In Fall 2020, with the pandemic and racial justice protests that were part of the Black Lives Matter movement vivid in our minds, our department’s graduate admissions committee overhauled its process. We set aside previous admissions practices and applied a holistic-review process that was new to us, with the goal of achieving greater diversity in our graduate student body. This article reports on what we did and why. It provides an overview of holistic review, contrasting it with traditional graduate admissions approaches, and identifies the key questions and issues that those potentially interested in experimenting with holistic review must consider. Although there is not yet sufficient data to make evidence-based choices about holistic review, we are cautiously optimistic based on our experiences and the literature. Our goal in discussing our experiences in this article after only one admissions cycle—too soon to test for effects quantitatively in a program with small numbers—is to encourage conversations, experimentation, and future research about diversity and graduate admissions in political science.
THE PROBLEM
We think about diversity from the perspective of the “leaky pipeline,” in which a critical leak is known to occur between undergraduate and graduate education. In the political science profession as a whole, minorities earned 40% of undergraduate degrees but comprised only 29% of incoming PhD students. By comparison, women earned 48% of undergraduate degrees and comprised 45% of incoming PhD students.Footnote 1 The situation in our department at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) aligns with this pattern. About 41% of our undergraduate majors are underrepresented minorities, defined by the University of California (UC) as those who identify as Black, Latino/Hispanic, and Native American/Alaskan Native.Footnote 2 Yet, in recent years, only about 26% of those admitted to our PhD program have been underrepresented minorities, with great variance among years. We lack data at the graduate level on first-generation status, but we expect that the proportion is much lower than the 44% of our undergraduate majors who are first generation. These numbers frame our challenge for improving diversity. Doing so is especially important because UCSB is both a Hispanic-Serving Institution and an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander Serving Institution.
INTRODUCTION TO OUR REFORMS
We undertook the overhaul of our admissions process with the short-term goal of reducing the undergraduate-to-graduate pipeline leak for the class entering in Fall 2021 and the long-term goal of a graduate student population that resembles our undergraduate student body. Our approach was informed by the principle of holistic review, which is “a process by which programs consider a broad range of characteristics, including noncognitive and personal attributes, when reviewing applications for admissions” (Kent and McCarthy Reference Kent and McCarthy2016, 1). Holistic review is “widely viewed as a useful strategy for improving diversity of higher education” and is practiced in many settings, including undergraduate and medical school admissions (Kent and McCarthy Reference Kent and McCarthy2016, 1). Although it has its critics, we were persuaded that holistic review has received enough support for us to adopt it in the spirit of experimentation. We intend to build a multiyear body of evidence about its effects.
Although it has its critics, we were persuaded that holistic review has received enough support for us to adopt it in the spirit of experimentation.
Our reforms were guided by Kent and McCarthy’s (Reference Kent and McCarthy2016) review of holistic graduate admissions as well as by the general review of evaluation and decision making in higher education by Posselt et al. (Reference Posselt, Hernandez, Villareal, Rodgers and Irwin2020). We additionally drew from descriptions of holistic review developed outside of political science, especially the highly influential Fisk–Vanderbilt Bridge Program (Stassun et al. Reference Stassun, Sturm, Holley-Bockelmann, Burger, Ernst and Webb2011).Footnote 3 Some departments at UCSB use holistic review, and our institution provides National Science Foundation (NSF)–supported guidance about making the change.Footnote 4 This meant that we had institutional support, examples of how others achieved it, and good reasons to believe that our traditional process should be updated.
TRADITIONAL GRADUATE ADMISSIONS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE
Our previous practice was to rate applicants on a single evaluative dimension that frankly was not well defined. Although admissions committee members in recent years universally voiced support for diversity, equity, and inclusion, our process did not formally incorporate these considerations. Admissions committee members assigned a score to each applicant using their individual preferences for how to weigh the various indicators in the written file—for example, test scores, Grade Point Average (GPA) and relevant coursework, references, status of undergraduate or graduate institutions, personal statement, writing sample, and any reported contributions to diversity. In addition to being dissatisfied with diversity outcomes from this approach, we were skeptical of the reliability and validity of the scoring.
