women, 2019) <https://caribbean.unwomen.org/en/materials/publications/2019/10/status-of-women-and-men-report-productive-employment-and-decent-work-for-all#view> accessed 13 September 2022.+accessed+13+September+2022.>Google Scholar
Hosein, G, Basdeo-Gobin, T and Gény, L, ‘Gender Mainstreaming in National Sustainable Development Planning in the Caribbean’ (ECLAC Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean, 2020) <www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/45086/S1901209_en.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
ILO, Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture (ILO, 3rd ed. 2018).Google Scholar
InfoDev, ‘Profiling Caribbean Women Entrepreneurs: Business Environment, Sectoral Constraints and Programming Lessons’ (World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank, 2017).Google Scholar
Padmore, T, ‘Summary Status of Women and Men Report – The Impacts of COVID-19’ (UN Women, 2021) <https://caribbean.unwomen.org/en/materials/publications/2021/3/summary-report---status-of-women-and-men-in-covid-19> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Rune, D, ‘Reimagining the U.S. Strategy in the Caribbean’ (Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2021) <www.csis.org/analysis/reimagining-us-strategy-caribbean> accessed 13 September 2022.+accessed+13+September+2022.>Google Scholar
Arias Hofman, I, ‘More Female Entrepreneurs Please’ (Caribbean DEVTrends+, 5 December 2019) <https://blogs.iadb.org/caribbean-dev-trends/en/more-female-entrepreneurs-please/> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
CANA, ‘CARICOM Hosting National Consultations on Draft Regional Gender Policy’ (Caribbean Communications Network, 8 February 2019) <www.tv6tnt.com/news/regional/caricom-hosting-national-consultations-on-draft-regional-gender-policy/article_e4df18a8-2baf-11e9-bdb7-b705294ad47a.html> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
CARICOM – Caribbean Community, ‘Member States and Associate Members’ <https://caricom.org/member-states-and-associate-members/> accessed 29 September 2022.+accessed+29+September+2022.>Google Scholar
EIGE, ‘Sweden – Gender Mainstreaming’ <https://eige.europa.eu/gender-mainstreaming/countries/sweden> accessed 29 September 2022.+accessed+29+September+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO, ‘ILO: Tourism Recovery Is Key to Overcoming COVID-19 Labour Crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean’ (ILO Press Release, 30 June 2021) <www.ilo.org/caribbean/newsroom/WCMS_809331/lang--en/index.htm> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
ILOSTAT Database <https://ilostat.ilo.org/> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
MTI_WebAdmin, ‘The SheTrades T&T Movement Is Here’ (Ministry of Trade and Industry, 29 October 2020) <https://tradeind.gov.tt/shetrades-tt-launch-mr/> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Spotlight Initiative, ‘Where We Work’ <www.spotlightinitiative.org/> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Story-editor, ‘Trinidad Launches National SheTrades Hub’ (St. Kitts Observer, 21 September 2020) <www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/trinidad-launches-national-shetrades-hub/> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
UN Women, CARICOM and CDB, ‘Caribbean Women Count: Ending Violence against Women and Girls Data Hub’ (UN Women, CARICOM, CDB, n.d.) <https://caribbeanwomencount.unwomen.org/> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Wallace, A, ‘Challenges in Activism to End Gender-Based Violence in the Caribbean’ (FAR, 6 December 2020), <https://feministallianceforrights.org/blog/2020/12/16/challenges-in-activism-to-end-gender-based-violence-in-the-caribbean/> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Buenos Aires Declaration on Women and Trade Outlines Actions to Empower Women’ <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/mc11_12dec17_e.htm> accessed 13 September 2022.+accessed+13+September+2022.>Google Scholar
Gadhoke, P, ‘“We’re Changing Our Ways”: Women as Primary Caregivers and Adaptations of Food and Physical Activity Related Health Behaviors in Semi-Rural and Rural American Indian/Alaska Native Households’, Conference: 141st APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition 2013, November 2013, Project: OPREVENT Project.Google Scholar
Dohnert, S, Crespi, G and Maffioli, A (eds.), Exploring Firm-Level Innovation and Productivity in Developing Countries: The Perspective of Caribbean Small States (IADB 2017).Google Scholar
Gmelch, G, Behind the Smile: The Working Lives of Caribbean Tourism (Indiana University Press 2nd ed. 2012).Google Scholar
Barker, D, ‘Beyond Women and Economics: Rereading “Women’s Work”’ (2005) 30(4) Journal of Women in Culture and Society 21892209.Google Scholar
Barry, T, Gahman, L, Greenidge, A and Mohamed, A, ‘Wrestling with Race and Colonialism in Caribbean Agriculture: Toward a (Food) Sovereign and (Gender) Just Future’ (2020) 109 Geoforum 106110.Google Scholar
Marques, C, Leal, C, Ferreira, J and Ratten, V, ‘The Formal–Informal Dilemma for Women Micro-Entrepreneurs: Evidence from Brazil’ (2018) 14 Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 5.Google Scholar
Ferdinand, C (ed), ‘Jobs, Gender and Small Enterprises in the Caribbean: Lessons from Barbados, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago’ (2001) SEED Working Paper No. 19 <www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_113771.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Fonjong, L, ‘The Role of Women’s Nutrition Literacy in Food Security: The Case of Africa’ (August 2022) Observer Research Foundation Issue Brief No. 572.Google Scholar
Kepler, E and Scott, S, ‘Are Male and Female Entrepreneurs Really That Different?’ (2007) Office of Advocacy Small Business Working Papers 07ekss, US Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy.Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘Gender Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ (2018) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2018-15, 20–22 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201815_e.pdf> accessed 13 September 2022.+accessed+13+September+2022.>Google Scholar
UN ECLAC Gender Equality Observatory for Latin America and the Caribbean, ‘International Trade: A Means to a Recovery with Gender Equality?’, (ECLAC Notes No 31, 24 February 2021) <https://oig.cepal.org/sites/default/files/note_for_equality_gender_and_trade_n31.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
CAFRA, Gender and Trade in the Caribbean, November 15, 2002.Google Scholar
CARICOM Secretariat, ‘CARICOM’s Statistics on International Trade in Services 2012–2018’ (CARICOM 2021) <http://statistics.caricom.org/Files/Publications/Trade%20in%20Services/TIS_2012–2018.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
CARICOM Secretariat, ‘Plan of Action to 2005: Framework for Mainstreaming Gender into Key CARICOM Programmes’ (CARICOM 2005) <https://caricom.org/documents/11303-plan_of_action_to_2005.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
CARICOM Secretariat, ‘Snapshot of CARICOM’s Trade Series 1: CARICOM’s Intra-Regional Trade 2011–2016’ (CARICOM, 2018) <https://statistics.caricom.org/Files/Publications/Snapshot/Series_1_2011–2016.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
CEDA, ‘Caribbean Export Outlook 2016’ (CEDA, 2017) <http://statistics.caricom.org/snapshot.html> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Hesse Bayne, LNO and Haarr, R (eds), ‘Role of Gender in CARICOM and CARIFORUM Regional Trade Agreements’ (UN Women, 2021) <https://caribbean.eclac.org/publications/role-gender-caricom-and-cariforum-regional-trade-agreements> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
IDB, ‘Estimating the Size of the Informal Economy in Caribbean States’ (IDB, 2017) <https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Estimating-the-Size-of-the-Informal-Economy-in-Caribbean-States.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
IDB-CARICOM Report, ‘Progress and Challenges of the Integration Agenda’, (IDB/CARICOM, 2020) <https://publications.iadb.org/en/caricom-report-progress-and-challenges-integration-agenda> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Free Trade Agreements’ (2020) <https://intracen.org/resources/publications/mainstreaming-gender-in-free-trade-agreements> accessed 13 September 2022.+accessed+13+September+2022.>Google Scholar
