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Ḥamza versus Rustam: Comparing the Ḥamzanāma with the Shāhnāma
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 February 2023
Abstract
This paper compares the Ḥamzanāma (Book of Ḥamza) with the Shāhnāma (Book of Kings), the two most popular works performed by the storytellers of Safavid Iran (1501–1736), focusing on their heroes, Ḥamza and Rustam, respectively. Following an overview of the Ḥamzanāma that helps to identify its main intertexts, themes, and narrative elements: the Shāhnāma; the Islamic Alexander tradition; and ʿayyārī (trickery); the paper re-examines how Ḥamza is modelled after Rustam by looking at his epithets and narrative functions. It then turns to their differences, which are most discernible in Rustam's epithet used as the name of Ḥamza's enemy, the split between the ideals of jawānmardī (generosity) and ʿayyārī, and Ḥamza's unheroic weaknesses. This latter serves to emphasize God's compassion at his martyrdom while giving storytellers an impetus to continue their performances.
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- Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of SOAS University of London
References
Bibliography
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Gaillard, Marina. 1987. Le livre de Samak-e ʿAyyâr: Structure et idéologie du roman persan médiéval. Paris: CNRS / C. Klincksieck.Google Scholar
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Ibn, Isḥāq (tr. Guillaume), A.. 1955. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat Rasūl Allāh. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Khan, Pasha M. 2015. “A handbook for storytellers: the Ṭirāz al-akhbār and the Qissa genre”, in Orsini, Francesca and Schofield, Katherine Butler (eds), Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature and Performance in North India. Cambridge: OpenBook Publishers, 185–207.Google Scholar
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Khan, Pasha M. 2019a. The Broken Spell: Indian Storytelling and the Romance Genre in Persian and Urdu. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar
Khan, Pasha M. 2019b [Post print of 2017]. “What storytellers were worth in Mughal India”, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 37/3, 570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kondo, Nobuaki. 2019. “The Romance of Amir Hamza in Asia”, Rekishi Hyoron, 826, 5–16 [in Japanese].Google Scholar
Lakhnavi, Ghalib and Bilgrami, Abdullah. 2007. The Adventures of Amir Hamza: Complete and Unabridged, translated with an introduction and notes, Farooqi, Musharraf Ali. New York: The Modern Library.Google Scholar
Lang, D.M. and Meredith-Owens, G.M.. 1959. “Amiran-Darejaniani: a Georgian romance and its English rendering”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 22/3, 454–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Marzolph, Ulrich. 2011. “The creative reception of the Alexander Romance in Iran”, in Jullien, Dominique (ed.), Foundational Texts of World Literature. New York: Peter Lang, 69–83.Google Scholar
Marzolph, Ulrich. 2018. “The romance of Ḥamza”, The Encyclopedia of Islam, third edition. Leiden: Brill, 70–72.Google Scholar
Meredith-Owens, G.M. 2012. “Ḥamza b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib”, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition (online).Google Scholar
Omidsalar, Mahmoud and Omidsalar, Teresa. 1999. “Narrating epics in Iran”, in MacDonald, Margaret R. (ed.), Traditional Storytelling Today: An International Sourcebook. Chicago and London: Fitzroy Dearborn, 326–40.Google Scholar
Page, Mary E. 1979. “Professional storytelling in Iran: transmission and practice”, Iranian Studies 12/3–4, 195–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchett, Frances W. 1991. The Romance Tradition in Urdu: Adventures from the Dastan of Amír Hamzah. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Rubanovich, Julia. 2012a. “Tracking the Shahnama tradition in medieval Persian folk prose”, in Melville, Charles and van den Berg, Gabrielle (eds), Shahnama Studies II. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 11–34.Google Scholar
Rubanovich, Julia. 2012b. “Orality in medieval Persian literature”, in Reichl, Karl (ed.), Medieval Oral Literature. Berlin and New York: De Gruyter, 653–79.Google Scholar
Rubanovich, Julia. 2015a. “Šāh-nāma vi. The Šāh-nāma as a source for popular narratives”, Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shah-nama-06-dastan.Google Scholar
Rubanovich, Julia. 2015b. “Why so many stories? Untangling the versions of Iskandar's birth and upbringing”, in Rubanovich, Julia (ed.), Orality and Textuality in the Iranian World: Patterns of Interaction across the Centuries. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 202–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubanovich, Julia. 2017. “Ḵāvarān-nāma i. The Epic Poem”, Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, https://iranicaonline.org/articles/khavaran-nama-1.Google Scholar
Sabri, Robabh. 2011. “Der Volksroman Romuz-e Ḥamze als Musterbeispiel persischer Erzählkunst: Untersuchungen unter sprachlichen, sozialen, religiösen und kulturellen Gesichtspunkten”, PhD dissertation, Göttingen University.Google Scholar
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