Based on our informal review of the information displayed on their websites, our previous approach appears consistent with those of many other political science departments.Footnote 5 Among the top 25 departments, six (23%) did not disclose any information about how admissions decisions are made or which evaluative criteria are used. Of the remaining 20 departments (77%) that provided information, all described use of a comprehensive process—for example, no specific weighting of Graduate Record Exam (GRE) scores or minimum GPA, careful review of all components of the application, and no formula—that resembles holistic review. However, only nine departments (35%) stated that they consider diversity, personal characteristics, or other noncognitive attributes. Moreover, only one department described a process that, in our view, qualifies as holistic through the use of specific, stated evaluative criteria that surpass traditional cognitive indicators.
HOLISTIC REVIEW: KEY PARAMETERS
Many different practices are associated with the term “holistic review.” This section outlines the key parameters that we identified from the resources discussed previously, the decisions that we made and our reasoning for them, and alternatives.
Use of the Graduate Record Exam
The first decision we made was whether to require the GRE. As in holistic review more generally, this decision was subject to debate. Our review showed that 10 (38%) of top departments currently do not require GRE scores. Neither the 10-campus UC system as a whole nor our own campus has suspended use of the GRE as an institutional decision; however, the UC system has suspended the SAT and ACT for undergraduate admissions. Other departments on our campus decided against the GRE, and we did so as well. One factor in our decision making was the pandemic, given the difficulty that some prospective applicants experienced in taking the exam. However, also driving our decision was the growing body of research suggesting that the GRE is biased against women and minorities, as well as that among those who enroll, it has limited correlation with student success, defined in various ways such as completion of the PhD (Miller and Stassun Reference Miller and Stassun2014; Miller et al. Reference Miller, Zwickl, Posselt, Silvestrini and Hodapp2019; Stenberg and Williams Reference Sternberg and Williams1997; Wilson et al. Reference Wilson, Odem, Walters, DePass and Bean2019). However, the case against the GRE is far from settled.Footnote 6 We are not aware of any empirical work on its predictive role in political science admissions traditionallyFootnote 7 or on exactly how much information the GRE adds to holistic-review processes.Footnote 8 Contrary to our approach, it is plausible to use the GRE in a holistic-review process as long as it is thoughtfully contextualized to avoid known pitfalls, such as explicit or implicit cutoffs (Kent and McCarthy Reference Kent and McCarthy2016, vi, 12, 15–17; Wilson et al. Reference Wilson, Odem, Walters, DePass and Bean2019).
First-Round Screening Criteria
The next decision we made was whether to use a first round of screening before applying the full set of holistic review criteria. We expected (correctly) that holistic review would require considerably more time than our traditional review, especially with interviews included. Indeed, the time-intensive nature of holistic review is generally viewed as one of the major barriers to its use (Kent and McCarthy Reference Kent and McCarthy2016). We decided to reduce our full set of applicants (N=127) to a subset (N=30) of quarter-finalists more workable for our four-person admissions committee. Annual variation in funding and target cohort size, committee size, and the period for completing reviews will shape future screening targets.
We settled on a primary screening criterion of fit between the applicant’s areas of interest and the expertise of our faculty. As a medium-sized department, we do not have a deep roster in every area of the discipline; therefore, we screened out applicants whose interests did not align with the specific expertise and active research programs of at least two faculty members. We consider fit to be a good initial screening criterion for larger departments as well. Establishing criteria for the initial screening was a challenge because we needed to avoid slipping into our process the traditional cognitive indicators that we were trying to keep in perspective: quantitative measures such as GPA and shortcut qualitative metrics such as the prestige of the undergraduate institution. These indicators often are used for initial screening (Kent and McCarthy Reference Kent and McCarthy2016, 15–17) but are known to privilege groups that are overrepresented (Posselt et al. Reference Posselt, Hernandez, Villareal, Rodgers and Irwin2020).