Ministry of Social Development and Family Services, Central Statistical Office and UNICEF, ‘Trinidad and Tobago Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011, Key Findings & Tables’ (Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago: Ministry of Social Development and Family Services, Central Statistical Office and UNICEF).Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Special Feature: The Caribbean Small States’ <www.oecd.org/dev/americas/LEO-2019-Chapter-6.pdf> accessed 13 September 2022.+accessed+13+September+2022.>Google Scholar
PIOJ and STATIN, ‘Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions 2018’ (PIOJ/STATIN, 2018).Google Scholar
UN WTO, ‘Global and Regional Tourism Performance’ <www.unwto.org/tourism-data/global-and-regional-tourism-performance> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘The Inaugural Gender and Development Forum at the Fifteenth Session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Bridgetown Declaration’, TD/INF.71 (7 October 2021).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘UNCTAD Trade and Gender Tool Box’ (UNCTAD, 2017) <https://unctad.org/webflyer/unctad-trade-and-gender-tool-box> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
UNGA, ‘Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women’, 1249 UNTS 13 (18 December 1979) ILO Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100);Google Scholar
UNGA, ‘Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’, A/RES/70/1 (21 October 2015).Google Scholar
UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean and Barbados Ministry of Youth and Community Empowerment, ‘Generation Unlimited: The Wellbeing of Young People in Barbados Summary Findings’ (UNICEF, 2020) <www.unicef.org/easterncaribbean/media/2171/file/generation%20unlimited%20barbados%20factsheet.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Ministerial Declaration on the Advancement of Gender Equality and Women’s Economic Empowerment within Trade’, WT/MIN(21)/4 (10 November 2021).Google Scholar
Bellony, A, Hoyos, A and Ñopo, H, ‘Gender Earnings Gaps in the Caribbean: Evidence from Barbados and Jamaica’ (IADB, 2010) <https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Gender-Earnings-Gaps-in-the-Caribbean-Evidence-from-Barbados-and-Jamaica.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Brathwaite, C, Nicholls, A and Remy, JY, ‘Trading Our Way to Recovery during COVID-19: Recommendations for CARICOM Countries’ (SRC, 2020) <https://shridathramphalcentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/SRC-COVID-19-Policy-Document-October-2020_FINAL.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Budlender, D and Iyahen, I, ‘Status of Women and Men Report: Productive Employment and Decent Work for All’ (UN Women, 2019) <https://caribbean.unwomen.org/en/materials/publications/2019/10/status-of-women-and-men-report-productive-employment-and-decent-work-for-all#view> accessed 13 September 2022.+accessed+13+September+2022.>Google Scholar
Hosein, G, Basdeo-Gobin, T and Gény, L, ‘Gender Mainstreaming in National Sustainable Development Planning in the Caribbean’ (ECLAC Subregional Headquarters for the Caribbean, 2020) <www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/45086/S1901209_en.pdf> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
ILO, Women and Men in the Informal Economy: A Statistical Picture (ILO, 3rd ed. 2018).Google Scholar
InfoDev, ‘Profiling Caribbean Women Entrepreneurs: Business Environment, Sectoral Constraints and Programming Lessons’ (World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank, 2017).Google Scholar
Padmore, T, ‘Summary Status of Women and Men Report – The Impacts of COVID-19’ (UN Women, 2021) <https://caribbean.unwomen.org/en/materials/publications/2021/3/summary-report---status-of-women-and-men-in-covid-19> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Rune, D, ‘Reimagining the U.S. Strategy in the Caribbean’ (Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2021) <www.csis.org/analysis/reimagining-us-strategy-caribbean> accessed 13 September 2022.+accessed+13+September+2022.>Google Scholar
Arias Hofman, I, ‘More Female Entrepreneurs Please’ (Caribbean DEVTrends+, 5 December 2019) <https://blogs.iadb.org/caribbean-dev-trends/en/more-female-entrepreneurs-please/> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
CANA, ‘CARICOM Hosting National Consultations on Draft Regional Gender Policy’ (Caribbean Communications Network, 8 February 2019) <www.tv6tnt.com/news/regional/caricom-hosting-national-consultations-on-draft-regional-gender-policy/article_e4df18a8-2baf-11e9-bdb7-b705294ad47a.html> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
CARICOM – Caribbean Community, ‘Member States and Associate Members’ <https://caricom.org/member-states-and-associate-members/> accessed 29 September 2022.+accessed+29+September+2022.>Google Scholar
EIGE, ‘Sweden – Gender Mainstreaming’ <https://eige.europa.eu/gender-mainstreaming/countries/sweden> accessed 29 September 2022.+accessed+29+September+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO, ‘ILO: Tourism Recovery Is Key to Overcoming COVID-19 Labour Crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean’ (ILO Press Release, 30 June 2021) <www.ilo.org/caribbean/newsroom/WCMS_809331/lang--en/index.htm> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
ILOSTAT Database <https://ilostat.ilo.org/> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
MTI_WebAdmin, ‘The SheTrades T&T Movement Is Here’ (Ministry of Trade and Industry, 29 October 2020) <https://tradeind.gov.tt/shetrades-tt-launch-mr/> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Spotlight Initiative, ‘Where We Work’ <www.spotlightinitiative.org/> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Story-editor, ‘Trinidad Launches National SheTrades Hub’ (St. Kitts Observer, 21 September 2020) <www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/trinidad-launches-national-shetrades-hub/> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
UN Women, CARICOM and CDB, ‘Caribbean Women Count: Ending Violence against Women and Girls Data Hub’ (UN Women, CARICOM, CDB, n.d.) <https://caribbeanwomencount.unwomen.org/> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
Wallace, A, ‘Challenges in Activism to End Gender-Based Violence in the Caribbean’ (FAR, 6 December 2020), <https://feministallianceforrights.org/blog/2020/12/16/challenges-in-activism-to-end-gender-based-violence-in-the-caribbean/> accessed 16 December 2021.+accessed+16+December+2021.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Buenos Aires Declaration on Women and Trade Outlines Actions to Empower Women’ <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/mc11_12dec17_e.htm> accessed 13 September 2022.+accessed+13+September+2022.>Google Scholar
Gadhoke, P, ‘“We’re Changing Our Ways”: Women as Primary Caregivers and Adaptations of Food and Physical Activity Related Health Behaviors in Semi-Rural and Rural American Indian/Alaska Native Households’, Conference: 141st APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition 2013, November 2013, Project: OPREVENT Project.Google Scholar
Azar, P, Espino, A and Salvador, S, Los vínculos entre comercio, género y equidad. Un análisis para seis países de América Latina (Red Internacional de Género y Comercio 2007).Google Scholar
Cáceres, J, Muñoz, F, Alarcón, B, Fierro, M, Montenegro, C, Pérez, A, Ramírez, MJ, Rogaler, T, Chávez, L, Guzmán, L, Hidalgo, V and Martínez, V, Propuestas para la incorporación de disposiciones de género en el Protocolo Adicional de la Alianza del Pacífico (Integración y Comercio 2021).Google Scholar
Espino, A, Impacting MERCOSUR’s Gender Policies: Experiences, Lessons Learned, and the Ongoing Work of Civil Society in Latin America (Montreal International Forum 2008).Google Scholar
López, D, Muñoz, F and Cáceres, J, Gender Inclusion in Chilean Free Trade Agreements (Institute of International Studies University of Chile 2019).Google Scholar
Schultz, P, Does the Liberalization of Trade Advance Gender Equality in Schooling and Health? (Routledge 2014).Google Scholar
Cáceres, J and Muñoz, F, ‘The Gendered Impact of COVID-19 Crisis in Latin America’ in Baisotti, P and Moscuzza, P (eds.), New Paths of International Relations: Configuring Power in Times of Pandemic (Sussex Academic Press in press).Google Scholar
Elson, D, Grown, C and Çaæatay, N, ‘Mainstream, Heterodox, and Feminist Trade Theory’ in van Staveren, I, Elson, D, Grown, C and Çaæatay, N (eds.), The Feminist Economics of Trade (Routledge 2012).Google Scholar
Ribeiro, Hoffmann A, ‘Gender Mainstreaming in Mercosur and Mercosur–EU Trade Relations’ in van der Vleuten, A, van Eerdewijk, A and Roggeband, C (eds.), Gender Equality Norms in Regional Governance: Transnational Dynamics in Europe, South America and Southern Africa (Springer 2014).Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Measuring the Gender-Responsiveness of Free Trade Agreements: Using a Self-Evaluation Maturity Framework’ (2019) 14(11/12) Global Trade Customs Journal 517527.Google Scholar
