Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T11:12:03.111Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Highland gods: rock-cut votive reliefs from the Pisidian Survey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 September 2012

Tyler Jo Smith
Tyler Jo Smith
Affiliation:
University of Virginia
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Between 1982 and 1996 a group of rock-cut votive reliefs was discovered during archaeological survey in Pisidia under the direction of Stephen Mitchell and the sponsorship of the British Institute (of Archaeology) at Ankara. The types represented include a horseman deity, perhaps Kakasbos, the Dioscuri with ‘goddess’ and the moon-god Men. The reliefs are discussed according to their cults and iconography, and their contribution to art and religion both locally and beyond. As a religious phenomenon, they are further considered in relation to both regional traditions and empire-wide practices. It is suggested that reliefs of this type, that are associated with the protection of mortals, should also be viewed as part of the history of devotional art and added to discussions of rock art that extend beyond the Greek and Roman worlds. A detailed catalogue of the reliefs, organised by iconographic type, concludes the article.

Özet

1982 ve 1996 yıllaı arasında, Stephen Mitchell başkanlığında ve British Institute (of Archaeology) at Ankara sponsorluğunda, Pisidia'da yürütülen arkeolojik yüzey araştırmaları sırasında, bir grup adak kaya kabartması bulunmuştur. Temsil edilen tipler arasında, atlı bir tanrı, muhtemelen Kakasbos, ‘tanrıça’ ile birlikte Dioskurlar ve ay tanrısı Men bulunmaktadır. Kabartmalar, kültlerine ve ikonografilerine; aynı zamanda sanata ve dine olan katkılarına göre yerel ve ötesinde incelenmiştir. Bu kabartmalar; dini bir olgu olarak, hem bölgesel gelenekler ve hem de imparatorluk çapındaki uygulamalarla ilişkili sayılmıştır. Ölümlülerin korunmasıyla ilgili bu tip kabartmaların, adak sanatı tarihinin bir parçası olarak görülmesi gerektiği ve Yunan ve Roma dünyalarının ötesinde yayılan kaya sanatı tartışmalarına eklenmesi gerektiği ileri sürülmektedir. Makalenin sonunda, kabartmaların ikonografik tiplerine göre düzenlenmiş detaylı bir kataloğu bulunmaktadır.

Type
Research Article
Information
Anatolian Studies , Volume 61 , December 2011 , pp. 133 - 150
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arena, G. 2005: Città di Panfilia e Pisidia sotto il dominio romano: continuità strutturali e cambiamenti funzionali. CataniaGoogle Scholar
von Aulock, H. 1977: Münzen und Städte Pisidiens I. TübingenGoogle Scholar
von Aulock, H. 1979: Münzen und Städte Pisidiens II. TübingenGoogle Scholar
Bean, G.E. 1959: ‘Notes and inscriptions from Pisidia. Part I’ Anatolian Studies 9: 67–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bean, G.E. 1960: ‘Notes and inscriptions from Pisidia. Part II’ Anatolian Studies 10: 43–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bean, G.E. 1971: Journeys in Northern Lycia 1965–1967. ViennaGoogle Scholar
Bean, G.E. 1978: Lycian Turkey. LondonGoogle Scholar
Beard, M., North, J., Price, S. 1998: Religions of Rome. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Beckensall, S. 2002: British Prehistoric Rock Art. StroudGoogle Scholar
Bernabò Brea, L. 1956: Akrai. CataniaGoogle Scholar
Boardman, J. 1989: Athenian Red Figure Vases: The Classical Period. LondonGoogle Scholar
Bracke, H. 1993: ‘Pisidia in Hellenistic times (334–25 BC)’ in Waelkens, M. (ed.), Sagalassos I: First General Report on the Survey (1986–1989) and Excavations (1990–1991) (Acta Archaeologica Lovaniensia Monographie 5). Leuven: 15–35Google Scholar
