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THE THEATER OF WAR: EUROPEAN NOBILITY, CULTURAL CAPITAL, AND CRUSADING TO THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 March 2025
Abstract
From its beginnings in the eleventh century through its decline in the early modern period, the movement of Christian holy war known as the crusades was sustained by the enthusiasm and willing participation of the European military aristocracy. Despite this, historians have yet to explain the continuing value of crusading and the maintenance of the crusading frontier for the aristocracy. This article argues for a fundamental re-evaluation of the nature of crusading, as it was perceived and experienced by European elites. Rather than large-scale military expeditions with global geo-political objectives, smaller more frequent tours of the frontier world constituted the normative crusading experience for aristocrats. These noble sojourns allowed for the acquisition of cultural capital through controlled and staged performances and interaction with the elites, landscape, and fauna of the crusading East. The study of these independent crusading expeditions requires engagement with an altogether different body of source material than usually is consulted in crusade historiography and a different set of questions to be asked of these sources, which in turn leads us to consider a different range of behavior, including tournament-going, hunting, and courtly life, as constituting the typical aristocratic crusading experience. It was through these activities that visiting aristocrats acquired the precious cultural capital that defined their social status in a period of hardening class distinctions. While aristocracy maintained crusading, crusading maintained distinction, and hence the entire European regime of lordship itself.
Keywords
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- © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Fordham University
Footnotes
The research presented here was supported by the Fulbright Birmingham-UK Scholarship, a Fordham Faculty Fellowship, and a Faculty of Arts Visiting Fellowship at the University of Bristol. Parts of this article were presented at: the International Medieval Congress in Leeds; at the University of Bristol; in the Gresham College Lecture Series; and at the meeting of the Northern Network for the Study of the Crusades at the University of Leeds. The author is grateful to Benjamin Pohl, Leah Tether, Marianne Ailes, William Purkis, James Doherty, Caroline Smith, and an anonymous reader for their comments and suggestions. Special thanks to Scott G. Bruce and the staff at Traditio for their patience and assistance.
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91 In hindsight, Philip of Flanders’ 1177 siege of the fortress, which corresponded with an attack on the kingdom from the south by Saladin, appeared foolhardy to William of Tyre. In Flanders, however, contemporary chroniclers treated the expedition as a demonstration of Philip’s concern to reconquer a stronghold that had been unjustly taken from the Christians some years before. See Sigebert of Gembloux, Chronographia, ed. L. C. Bethmann, MGH, Scriptores 6 (Hanover, 1844), 416–17.
92 Evergates, Henry the Liberal (n. 31 above), 161.
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94 See Andrew Buck, The Principality of Antioch and Its Frontiers in the Twelfth Century (Woodbridge, 2017), 43 and 52.
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96 Namur, Bibliothèque du Séminaure, MS 80, fol. 35v: “Iheroslimitani regni limites eggressus Babilonie, Damasci, Antiochie finitima peragraret.”
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101 Namur, Bibliothèque du Séminaire, MS 57, fol. 130v: “Uerum quia supra montem ciuitas collocata latere non potuit apparens in montibus Israel, mons ille nouus uirtutum, flos militaris, clipeus David, sagitta Jonathae, secundus Machabaeus, novus Gedeon.”
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104 Namur, Bibliothèque du Séminaire, MS 57, fol. 145v: “iam non differt a comitibus specie.”
105 N. H. Nicolas, The Controversy Between Sir Richard Scrope and Sir Robert Grosvenor in the Court of Chivalry, 2 vols. (London, 1832), 2:324. For the case, see M. Keen, “Chaucer’s Knight, the English Aristocracy, and the Crusade,” in idem, Nobles, Knights, and Men-at-Arms in the Middle Ages (London, 1996), 101–20.
106 Jacoby, “Knightly Values” (n. 45 above), 162.
107 W. Paravicini, Die Preussenreisen des europaischen Adels, 2 vols. (Sigmaringen, 1989).
108 For the Burgundian court, see Moodey, E., Illuminated Crusader Histories for Philip the Good of Burgundy (Turnhout, 2012)Google Scholar. For Mexico, see Harris, M., Aztecs, Moors, and Christians: Festivals of Reconquest in Mexico and Spain (Austin, 2000), 123–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
109 J. Ehlers, “Grand Tour avant la lettre? Schichtenspezifische Mobilität im Früh- und Hochmittelalter,” in Grand Tour: Adeliges Reisen und europaïsche Kultur vom 14. bis zum 18 Jahrhundert, ed. R. Babel and W. Paravicini (Ostfildern, 2005), 23–32
110 MacKenzie, J., Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation, and British Imperialism (Manchester, 1988).Google Scholar