Cadario, F, Fantin, F and Jacques, M, ‘La trata de personas con fines de explotación sexual en el contexto de pandemia: un análisis institucional desde el Mercosur y la Argentina’ (2021) 26 Nueva Serie Documentos de Trabajo 5360.Google Scholar
Eckersley, R, ‘The Big Chill: The WTO and Multilateral Environmental Agreements’ (2004) 4(2) Global Environmental Politics 2450.Google Scholar
González‐Garibay, M, ‘The Trade–Labour and Trade–Environment Linkages: Together or Apart?’ (2011) 10(2) Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 165184.Google Scholar
He, B and Murphy, H, ‘Global Social Justice at the WTO? The Role of NGOs in Constructing Global Social Contracts’ (2007) 83(4) International Affairs 707727.Google Scholar
Hinojosa, L, ‘EU-Mercosur Trade Agreement: Potential Impacts on Rural Livelihoods and Gender (with Focus on Bio-Fuels Feedstock Expansion)’ (2009) 1(4) Sustainability 11201143.Google Scholar
López, C and Míguez, MC, ‘Uruguay como Estado pequeño en el MERCOSUR (1991-2020): Una lectura desde la autonomía regional’ (2021) 112 Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política 181216.Google Scholar
López, D and Muñoz, F, ‘Trade Policy and Women in the Pacific Alliance’ (2018) 25 Agenda Internacional 133150.Google Scholar
Ridgeway, C and Correll, S, ‘Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations’ (2004) 18 Gender Society 510.Google Scholar
Van den Putte, L and Orbie, J, ‘EU Bilateral Trade Agreements and the Surprising Rise of Labour Provisions’ (2015) 31(3) International Journal of Comparative Labour Law Industrial Relations 263283.Google Scholar
Baccini, L, Dür, A, Elsig, M and Milewicz, K, ‘The Design of Preferential Trade Agreements: A New Dataset in the Making’ (2011) WTO Staff Working Paper No. ERSD-2011-10 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201110_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Ciuriak, D, ‘Canada’s Progressive Trade Agenda and the NAFTA Renegotiation’ (2018) CD Howe Institute Commentary No. 516 <www.cdhowe.org/sites/default/files/attachments/research_papers/mixed/Final%20June%2011%20Commentary_516.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ECLAC, ‘La autonomía económica de las mujeres en la recuperación sostenible y con igualdad’ (2021) Informe Especial COVID-19 No. 9 <www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/46633-la-autonomia-economica-mujeres-la-recuperacion-sostenible-igualdad> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘The Evolution of Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ (2018) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2018-15 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201815_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Nueva Serie Documentos de Trabajo MERCOSUR, ‘Guía MERCOSUR de atención a mujeres en situación de trata con fines de explotación sexual’, MERCOSUR/CMC/REC No. 09/12 (2012).Google Scholar
OAS, ‘Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women’ <www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-61.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Observatorio Estratégico de la Alianza del Pacífico, Programas de Apoyo al Emprendimiento Femenino en la Alianza del Pacífico (2018).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Gender and Trade: Assessing the Impact of Trade Agreements on Gender Equality: Canada–EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement’ (2020) <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/UNWomen_2020d1_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade. The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (WTO, 2020) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/women_trade_pub2807_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bensalem, H, ‘Gender as Included in Bilateral and Multi-Party Trade and Integration Agreements’ (CUTS, 2017) <www.cuts-geneva.org/pdf/STUDY%20-%20Gender%20and%20Trade.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bircher, M, Chahín, D, López, C, Mejía, I and Villota, A, ‘Estudio de Diagnóstico, Radiografía de la participación de las mujeres empresarias de la Alianza del Pacífico en el comercio exterior (November 2020) <https://alianzapacifico.net/wp-content/uploads/Estudio-de-Diagnostico-Participacion-de-las-mujeres-empresarias-de-la-AP-en-el-comercio-exterior-NOV2020.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Frohmann, A, ‘Género y emprendimiento exportador: iniciativas de cooperación regional’ (ECLAC, 2018) <www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/43287-genero-emprendimiento-exportador-iniciativas-cooperacion-regional> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Klugman, J, ‘The 2030 Agenda and the Potential Contribution of Trade to Gender Equality’ (ICSTD, 2016) <www.tralac.org/images/docs/10610/the-2030-agenda-and-the-potential-contribution-of-trade-to-gender-equality-ictsd-september-2016.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Mora, A, ‘COVID-19 in Women’s Lives: Reasons to Recognize the Differential Impacts’ (Reliefweb, 2020) <https://reliefweb.int/report/world/covid-19-women-s-lives-reasons-recognize-differential-impacts> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance, Additional Protocol <https://alianzapacifico.net/?wpdmdl=1118> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance, ‘Declaración de Cali: XII Cumbre de la Alianza del Pacífico’ (2017) <https://alianzapacifico.net/?wpdmdl=1167> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance, ‘Declaración Presidencial sobre Igualdad de Género’ [Presidential Declaration on Gender Equality] (2020) <https://alianzapacifico.net/?wpdmdl=21208> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance, ‘Guidelines for the Use of Inclusive Language’ (2020) <https://alianzapacifico.net/wp-content/uploads/Guia_LenguajeInclusivo_vf.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance, ‘Mandatos Grupo Técnico de Género [Gender Technical Group Mandate]’ (2019) <https://alianzapacifico.net/?wpdmdl=17500> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance, Presidential Declaration (2017) <https://alianzapacifico.net/?wpdmdl=1167> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Viilup, E, ‘The EU’s Trade Policy: From Gender-Blind to Gender Sensitive?’ (2015) In-Depth Analysis for the European Parliament, DG External Policies <www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/549058/EXPO_IDA(2015)549058_EN.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Zarrilli, S, ‘The New Way of Addressing Gender Inequality Issues in Trade Agreements: Is It a True Revolution?’ (UNCTAD, 2017) <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/presspb2017d2_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
D’Elia, C, ‘Análisis del TLC Chile–Uruguay’ (Conexión INTAL, 2017) <https://conexionintal.iadb.org/2017/09/01/analisis-del-tlc-chile-uruguay/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance/Alianza del Pacífico <https://alianzapacifico.net/en/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Schüller, P, ‘Senado aprobó acuerdo de libre comercio entre Chile y Brasil’ (La Nación, 12 August 2020) <www.lanacion.cl/senado-aprobo-acuerdo-de-libre-comercio-entre-chile-y-brasil/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
SUBREI, ‘México ingresa al Arreglo Global de Comercio y Género integrado por Canadá, Chile y Nueva Zelandia’ (2021) <www.subrei.gob.cl/sala-de-prensa/noticias/detalle-noticias/2021/10/06/m%C3%A9xico-ingresa-al-arreglo-global-de-comercio-y-g%C3%A9nero-integrado-por-canad%C3%A1-chile-y-nueva-zelandia> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance, ‘Gender Glossary’ (2019) <https://alianzapacifico.net/en/?s=gender+glossary> accessed 25 May 2023.+accessed+25+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Azar, P, Espino, A and Salvador, S, Los vínculos entre comercio, género y equidad. Un análisis para seis países de América Latina (Red Internacional de Género y Comercio 2007).Google Scholar
Cáceres, J, Muñoz, F, Alarcón, B, Fierro, M, Montenegro, C, Pérez, A, Ramírez, MJ, Rogaler, T, Chávez, L, Guzmán, L, Hidalgo, V and Martínez, V, Propuestas para la incorporación de disposiciones de género en el Protocolo Adicional de la Alianza del Pacífico (Integración y Comercio 2021).Google Scholar
Espino, A, Impacting MERCOSUR’s Gender Policies: Experiences, Lessons Learned, and the Ongoing Work of Civil Society in Latin America (Montreal International Forum 2008).Google Scholar