Brandt, H. 1992: Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft Pamphyliens und Pisidiens im Alterum (Asia Minor Studien 7). BonnGoogle Scholar
Brandt, H., Kolb, F. 2005: Lycia et Pamphylia: eine Römische Provinz im südwestern Kleinasiens. Mainz am RheinGoogle Scholar
Burkert, W. 1985: Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical. Tr. Raffan, J.. OxfordGoogle Scholar
Cadotte, A. 2007: La Romanisation des dieux: l'interpretatio romana en Afrique du Nord sous le Haut-Empire. LeidenGoogle Scholar
Chapoutier, F. 1935: Les Dioscures au service d'une déesse. ParisGoogle Scholar
Chippindale, C., Nash, G. (eds) 2004: The Figured Landscapes of Rock-Art: Looking at Pictures in Place. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Chippindale, C., Taçon, P.S.C. (eds) 1998: The Archaeology of Rock-Art. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Connelly, J.B. 2007: Portrait of a Priestess: Women and Ritual in Ancient Greece. PrincetonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corsten, T. 2002: Die Inschriften von Kibyra I. Die Inschriften der Stadt und ihrer näheren Umgebung. BonnGoogle Scholar
Corsten, T. 2006a: ‘City and countryside in the Kibyratis’ in Dörtlük, K., Varkivanç, B., Kahya, T., Courtils, J. des, Alparslan, M. Doğan, Boyraz, R. (eds), The Third Symposium on Lycia, 07–10 November 2005, Antalya. Symposium Proceedings. Antalya: 139–42Google Scholar
Corsten, T. 2006b: ‘Kibyratis in Antiquity’ Anatolian Archaeology 12: 25–26Google Scholar
Coulton, J.J. 1998: ‘Highland cities in south-west Turkey: the Oinoanda and Balboura Surveys’ in Matthews, R. (ed.), Ancient Anatolia: Fifty Years' Work by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. London: 225–36Google Scholar
Coulton, J.J. 2005: ‘Pedestals as “altars’ in Roman Asia Minor’ Anatolian Studies 55: 127–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulton, J.J. 2008: ‘Homer and the Solymians’ in Kurtz, D. (ed.), Essays in Classical Archaeology for Eleni Hatzivassiliou 1977–2007 (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1796). Oxford: 17–25Google Scholar
Coulton, J.J., Armstrong, P., Erdentuğ, A., French, D.H., Kiel, M., Milner, N.R., Sekunda, N. and Wagstaff, J.M. forthcoming: The Balboura Survey and Settlement in Highland Southwest Anatolia, from the Prehistoric Period to the Turkish Republic. LondonGoogle Scholar
De la Bédoyère, G. 2002: Gods with Thunderbolts: Religion in Roman Britain. StroudGoogle Scholar
Delemen, İ. 1995: ‘Lykia-Kabalia-Pisidia Bölgesinden Roma Dönemi Dioskurlar ve Tanrıça Kabartmaları’ Belleten 59.225: 295–321CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delemen, I. 1999: Anatolian Rider-Gods: A Study on Stone Finds from the Regions of Lycia, Pisidia, Isauria, Lycaonia, Phrygia, Lydia and Caria in the Late Roman Period (Asia Minor Studien 35). BonnGoogle Scholar
Dignas, B. 2002: Economy of the Sacred in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor. OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillon, S. 2010: The Female Portrait Statue in the Greek World. CambridgeGoogle Scholar
Dimitrova, N. 2002: ‘Inscriptions and iconography in the monuments of the Thracian rider’ Hesperia 71: 209–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleischer, R. 2008: ‘Unbekannte Felsheiligtümer in Termessos’ Istanbuler Mitteilungen 58: 197–242Google Scholar