We also used a second criterion that proved unwieldy: basic readiness for doctoral study. This was difficult to implement and did not screen out many applicants. In the future, we either will omit or significantly rework this criterion.
Our third element of screening is one that we may not repeat. We contacted prospective faculty advisors for the 30 quarter-finalists and asked them to provide a simple yes or no signal of their willingness to take on the applicant as an advisee if admitted. This step led to rejecting more applicants than we had anticipated; the result was a set of 20 semi-finalists who would proceed to the full holistic review.
We have concerns about the advisor screening step. Some faculty may have responded on the basis of the type of traditional criteria that we were attempting to keep in perspective with holistic review. In the future, we either will provide faculty with explicit guidance about the evaluation criteria or eliminate this step altogether.
Overall, we were struck by how challenging it is to screen a large number of applicants to attain a set that, given workload considerations, is manageable for holistic review without defeating the purpose. Given sufficient faculty time, it would be ideal to use a holistic-review process for all applicants without initial screening.
Second-Round Holistic Review
This subsection describes the key decisions we made with respect to the holistic review of the screened applicants.
Evaluation Criteria and Rubric
Our next two decisions concerned which evaluation criteria to use and the associated rubric. Even departments that are interested only in evaluating cognitive criteria along traditional lines should benefit from this step due to its potential for minimizing bias and making the evaluation process more transparent, consistent, and efficient (Kent and McCarthy Reference Kent and McCarthy2016, vi, 13). To evaluate the semi-finalist applicants, we adopted five dimensions of evaluation, including elements related to diversity and “noncognitive” qualities relating to adjustment, motivation, and perceptions (Kent and McCarthy Reference Kent and McCarthy2016). These five dimensions were academic preparation, relevant research experience, perseverance, self-knowledge, and leadership-outreach activities/DEI. We drew heavily on the criteria used by existing, well-regarded programs with an established diversity-promoting record, notably the Fisk–Vanderbilt Bridge Program (Stassun et al. Reference Stassun, Sturm, Holley-Bockelmann, Burger, Ernst and Webb2011).Footnote 9 Other criteria are also in use around the country. For example, the UC–San Diego political science department uses “diversity” as the sole noncognitive criterion along with otherwise more conventional cognitive criteria.Footnote 10 Solely cognitive criteria also could be used. Which criteria are the most helpful in delivering “inclusive excellence,” to use Posselt’s (Reference Posselt2013) phrase, is a question that unfortunately is well ahead of evidence at this point.Footnote 11 Yet, the same can be claimed about traditional approaches to admissions that examine multiple indicators of academic performance. We believe that the discipline needs experience gained from programmatic experimentation and data collection.
Our next two decisions concerned which evaluation criteria to use and the associated rubric. Even departments that are interested only in evaluating cognitive criteria along traditional lines should benefit from this step due to its potential for minimizing bias and making the evaluation process more transparent, consistent, and efficient.
We scored each applicant as high, medium, or low on each of the five criteria using a rubric that we adapted from the sources cited previously (figure 1). We wanted to minimize implicit bias and values, especially those associating quality with prestige (Posselt Reference Posselt2013), and also to avoid overweighing what can be quantified (e.g., GPA). We experienced a tendency toward rating at the mean, but we were mostly satisfied with the process. In the future, we will revise the rubric to produce more spread and we will engage in an initial round of norming. We also welcome and anticipate further discussion of appropriate criteria and their operationalization.
Figure 1 Rubric for Second-Round Holistic Review
Adapted from Stassun et al. (Reference Stassun, Sturm, Holley-Bockelmann, Burger, Ernst and Webb2011).
Interviews
Next, we decided whether to conduct interviews. We chose to interview all semi-finalists using a written interview protocol derived from the Fisk–Vanderbilt Bridge Program. Some of our questions are listed in figure 2. These interviews provided useful information in addition to what was in the written files, especially for the noncognitive criteria. Because of how much light our conversations shed on applicants’ qualities beyond their academic record, we will continue to interview in the future. After the interviews, one committee member expressed amazement that the department had ever managed to admit people without having spoken with them first.