López, D, Muñoz, F and Cáceres, J, Gender Inclusion in Chilean Free Trade Agreements (Institute of International Studies University of Chile 2019).Google Scholar
Schultz, P, Does the Liberalization of Trade Advance Gender Equality in Schooling and Health? (Routledge 2014).Google Scholar
Cáceres, J and Muñoz, F, ‘The Gendered Impact of COVID-19 Crisis in Latin America’ in Baisotti, P and Moscuzza, P (eds.), New Paths of International Relations: Configuring Power in Times of Pandemic (Sussex Academic Press in press).Google Scholar
Elson, D, Grown, C and Çaæatay, N, ‘Mainstream, Heterodox, and Feminist Trade Theory’ in van Staveren, I, Elson, D, Grown, C and Çaæatay, N (eds.), The Feminist Economics of Trade (Routledge 2012).Google Scholar
Ribeiro, Hoffmann A, ‘Gender Mainstreaming in Mercosur and Mercosur–EU Trade Relations’ in van der Vleuten, A, van Eerdewijk, A and Roggeband, C (eds.), Gender Equality Norms in Regional Governance: Transnational Dynamics in Europe, South America and Southern Africa (Springer 2014).Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Measuring the Gender-Responsiveness of Free Trade Agreements: Using a Self-Evaluation Maturity Framework’ (2019) 14(11/12) Global Trade Customs Journal 517527.Google Scholar
Cadario, F, Fantin, F and Jacques, M, ‘La trata de personas con fines de explotación sexual en el contexto de pandemia: un análisis institucional desde el Mercosur y la Argentina’ (2021) 26 Nueva Serie Documentos de Trabajo 5360.Google Scholar
Eckersley, R, ‘The Big Chill: The WTO and Multilateral Environmental Agreements’ (2004) 4(2) Global Environmental Politics 2450.Google Scholar
González‐Garibay, M, ‘The Trade–Labour and Trade–Environment Linkages: Together or Apart?’ (2011) 10(2) Journal of International Trade Law and Policy 165184.Google Scholar
He, B and Murphy, H, ‘Global Social Justice at the WTO? The Role of NGOs in Constructing Global Social Contracts’ (2007) 83(4) International Affairs 707727.Google Scholar
Hinojosa, L, ‘EU-Mercosur Trade Agreement: Potential Impacts on Rural Livelihoods and Gender (with Focus on Bio-Fuels Feedstock Expansion)’ (2009) 1(4) Sustainability 11201143.Google Scholar
López, C and Míguez, MC, ‘Uruguay como Estado pequeño en el MERCOSUR (1991-2020): Una lectura desde la autonomía regional’ (2021) 112 Lua Nova: Revista de Cultura e Política 181216.Google Scholar
López, D and Muñoz, F, ‘Trade Policy and Women in the Pacific Alliance’ (2018) 25 Agenda Internacional 133150.Google Scholar
Ridgeway, C and Correll, S, ‘Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations’ (2004) 18 Gender Society 510.Google Scholar
Van den Putte, L and Orbie, J, ‘EU Bilateral Trade Agreements and the Surprising Rise of Labour Provisions’ (2015) 31(3) International Journal of Comparative Labour Law Industrial Relations 263283.Google Scholar
Baccini, L, Dür, A, Elsig, M and Milewicz, K, ‘The Design of Preferential Trade Agreements: A New Dataset in the Making’ (2011) WTO Staff Working Paper No. ERSD-2011-10 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201110_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Ciuriak, D, ‘Canada’s Progressive Trade Agenda and the NAFTA Renegotiation’ (2018) CD Howe Institute Commentary No. 516 <www.cdhowe.org/sites/default/files/attachments/research_papers/mixed/Final%20June%2011%20Commentary_516.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ECLAC, ‘La autonomía económica de las mujeres en la recuperación sostenible y con igualdad’ (2021) Informe Especial COVID-19 No. 9 <www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/46633-la-autonomia-economica-mujeres-la-recuperacion-sostenible-igualdad> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘The Evolution of Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ (2018) WTO Staff Working Paper ERSD-2018-15 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201815_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Nueva Serie Documentos de Trabajo MERCOSUR, ‘Guía MERCOSUR de atención a mujeres en situación de trata con fines de explotación sexual’, MERCOSUR/CMC/REC No. 09/12 (2012).Google Scholar
OAS, ‘Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women’ <www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-61.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Observatorio Estratégico de la Alianza del Pacífico, Programas de Apoyo al Emprendimiento Femenino en la Alianza del Pacífico (2018).Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Gender and Trade: Assessing the Impact of Trade Agreements on Gender Equality: Canada–EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement’ (2020) <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/UNWomen_2020d1_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade. The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (WTO, 2020) <www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/women_trade_pub2807_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bensalem, H, ‘Gender as Included in Bilateral and Multi-Party Trade and Integration Agreements’ (CUTS, 2017) <www.cuts-geneva.org/pdf/STUDY%20-%20Gender%20and%20Trade.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bircher, M, Chahín, D, López, C, Mejía, I and Villota, A, ‘Estudio de Diagnóstico, Radiografía de la participación de las mujeres empresarias de la Alianza del Pacífico en el comercio exterior (November 2020) <https://alianzapacifico.net/wp-content/uploads/Estudio-de-Diagnostico-Participacion-de-las-mujeres-empresarias-de-la-AP-en-el-comercio-exterior-NOV2020.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Frohmann, A, ‘Género y emprendimiento exportador: iniciativas de cooperación regional’ (ECLAC, 2018) <www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/43287-genero-emprendimiento-exportador-iniciativas-cooperacion-regional> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Klugman, J, ‘The 2030 Agenda and the Potential Contribution of Trade to Gender Equality’ (ICSTD, 2016) <www.tralac.org/images/docs/10610/the-2030-agenda-and-the-potential-contribution-of-trade-to-gender-equality-ictsd-september-2016.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Mora, A, ‘COVID-19 in Women’s Lives: Reasons to Recognize the Differential Impacts’ (Reliefweb, 2020) <https://reliefweb.int/report/world/covid-19-women-s-lives-reasons-recognize-differential-impacts> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance, Additional Protocol <https://alianzapacifico.net/?wpdmdl=1118> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance, ‘Declaración de Cali: XII Cumbre de la Alianza del Pacífico’ (2017) <https://alianzapacifico.net/?wpdmdl=1167> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance, ‘Declaración Presidencial sobre Igualdad de Género’ [Presidential Declaration on Gender Equality] (2020) <https://alianzapacifico.net/?wpdmdl=21208> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance, ‘Guidelines for the Use of Inclusive Language’ (2020) <https://alianzapacifico.net/wp-content/uploads/Guia_LenguajeInclusivo_vf.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance, ‘Mandatos Grupo Técnico de Género [Gender Technical Group Mandate]’ (2019) <https://alianzapacifico.net/?wpdmdl=17500> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance, Presidential Declaration (2017) <https://alianzapacifico.net/?wpdmdl=1167> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Viilup, E, ‘The EU’s Trade Policy: From Gender-Blind to Gender Sensitive?’ (2015) In-Depth Analysis for the European Parliament, DG External Policies <www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2015/549058/EXPO_IDA(2015)549058_EN.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Zarrilli, S, ‘The New Way of Addressing Gender Inequality Issues in Trade Agreements: Is It a True Revolution?’ (UNCTAD, 2017) <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/presspb2017d2_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
D’Elia, C, ‘Análisis del TLC Chile–Uruguay’ (Conexión INTAL, 2017) <https://conexionintal.iadb.org/2017/09/01/analisis-del-tlc-chile-uruguay/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance/Alianza del Pacífico <https://alianzapacifico.net/en/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Schüller, P, ‘Senado aprobó acuerdo de libre comercio entre Chile y Brasil’ (La Nación, 12 August 2020) <www.lanacion.cl/senado-aprobo-acuerdo-de-libre-comercio-entre-chile-y-brasil/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