Frankfurter, D. 1998: Religion in Roman Egypt: Assimilation and Resistance. PrincetonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedberg, D. 1989: The Power of Images: Studies in the History and Theory of Response. Chicago, LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, D. 1994: ‘Isinda and Lagbe’ in French, D. (ed.), Studies in the History and Topography of Lycia and Pisidia: In Memoriam A.S. Hall (British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph 19). London: 53–92Google Scholar
Friedland, E.A. 2008: ‘Visualizing deities in the Roman Near East: aspects of Athena and Athena-Allat’ in Eliav, Y.Z., Friedland, E.A., Herbert, S. (eds), The Sculptural Environment of the Roman Near East: Reflections on Culture, Ideology, and Power. Leuven, Dudley MA: 315–50Google Scholar
Gasparro, G.S. 1996: ‘Per la storia del culto di Cibele in Occidente: il santuario rupestre di Akrai’ in Lane, E.N. (ed.), Cybele, Attis and Related Cults: Essays in Memory of M.J. Vermaseren. Leiden: 51–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geppert, S. 1996: Castor und Pollux: Untersuchung zu den Darstellungen der Dioskuren in der römischen Kaiserzeit. MünsterGoogle Scholar
Goldhahn, J. (ed.) 1999: Rock Art as Social Representation. Papers from a Session held at the European Association of Archaeologists Fourth Annual Meeting in Göteborg 1998. OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzales, M. 2005: ‘The oracle and cult of Ares in Asia Minor’ Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 45: 261–83Google Scholar
Hall, A.S. 1986: ‘R.E.C.A.M. Notes and studies no. 9: the Milyadeis and their territory’ Anatolian Studies 36: 137–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haynes, I. 2000: ‘Religion in Roman London’ in Haynes, I., Sheldon, H., Hannigan, L. (eds), London Underground: The Archaeology of a City. Oxford: 95–101Google Scholar
Heyd, T., Clegg, J. (eds) 2005: Aesthetics and Rock Art. AldershotGoogle Scholar
Horsley, G.H.R. 1999: The Rider God Steles at Burdur Museum in Turkey. ArmidaleGoogle Scholar
Horsley, G.H.R. 2007: The Greek and Latin Inscriptions in the Burdur Archaeological Museum (British Institute at Ankara Monograph 34). LondonGoogle Scholar
Horsley, G.H.R., Mitchell, S. 2000: The Inscriptions of Central Pisidia: Including Texts from Kremna, Ariassos, Keraia, Hyia, Panemoteichos, the Sanctuary of Apollo of the Perminoundeis, Sia, Kocaaliler, and the Döşeme Boğazı. BonnGoogle Scholar
Işık, F. 1996: ‘Zum Ursprung lykischer Felsheiligtümer’ in Blakolmer, F., Krierer, K.R., Krinzinger, F., Landskron-Dinstl, A., Szemethy, H.D., Zhuber-Okrog, K. (eds), Fremde Zeiten. Festschrift für Jürgen Borchhardt I. Vienna: 51–64Google Scholar
Kearsley, R.A. 1994: ‘The Milyas and the Attalids: a decree of the city of Olbasa and a new royal letter of the second century BC’ Anatolian Studies 44: 47–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kearsley, R.A. 2002: ‘Cultural diversity in Roman Pisidia: the cult of the Dioskouroi’ in Drew-Bear, T., Taşlıalan, M., Thomas, C.M. (eds), Actes du Ier congress international sur Antioche de Pisidie. Lyon: 401–10Google Scholar
Keyser, J.D., Klassen, M.A. 2001: Plains Indian Rock Art. Seattle, LondonGoogle Scholar
Köhne, E. 1998: Die Dioskuren in der griechischen Kunst von der Archaik bis zum Ende des 5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. HamburgGoogle Scholar
Kokkinia, C. 2008: Boubon: The Inscriptions and Archaeological Remains: A Survey 2004–2006 (Melethmata 60). AthensGoogle Scholar