Figure 2 Sample Interview Questions
Adapted from Stassun et al. (Reference Stassun, Sturm, Holley-Bockelmann, Burger, Ernst and Webb2011).
For other departments considering the adoption of interviews, we recommend discussing the risk of introducing a new avenue of bias and how this might be mitigated, such as by using a standardized set of questions. We were aware of this risk, but we believed that the importance of learning more about the applicants’ noncognitive qualities would outweigh the risk of implicit or explicit bias in the interview. An alternative for those who are concerned about interview bias involves application instructions. We encourage departments to direct applicants and their letter writers to address whatever evaluation criteria are being used, especially noncognitive criteria. This is especially useful for letter writers to understand that the admissions committee is requesting more than a traditional assessment of academic performance. Due to the timeline for developing our new process, we could not communicate our holistic-review criteria in advance to candidates and letter writers, but we will do so in future admissions cycles. If adequate information can be elicited in the written materials, interviews might have less importance.
Score Aggregation
After the applicants were rated, informed by our interviews, our final step was to explore approaches to aggregating each semi-finalist’s five scores. These approaches ranged from simple and weighted averages to a count of the number of criteria on which the applicant scored “high.” Of course, many alternatives can be imagined. In our case, these approaches converged fairly well, mostly all pointing to the same set of semi-finalists, who we then divided into finalists: admitted and waitlisted candidates. In a case in which various approaches to aggregating scores do not converge, admissions committees must apply another set of principles in this final stage.
OUTCOMES
We were extremely pleased with the final list of admitted and waitlisted candidates, and we were sufficiently satisfied with the process to continue gaining experience with it. Our top candidates evidenced the type of noncognitive qualities that we anticipated were associated with successful completion of a doctoral program, as well as academic excellence. The diversity of the finalists exceeded that of our existing graduate population, which meant that we met our short-term goal. Specifically, a large majority (73%) of the finalists were women; a solid majority (64%) were underrepresented minorities; slightly more than a quarter (27%) were racial or ethnic minorities not classified as underrepresented; and slightly more than a third (36%) were first-generation students. Also, a substantial number were in the intersectional category of underrepresented minority women.
Our top candidates evidenced the type of noncognitive qualities that we anticipated were associated with successful completion of a doctoral program, as well as academic excellence. The diversity of the finalists exceeded that of our existing graduate population, which meant that we met our short-term goal.
CONCLUSION
This article briefly describes traditional admissions procedures in political science doctoral programs, identifies key issues involved in a holistic-review process, and recounts our department’s experience with this process in the 2020–2021 cycle. Our experience, along with the literature on graduate admissions, leads us to recommend that other departments (further) explore holistic review, moving beyond known problems of bias and lack of transparency in traditional admissions as well as compiling evidence about outcomes that can inform future improvements. The primary motivation for our own choice to modify admissions was to reduce the leakage of minorities in the undergraduate–graduate pipeline in political science and, in this way, to further diversity in the discipline. Other departments may have similar or different motivations. We emphasize that our experience does not constitute definitive evidence in support of holistic review or particular ways of accomplishing it. We look forward to the political science discipline building a body of research evidence about graduate admissions processes, especially about the role of the GRE, measurement in general and in assessment of noncognitive attributes in particular, and how different evaluative criteria relate to different types of success. Our hope is that this case report will encourage such research and contribute to a much-needed conversation about diversity and admissions in political science doctoral programs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are two of a four-member admissions committee that collectively made the decisions described here. We acknowledge the other two members, Satyajit Singh and Tae-Yeoun Keum, who participated equally in the study. We also thank Department Chair, Kate Bruhn; Associate Dean of Graduate Division, Paige Digeser; and Associate Dean–Faculty Equity Adviser of the Bren School, Sarah Anderson, for their support of and assistance with this initiative.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there are no ethical issues or conflicts of interest in this research.