SUBREI, ‘México ingresa al Arreglo Global de Comercio y Género integrado por Canadá, Chile y Nueva Zelandia’ (2021) <www.subrei.gob.cl/sala-de-prensa/noticias/detalle-noticias/2021/10/06/m%C3%A9xico-ingresa-al-arreglo-global-de-comercio-y-g%C3%A9nero-integrado-por-canad%C3%A1-chile-y-nueva-zelandia> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Pacific Alliance, ‘Gender Glossary’ (2019) <https://alianzapacifico.net/en/?s=gender+glossary> accessed 25 May 2023.+accessed+25+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Cook, G, A Digest of WTO Jurisprudence on Public International Law Concepts and Principles (Cambridge University Press 2015).Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Measuring the Gender-Responsiveness of Free Trade Agreements: Using a Self-Evaluation Maturity Framework’ (2019) 14(11) Global Trade & Customs Journal 517527.Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Women at the Frontline of COVID-19: Can Gender Mainstreaming in Free Trade Agreements Help?’ (2020) 23(3) Journal of International Economic Law 563582.Google Scholar
Buyukkayaci, DN, ‘Reflections of Female Domination in the Profession over the Nursing Strength: Turkey Sample’ (2012) 3(24) International Journal of Business and Social Science 182187.Google Scholar
Downs, GW, Rocke, D and Barsoom, P, ‘Is the Good News about Compliance Good News about Cooperation?’ (1996) 50(3) International Organization 379406.Google Scholar
Hathaway, OA, ‘The Cost of Commitment’ (2003) 55(5) Stanford Law Review 18211862.Google Scholar
Murdoch, JC and Sandler, T, ‘The Voluntary Provision of a Pure Public Good: The Case of Reduced CFC Emissions and the Montreal Protocol’ (1997) 63(3) Journal of Public Economics 331349.Google Scholar
Simmons, BA, ‘International Law and State Behavior: Commitment and Compliance in International Monetary Affairs’ (2000) 94(4) American Political Science Review 819835.Google Scholar
Whitsitt, E, ‘A Comment on the Public Morals Exception in International Trade and the EC – Seal Products Case: Moral Imperialism and Other Concerns’ (2014) 3(4) Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law 1376.Google Scholar
Gaukrodger, D, ‘The Balance between Investor Protection and the Right to Regulate in Investment Treaties: A Scoping Paper’ (2017) OECD Working Papers on International Investment No. 2017/02 <https://doi.org/10.1787/82786801-en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ (2021) WTO Staff Working Papers ERSD-2018-15 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201815_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Smith, LC, Ramakrishnan, U, Ndiaye, A, Haddad, L and Martorell, R, ‘The Importance of Women’s Status for Child Nutrition in Developing Countries’ (2003) International Food Policy Research Institute Research Report No. 131 <https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/48032/filename/43490.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Gender Equality & Trade Policy’ (2011) UN Women Watch Resource Paper <www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/gender_equality_and_trade_policy.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of the United Kingdom, ‘Export Strategy: Supporting and Connecting Businesses to Grow on the World Stage’ (2018) GOV.UK Policy Paper <www.gov.uk/government/publications/export-strategy-supporting-and-connecting-businesses-to-grow-on-the-world-stage/export-strategy-supporting-and-connecting-businesses-to-grow-on-the-world-stage> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘Unlocking Markets for Women to Trade’ (2015) <https://intracen.org/resources/publications/unlocking-markets-for-women-to-trade> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN, ‘World Economic Situation and Prospects 2014: Country Classification’ (2014) <www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2014wesp_country_classification.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank, ‘Women, Business and the Law’ (World Bank Reports 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2019 and 2020).Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (2020) <https://wbl.worldbank.org/en/wbl> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘The Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Women in Vulnerable Sectors and Economies’ (2020) <https://doi.org/10.30875/74a82a3d-en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Gender Mainstreaming in Free Trade Agreements: A Regional Analysis and Good Practice Examples’ (Gender, Social Inclusion and Trade Knowledge Product Series, 2021), <https://wtochairs.org/sites/default/files/7.%20Gender%20mainstreaming%20in%20FTAs_final%20%286%29.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Ramos, G, ‘Women at the Core of the Fight against COVID-19 Crisis’ (OECD, 1 April 2020) <www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/women-at-the-core-of-the-fight-against-covid-19-crisis-553a8269/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
von Hagen, M, ‘Trade and Gender – Exploring a Reciprocal Relationship: Approaches to Mitigate and Measure Gender-Related Trade Impacts’ (OECD, 2014) <www.oecd.org/dac/gender-development/GIZ_Trade%20and%20Gender_Exploring%20a%20reciprocal%20relationship.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
APWLD, ‘Statement: Women’s Rights Groups Call on Governments to Reject the WTO Declaration on Women’s Economic Empowerment’ (12 December 2017) <https://apwld.org/statement-womens-rights-groups-call-on-governments-to-reject-the-wto-declaration-on-womens-economic-empowerment/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
FAO, ‘Economic and Demographic Developments’ <www.fao.org/3/w7705e/w7705e07.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Guyot, C, ‘EP Wants to Include Gender Equality in Free-Trade Agreements’ (EURACTIV, 14 March 2018) <www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/ep-wants-to-include-gender-equality-in-free-trade-agreements/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO, ‘The Gender Gap in Employment: What’s Holding Women Back?’ (ILO Infostories, 2017) <www.ilo.org/infostories/en-GB/Stories/Employment/barriers-women#footer> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Singh, A, ‘Explained: India’s Refusal to Back WTO Declaration on Gender Equality in Trade’ (QRIUS, 15 December 2017) <https://qrius.com/explained-india-refusal-gender-equality-trade/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WEF, ‘Closing the Gender Gap Accelerators’ <www.weforum.org/projects/closing-the-gender-gap-accelerators> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Woetzel, J, Madgavkar, A, Elingrud, K, Labaye, E, Devillard, S, Kutcher, E, Manyika, J, Dobbs, R and Krishnan, M, ‘The Power of Parity: How Advancing Women’s Equality can Add $12 Trillion’ (Mckinsey Global Institute, September 2015) <www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/how-advancing-womens-equality-can-add-12-trillion-to-global-growth> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Population Review, ‘Asia-Pacific Countries’ <https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/apac-countries> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Zarrilli, S and Luomaranta, H, ‘Gender and Unemployment: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic’ (UNCTAD, 8 April 2021) <https://unctad.org/news/gender-and-unemployment-lessons-covid-19-pandemic> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Prabhu, S, ‘Indian Minister of Industry and Commerce’ (Indian Press Conference, WTO Ministerial Conference, Buenos Aires, 11 December 2017).Google Scholar
Cook, G, A Digest of WTO Jurisprudence on Public International Law Concepts and Principles (Cambridge University Press 2015).Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Measuring the Gender-Responsiveness of Free Trade Agreements: Using a Self-Evaluation Maturity Framework’ (2019) 14(11) Global Trade & Customs Journal 517527.Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Women at the Frontline of COVID-19: Can Gender Mainstreaming in Free Trade Agreements Help?’ (2020) 23(3) Journal of International Economic Law 563582.Google Scholar
Buyukkayaci, DN, ‘Reflections of Female Domination in the Profession over the Nursing Strength: Turkey Sample’ (2012) 3(24) International Journal of Business and Social Science 182187.Google Scholar
Downs, GW, Rocke, D and Barsoom, P, ‘Is the Good News about Compliance Good News about Cooperation?’ (1996) 50(3) International Organization 379406.Google Scholar
Hathaway, OA, ‘The Cost of Commitment’ (2003) 55(5) Stanford Law Review 18211862.Google Scholar
Murdoch, JC and Sandler, T, ‘The Voluntary Provision of a Pure Public Good: The Case of Reduced CFC Emissions and the Montreal Protocol’ (1997) 63(3) Journal of Public Economics 331349.Google Scholar