Labarre, G., Özsait, M., Özsait, N. 2006: ‘Les reliefs rupestres de Tefenni’ Anatolia Antiqua 14: 89–115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leitch, S. 2001: ‘Seeing objects in private devotion’ in Seidel, L. (ed.), Pious Journeys: Christian Devotional Art and Practice in the Later Middle Ages and Renaissance. Chicago: 43–60Google Scholar
LIMC = Lexicon Icongraphicum Mythologiae Classicae. Ed. Boardman, J. et al. Basel, 1981–Google Scholar
Loendorf, L.L., Chippindale, C., Whitley, D.S. (eds) 2005: Discovering North American Rock Art. TucsonGoogle Scholar
Mackintosh, M. 1995: The Divine Rider in the Art of the Western Roman Empire. OxfordGoogle Scholar
McGowen, S.L. 2010: Sacred and Civic Stone Monuments of the Northwest Roman Provinces (British Archaeological Reports International Series S2109). OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metzger, H. 1952: Catalogue des monuments votifs du Musée d'Adalia. ParisGoogle Scholar
Milner, N.P. 2004: ‘Ancient inscriptions and monuments from the territory of Oinoanda’ Anatolian Studies 54: 47–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, N.P., Smith, M.F. 1994: ‘New votive reliefs from Oinoanda’ Anatolian Studies 44: 65–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, S. 1991: ‘The Hellenization of Pisidia’ Mediterranean Archaeology 4: 119–45Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. 1993a: Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor I: The Celts and the Impact of Roman Rule. OxfordGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, S. 1993b: Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor II: The Rise of the Church. OxfordGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, S. 1994: ‘Three cities in Pisidia’ Anatolian Studies 44: 129–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, S. 1995: Cremna in Pisidia. An Ancient City in Peace and in War. LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, S. 1998: ‘The Pisidian Survey’ in Matthews, R. (ed.), Ancient Anatolia: Fifty Years' Work by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. London: 237–53Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. 1999: ‘Archaeology in Asia Minor 1990–98’ Archaeological Reports 45: 125–91Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. 2000: ‘Ethnicity, acculturation and the empire in Roman and late Roman Asia Minor’ in Mitchell, S., Greatrex, G. (eds), Ethnicity and Culture in Late Antiquity. London, Swansea: 117–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, S. 2008: ‘Votive monuments from south-west Asia Minor’ in Börm, H., Ehrhardt, N., Wiesehöfer, J. (eds), Monumentum, et instrumentum inscriptum. Beschriftete Objekte aus Kaiserzeit und Spätantike als historische Zeugnisse. Festschrift für Peter Weiss zum 65. Geburtstag. Stuttgart: 157–75Google Scholar
Mitchell, S., Waelkens, M. 1998: Pisidian Antioch: The Site and its Monuments. LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nash, G. (ed.) 2000: Signifying Place and Space: World Perspectives of Rock Art and Landscape. OxfordGoogle Scholar
Özsait, M. 2004: ‘Nouveaux temoignages sur le culte des Dioskouroi en Pisidie occidentale’ in Labarre, G. (ed.), Les Cultes locaux dans les mondes Grec et Romain. Actes du colloque de Lyon 7–8 Juin 2001. Lyon, Paris: 103–13Google Scholar
Özsait, M., Labarre, G., Özsait, N. 2004: ‘Les reliefs rupestres et les inscriptions de Kecili-Yanıktaş’ Anatolia Antiqua 12: 61–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özsait, M., Labarre, G., Özsait, N. 2005: ‘Recherches dans le village de Kağılcık (Pisidie) – le sanctuarie reupestre et ses inscriptions’ ADALYA 8: 167–89Google Scholar