Simmons, BA, ‘International Law and State Behavior: Commitment and Compliance in International Monetary Affairs’ (2000) 94(4) American Political Science Review 819835.Google Scholar
Whitsitt, E, ‘A Comment on the Public Morals Exception in International Trade and the EC – Seal Products Case: Moral Imperialism and Other Concerns’ (2014) 3(4) Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law 1376.Google Scholar
Gaukrodger, D, ‘The Balance between Investor Protection and the Right to Regulate in Investment Treaties: A Scoping Paper’ (2017) OECD Working Papers on International Investment No. 2017/02 <https://doi.org/10.1787/82786801-en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Monteiro, JA, ‘Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements’ (2021) WTO Staff Working Papers ERSD-2018-15 <www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201815_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Smith, LC, Ramakrishnan, U, Ndiaye, A, Haddad, L and Martorell, R, ‘The Importance of Women’s Status for Child Nutrition in Developing Countries’ (2003) International Food Policy Research Institute Research Report No. 131 <https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/48032/filename/43490.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN Women, ‘Gender Equality & Trade Policy’ (2011) UN Women Watch Resource Paper <www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/trade/gender_equality_and_trade_policy.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of the United Kingdom, ‘Export Strategy: Supporting and Connecting Businesses to Grow on the World Stage’ (2018) GOV.UK Policy Paper <www.gov.uk/government/publications/export-strategy-supporting-and-connecting-businesses-to-grow-on-the-world-stage/export-strategy-supporting-and-connecting-businesses-to-grow-on-the-world-stage> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘Unlocking Markets for Women to Trade’ (2015) <https://intracen.org/resources/publications/unlocking-markets-for-women-to-trade> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UN, ‘World Economic Situation and Prospects 2014: Country Classification’ (2014) <www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2014wesp_country_classification.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Bank, ‘Women, Business and the Law’ (World Bank Reports 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2019 and 2020).Google Scholar
World Bank and WTO, ‘Women and Trade: The Role of Trade in Promoting Gender Equality’ (2020) <https://wbl.worldbank.org/en/wbl> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘The Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Women in Vulnerable Sectors and Economies’ (2020) <https://doi.org/10.30875/74a82a3d-en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bahri, A, ‘Gender Mainstreaming in Free Trade Agreements: A Regional Analysis and Good Practice Examples’ (Gender, Social Inclusion and Trade Knowledge Product Series, 2021), <https://wtochairs.org/sites/default/files/7.%20Gender%20mainstreaming%20in%20FTAs_final%20%286%29.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Ramos, G, ‘Women at the Core of the Fight against COVID-19 Crisis’ (OECD, 1 April 2020) <www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/women-at-the-core-of-the-fight-against-covid-19-crisis-553a8269/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
von Hagen, M, ‘Trade and Gender – Exploring a Reciprocal Relationship: Approaches to Mitigate and Measure Gender-Related Trade Impacts’ (OECD, 2014) <www.oecd.org/dac/gender-development/GIZ_Trade%20and%20Gender_Exploring%20a%20reciprocal%20relationship.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
APWLD, ‘Statement: Women’s Rights Groups Call on Governments to Reject the WTO Declaration on Women’s Economic Empowerment’ (12 December 2017) <https://apwld.org/statement-womens-rights-groups-call-on-governments-to-reject-the-wto-declaration-on-womens-economic-empowerment/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
FAO, ‘Economic and Demographic Developments’ <www.fao.org/3/w7705e/w7705e07.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Guyot, C, ‘EP Wants to Include Gender Equality in Free-Trade Agreements’ (EURACTIV, 14 March 2018) <www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/ep-wants-to-include-gender-equality-in-free-trade-agreements/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ILO, ‘The Gender Gap in Employment: What’s Holding Women Back?’ (ILO Infostories, 2017) <www.ilo.org/infostories/en-GB/Stories/Employment/barriers-women#footer> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Singh, A, ‘Explained: India’s Refusal to Back WTO Declaration on Gender Equality in Trade’ (QRIUS, 15 December 2017) <https://qrius.com/explained-india-refusal-gender-equality-trade/> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WEF, ‘Closing the Gender Gap Accelerators’ <www.weforum.org/projects/closing-the-gender-gap-accelerators> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Woetzel, J, Madgavkar, A, Elingrud, K, Labaye, E, Devillard, S, Kutcher, E, Manyika, J, Dobbs, R and Krishnan, M, ‘The Power of Parity: How Advancing Women’s Equality can Add $12 Trillion’ (Mckinsey Global Institute, September 2015) <www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/how-advancing-womens-equality-can-add-12-trillion-to-global-growth> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
World Population Review, ‘Asia-Pacific Countries’ <https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/apac-countries> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Zarrilli, S and Luomaranta, H, ‘Gender and Unemployment: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic’ (UNCTAD, 8 April 2021) <https://unctad.org/news/gender-and-unemployment-lessons-covid-19-pandemic> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Prabhu, S, ‘Indian Minister of Industry and Commerce’ (Indian Press Conference, WTO Ministerial Conference, Buenos Aires, 11 December 2017).Google Scholar
Rodrik, D, The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy (Norton 2011).Google Scholar
Benguria, F, ‘The Matching and Sorting of Exporting and Importing Firms: Theory and Evidence’ (2021) 131/103430 Journal of International Economics 149.Google Scholar
Lamp, N, ‘How Should We Think about the Winners and Losers from Globalization?’ (2019) 30(4) European Journal of International Law 13591397.Google Scholar
Atkinson, A and Messy, F, ‘Measuring Financial Literacy – Results of the OECD / International Network on Financial Education (INFE) Pilot Study’ (2012) OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions No. 15, 43 <https://doi.org/10.1787/5k9csfs90fr4-en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Brockmeier, M, ‘A Graphical Exposition of the GTAP Model’ (1996, as revised in 2001) GTAP Technical Paper No. 8 <www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/181.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Devlin, A, Kovak, BK and Morrow, P, ‘The Long-Run Labour Market Effects of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement’ (2020) Research Report prepared for Global Affairs Canada <www.aeaweb.org/conference/2021/preliminary/paper/9ibAiHk4> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Huang, L and Rivard, P, ‘Financing of Women-Owned Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Canada’ (2021) <www-ic.fjgc-gccf.gc.ca/eic/site/061.nsf/vwapj/2021_Fin_women-owned-SMEs_Canada_EN4.pdf/$file/2021_Fin_women-owned-SMEs_Canada_EN4.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘New Pathways to E-Commerce: A Global MSME Competitiveness Survey’ (2017) <https://intracen.org/media/file/2437> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Korinek, J, Moïsé, E and Tange, J, ‘Trade and Gender: A Framework of Analysis’ (2021) OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 246 <https://doi.org/10.1787/6db59d80-en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Marchese, M, ‘Policy Brief on Access to Business Start-Up Finance for Inclusive Entrepreneurship – Entrepreneurial Activities in Europe’ (2014) <www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/Finacing%20inclusive%20entrepreneurship%20policy%20brief%20EN.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Palladini, J, Sekkel, J and Wang, W, ‘Gender and SME Exporters’ (in press) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/economist-economiste/index.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
CETA Joint Committee on Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, ‘Recommendation 003/2018 of 26 September 2018 of the CETA Joint Committee on Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)’ (2018) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ceta-aecg/rec-003.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
CETA Joint Committee on Trade and Gender, ‘Recommendation 002/2018 of 26 September 2018 of the CETA Joint Committee on Trade and Gender’ (2018) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ceta-aecg/rec-002.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
CETA Joint Committee on Trade, Climate Action and the Paris Agreement, ‘Recommendation 001/2018 of 26 September 2018 of the CETA Joint Committee on Trade, Climate Action and the Paris Agreement’ (2018) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ceta-aecg/rec-001.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Global Affairs Canada, ‘Joint Statement on the Launch of Negotiations toward a Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the Mercosur Member States’ (9 March 2018) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/mercosur/joint_statement-declaration_commune.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Global Affairs Canada, ‘Minister Champagne Welcomes Agreement to Launch Trade Negotiations with Mercosur’ (GAC, 9 March 2018) <www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2018/03/minister-champagne-welcomes-agreement-to-launch-trade-negotiations-with-mercosur.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Global Affairs Canada, ‘Summary of Initial GBA+ for Canada Mercosur FTA Negotiations’ (2019) Online Stakeholder Consultations Paper <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/assets/pdfs/gba_plus_summary-acs_plus_resume_eng.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Global Affairs Canada, ‘The Canada–United States-Mexico Agreement, Economic Impact Assessment’ (2020) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/cusma-aceum/economic_assessment-analyse_economiques.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Business Women in International Trade’ <www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/businesswomen-femmesdaffaires/index.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Canada’s State of Trade 2020 – The Early Impacts of COVID-19 on Trade’ (2020) <www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/publications/economist-economiste/state-of-trade-commerce-international-2020.aspx?lang=eng#20> accessed 25 May 2023.+accessed+25+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Diversifying Canada’s Trade and Investment Opportunities’ <www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/campaign-campagne/trade-diversification-commerce/index.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Gender-Based Analysis Plus (GBA+)’ <https://women-gender-equality.canada.ca/en/gender-based-analysis-plus.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Overview: Trade Policy and Gender-Based Analysis Plus’ <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/gender_equality-egalite_genres/gba_plus-acs_plus.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Public Services and Procurement Canada Unveils Plan to Modernize Federal Procurement’ (5 March 2019) <www.canada.ca/en/public-services-procurement/news/2019/03/public-services-and-procurement-canada-unveils-plan-to-modernize-federal-procurement.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Summary of Initial GBA Plus for the Canada-–Indonesia CEPA negotiations’ <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/indonesia-indonesie/cepa-apeg/summary-gba-acs-resume.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 11 September 2022.+accessed+11+September+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Summary of Initial GBA Plus for Negotiations to Modernize the Canada–Ukraine FTA’ <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ukraine/summary_gba-acs_sommaire.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 16 May 2023.+accessed+16+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Summary of the Survey on Financing and Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises, 2017’ (2018) <www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/061.nsf/vwapj/SFGSME_Summary-EFCPME_Sommaire_2017_eng-V2.pdf/$file/SFGSME_Summary-EFCPME_Sommaire_2017_eng-V2.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Survey on Financing and Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises’ (2014) Table 25, <www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/061.nsf/vwapj/SummarySFGSMEs-ResumeEFCPME_2014_eng.pdf/$file/SummarySFGSMEs-ResumeEFCPME_2014_eng.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Trade Commissioner Service’ <www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/index.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Going Digital: The Future of Work for Women’ (2017) Policy Brief on the Future of Work <www.oecd.org/employment/Going-Digital-the-Future-of-Work-for-Women.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Making Trade Work for All’ (2017) OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 202 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/6e27effd-en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Statistics Canada, ‘North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Canada 2012, All Demographics’ <www.statcan.gc.ca/en/subjects/standard/naics/2012/index> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Trade and Gender – Assessing the Impact of Trade Agreements on Gender Equality: Canada–EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement’ <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/UNWomen_2020d1_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Buenos Aires Declaration on Women and Trade Outlines Actions to Empower Women’ (12 December 2017) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/mc11_12dec17_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bélanger Baur, AA, ‘Women-Owned Exporting Small and Medium Enterprises – Descriptive and Comparative Analysis’ (2019) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/economist-economiste/analysis-analyse/women_owned-export-entreprises_femmes.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
BMO Financial Group, ‘BMO Women’s Day Study: Majority of Canadian Women Would Start Their Own Business’ (2 March 2012) <https://newsroom.bmo.com/2012-03-02-BMO-Womens-Day-Study-Majority-of-Canadian-Women-Would-Start-Their-Own-Business> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Cooper, L, ‘Canadian Women Grabbing the Baton’ (RBC Economics Research, October 2013) <www.rbc.com/economics/economic-reports/pdf/other-reports/canadianwomengrabbingthebaton.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Rodrik, D, The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy (Norton 2011).Google Scholar
Benguria, F, ‘The Matching and Sorting of Exporting and Importing Firms: Theory and Evidence’ (2021) 131/103430 Journal of International Economics 149.Google Scholar
Lamp, N, ‘How Should We Think about the Winners and Losers from Globalization?’ (2019) 30(4) European Journal of International Law 13591397.Google Scholar
Atkinson, A and Messy, F, ‘Measuring Financial Literacy – Results of the OECD / International Network on Financial Education (INFE) Pilot Study’ (2012) OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions No. 15, 43 <https://doi.org/10.1787/5k9csfs90fr4-en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Brockmeier, M, ‘A Graphical Exposition of the GTAP Model’ (1996, as revised in 2001) GTAP Technical Paper No. 8 <www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/181.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Devlin, A, Kovak, BK and Morrow, P, ‘The Long-Run Labour Market Effects of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement’ (2020) Research Report prepared for Global Affairs Canada <www.aeaweb.org/conference/2021/preliminary/paper/9ibAiHk4> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Huang, L and Rivard, P, ‘Financing of Women-Owned Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Canada’ (2021) <www-ic.fjgc-gccf.gc.ca/eic/site/061.nsf/vwapj/2021_Fin_women-owned-SMEs_Canada_EN4.pdf/$file/2021_Fin_women-owned-SMEs_Canada_EN4.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