Özsait, M., Labarre, G., Özsait, N. 2006: ‘Nouveaux temoignages sur le culte de Cybele en Piside occidentale’ ADALYA 9: 1–31Google Scholar
Özsait, M., Özsait, N. 1996: ‘Şeref Höyük: Komama’ Anadolu Araştırmaları 14: 361–89Google Scholar
Rives, J.B. 2007: Religion in the Roman Empire. OxfordGoogle Scholar
Robert, L. 1946: ‘Un Dieu anatolien: Kakasbos’ Hellenica 3: 38–74, 173–74Google Scholar
Robert, L. 1949: ‘Divinités d'Anatolie’ Hellenica 7: 50–58Google Scholar
Robert, L. 1955: ‘Dédicaces et reliefs votifs’ Hellenica 10: 5–166Google Scholar
Robert, L. 1983: ‘Documents d'Asie Mineure’ Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 107: 497–599CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, T. 1995: ‘The Nereid monument at Xanthos or the Eliyãna monument at Arñna?’ Oxford Journal of Archaeology 14: 355–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rousset, D. 2010: De Lycie en Cabalide: La convention entre les Lyciens et Termessos près d'Oinoanda (Fouilles de Xanthos 10). GenevaGoogle Scholar
Scheid, J. 2003: An Introduction to Roman Religion. BloomingtonGoogle Scholar
Schörner, G. 2003: Votive im römischen Griechenland: Untersuchungen zur späthellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Kunst- und Religionsgeschichte. StuttgartGoogle Scholar
Schwertheim, E., Winter, E. (eds) 2003: Religion und Region: Götter und Kulte aus dem östlichen Mittelmeerraum (Asia Minor Studien 45). BonnGoogle Scholar
Smith, R.R.R. 1991: Hellenistic Sculpture. LondonGoogle Scholar
Smith, T.J. 1997: ‘Votive reliefs from Balboura and its environs’ Anatolian Studies 47: 3–49 with an epigraphical appendix by N.P. MilnerCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Summers, D. 2003: Real Spaces: World Art History and the Rise of Western Modernism. LondonGoogle Scholar
Syme, R. 1995. Anatolica: Studies in Strabo. Ed. Birley, A.. OxfordGoogle Scholar
Talloen, R. 2006: ‘Pious neighbours: Pisidian religious ties with Lycia. The case of the rider deities’ in Dörtlük, K., Varkivanç, B., Kahya, T., Courtils, J. des, Alparslan, M. Doğan, Boyraz, R. (eds), The Third Symposium on Lycia, 07–10 November 2005, Antalya. Symposium Proceedings. Antalya: 747–59Google Scholar
Tietz, W. 2003: Der Golf von Fethiye: Politische, ethnische und kulturelle Strukturen einer Grenzregion vom Beginn der nachweisbaren Besiedlung bis in die römische Kaiserzeit. BonnGoogle Scholar
Tillios, A. 2010: Die Funktion und Bedeutung der Reiterund Pferdeführerdarstellungen auf attischen Grabund Weihreliefs des 5. und 4. Jhs. v. Chr. (British Archaeological Reports International Series 2137). OxfordCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turcan, R. 1996: The Cults of the Roman Empire. OxfordGoogle Scholar
Vikan, G. 2003: Sacred Images and Sacred Power in Byzantium. AldershotGoogle Scholar
Voyatzis, M. 1992: ‘Votive riders seated side-saddle at early Greek sanctuaries’ Annual of the British School at Athens 87: 259–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenzel, M. 1967: ‘The Dioscuri in the Balkans’ Slavic Review 26: 363–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, D. 2001: ‘An archaeological survey of the Cyrenaican and Marmancan regions of northeast Africa’ in Yamauchi, E.M. (ed.), Africa and Africans in Antiquity. East Lansing MI: 210–45Google Scholar
Will, E. 1955: Le Relief cultuel à l'histoire de l'art de l'empire Romain. ParisGoogle Scholar
Woolf, G. 1997: ‘Polis-religion and its alternatives in the Roman provinces’ in Cancik, H., Rüpke, J. (eds), Römische Reichsreligion und Provinzialreligion. Tübingen: 71–74Google Scholar