ITC, ‘New Pathways to E-Commerce: A Global MSME Competitiveness Survey’ (2017) <https://intracen.org/media/file/2437> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Korinek, J, Moïsé, E and Tange, J, ‘Trade and Gender: A Framework of Analysis’ (2021) OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 246 <https://doi.org/10.1787/6db59d80-en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Marchese, M, ‘Policy Brief on Access to Business Start-Up Finance for Inclusive Entrepreneurship – Entrepreneurial Activities in Europe’ (2014) <www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/Finacing%20inclusive%20entrepreneurship%20policy%20brief%20EN.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Palladini, J, Sekkel, J and Wang, W, ‘Gender and SME Exporters’ (in press) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/economist-economiste/index.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
CETA Joint Committee on Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, ‘Recommendation 003/2018 of 26 September 2018 of the CETA Joint Committee on Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)’ (2018) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ceta-aecg/rec-003.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
CETA Joint Committee on Trade and Gender, ‘Recommendation 002/2018 of 26 September 2018 of the CETA Joint Committee on Trade and Gender’ (2018) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ceta-aecg/rec-002.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
CETA Joint Committee on Trade, Climate Action and the Paris Agreement, ‘Recommendation 001/2018 of 26 September 2018 of the CETA Joint Committee on Trade, Climate Action and the Paris Agreement’ (2018) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ceta-aecg/rec-001.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Global Affairs Canada, ‘Joint Statement on the Launch of Negotiations toward a Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the Mercosur Member States’ (9 March 2018) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/mercosur/joint_statement-declaration_commune.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Global Affairs Canada, ‘Minister Champagne Welcomes Agreement to Launch Trade Negotiations with Mercosur’ (GAC, 9 March 2018) <www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2018/03/minister-champagne-welcomes-agreement-to-launch-trade-negotiations-with-mercosur.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Global Affairs Canada, ‘Summary of Initial GBA+ for Canada Mercosur FTA Negotiations’ (2019) Online Stakeholder Consultations Paper <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/assets/pdfs/gba_plus_summary-acs_plus_resume_eng.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Global Affairs Canada, ‘The Canada–United States-Mexico Agreement, Economic Impact Assessment’ (2020) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/cusma-aceum/economic_assessment-analyse_economiques.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Business Women in International Trade’ <www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/businesswomen-femmesdaffaires/index.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Canada’s State of Trade 2020 – The Early Impacts of COVID-19 on Trade’ (2020) <www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/publications/economist-economiste/state-of-trade-commerce-international-2020.aspx?lang=eng#20> accessed 25 May 2023.+accessed+25+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Diversifying Canada’s Trade and Investment Opportunities’ <www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/campaign-campagne/trade-diversification-commerce/index.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Gender-Based Analysis Plus (GBA+)’ <https://women-gender-equality.canada.ca/en/gender-based-analysis-plus.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Overview: Trade Policy and Gender-Based Analysis Plus’ <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/gender_equality-egalite_genres/gba_plus-acs_plus.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Public Services and Procurement Canada Unveils Plan to Modernize Federal Procurement’ (5 March 2019) <www.canada.ca/en/public-services-procurement/news/2019/03/public-services-and-procurement-canada-unveils-plan-to-modernize-federal-procurement.html> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Summary of Initial GBA Plus for the Canada-–Indonesia CEPA negotiations’ <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/indonesia-indonesie/cepa-apeg/summary-gba-acs-resume.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 11 September 2022.+accessed+11+September+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Summary of Initial GBA Plus for Negotiations to Modernize the Canada–Ukraine FTA’ <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/ukraine/summary_gba-acs_sommaire.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 16 May 2023.+accessed+16+May+2023.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Summary of the Survey on Financing and Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises, 2017’ (2018) <www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/061.nsf/vwapj/SFGSME_Summary-EFCPME_Sommaire_2017_eng-V2.pdf/$file/SFGSME_Summary-EFCPME_Sommaire_2017_eng-V2.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Survey on Financing and Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises’ (2014) Table 25, <www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/061.nsf/vwapj/SummarySFGSMEs-ResumeEFCPME_2014_eng.pdf/$file/SummarySFGSMEs-ResumeEFCPME_2014_eng.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Government of Canada, ‘Trade Commissioner Service’ <www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/index.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Going Digital: The Future of Work for Women’ (2017) Policy Brief on the Future of Work <www.oecd.org/employment/Going-Digital-the-Future-of-Work-for-Women.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
OECD, ‘Making Trade Work for All’ (2017) OECD Trade Policy Papers No. 202 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/6e27effd-en> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Statistics Canada, ‘North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) Canada 2012, All Demographics’ <www.statcan.gc.ca/en/subjects/standard/naics/2012/index> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
UNCTAD, ‘Trade and Gender – Assessing the Impact of Trade Agreements on Gender Equality: Canada–EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement’ <https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/UNWomen_2020d1_en.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Buenos Aires Declaration on Women and Trade Outlines Actions to Empower Women’ (12 December 2017) <www.wto.org/english/news_e/news17_e/mc11_12dec17_e.htm> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
WTO, ‘Joint Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment on the Occasion of the WTO Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires in December 2017’ (2017) <www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/mc11_e/genderdeclarationmc11_e.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Bélanger Baur, AA, ‘Women-Owned Exporting Small and Medium Enterprises – Descriptive and Comparative Analysis’ (2019) <www.international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/economist-economiste/analysis-analyse/women_owned-export-entreprises_femmes.aspx?lang=eng> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
BMO Financial Group, ‘BMO Women’s Day Study: Majority of Canadian Women Would Start Their Own Business’ (2 March 2012) <https://newsroom.bmo.com/2012-03-02-BMO-Womens-Day-Study-Majority-of-Canadian-Women-Would-Start-Their-Own-Business> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar
Cooper, L, ‘Canadian Women Grabbing the Baton’ (RBC Economics Research, October 2013) <www.rbc.com/economics/economic-reports/pdf/other-reports/canadianwomengrabbingthebaton.pdf> accessed 8 May 2022.+accessed+8+May+2022.>Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Edited by Amrita Bahri, ITAM, Dorotea López, University of Chile, Jan Remy, The University of the West Indies
  • Book: Trade Policy and Gender Equality
  • Online publication: 05 October 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009363716.019
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Edited by Amrita Bahri, ITAM, Dorotea López, University of Chile, Jan Remy, The University of the West Indies
  • Book: Trade Policy and Gender Equality
  • Online publication: 05 October 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009363716.019
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Edited by Amrita Bahri, ITAM, Dorotea López, University of Chile, Jan Remy, The University of the West Indies
  • Book: Trade Policy and Gender Equality
  • Online publication: 05 October 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009363716.019
Available formats
×