Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T01:20:57.779Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Self-focusing/Defocusing of Hermite-Sinh-Gaussian Laser Beam in Underdense Inhomogeneous Plasmas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Kaijing Tian ,
Xiongping Xia Open the ORCID record for Xiongping Xia [Opens in a new window]  and
Devki Nandan Gupta
Kaijing Tian
Affiliation:
College of Science, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
Xiongping Xia*
Affiliation:
College of Science, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
*
Correspondence should be addressed to Xiongping Xia; [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The self-focusing/defocusing of Hermite-sinh-Gaussian (HshG) laser beam in underdense inhomogeneous plasmas is studied by using higher-order approximation theory. It is found that Hermite mode index and the fluctuation of the periodic plasma density have a significant effect on the dielectric constant and laser beam self-focusing/self-defocusing. With the increase of mode index, the high-order HshG laser beam is beneficial to suppress self-focusing and enhance self-defocusing. In addition, the effects of decentered parameters, beam intensity, and plasma non-uniformity on self-focusing/self-defocusing are discussed.

Type
Research Article
Information
Laser and Particle Beams , Volume 2022 , 2022 , e20
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
Copyright © 2022 Kaijing Tian and Xiongping Xia.

1. Introduction

There are a lot of non-linear phenomena in the interaction between intense laser and plasma, such as self-focusing/self-defocusing [Reference Kovalev and Bychenkov1], filamentation [Reference Hassan, Abd-Ali and Soary2], stimulated Raman scattering [Reference Peng, Zuo, Zhu and Su3] and stimulated Brillouin scattering [Reference Li, Zuo, Su and Yang4]. These nonlinearities have important effects on inertial confinement fusion [Reference Lu, Tikhonchuk and Weber5] and laser particle accelerator [Reference Lotov, Sosedkin and Petrenko6]. In particular, plasma self-focusing can improve the yield of these applications by increasing the interaction length between the laser and the medium, but also increase the success of these applications by balancing the natural diffraction of the laser beam to transmit more Rayleigh lengths [Reference Asgharnejad, Mohsenpour and Mirzanejhad7]. Therefore, the self-focusing generated by the interaction of laser pulses with plasma is a very worthy topic of study [Reference Xia and Xu8].

In interaction intense laser and plasms, the mechanism of self-focusing/defocusing mainly include collisional nonlinearity [Reference Singh and Gupta9], ponderomotive nonlinearity [Reference Patil, Chikode and Takale10, Reference Rawat and Purohit11], relativistic nonlinearity [Reference Sharma and Tripathi12]. Nanda and Kant [Reference Nanda and Kant13] researched self-focusing of cosh-Gaussian laser beams in collisionless non-uniform magnetic plasmas. By comparing extraordinary mode and ordinary mode, it is found that increasing the plasma density ramp can make the former stronger self-focusing. Asgharnejad et al. [Reference Asgharnejad, Mohsenpour and Mirzanejhad7] investigated self-focusing a Gaussian laser pulse in a weakly relativistic and ponderomotive regime inside a collisionless warm quantum plasma. Zhang et al. [Reference Zhang, Liang and Xia14] analyzed relativistic self-focusing of Gaussian laser beam, the results show that relativistic effect can enhance the oscillation of dielectric function and increase the self-focusing. Abedi-Varaki and Jafari [Reference Abedi-Varaki and Jafari15] have present that a decrease in plasma temperature and an increase in oblique magnetic field increases defocusing for left-handed polarization. Extending the High-harmonic generation phase matching cutoff by controlling the rapid self-defocusing effect of driving laser is experimentally and theoretically demonstrated by Sun et al. [Reference Sun, Huang and Tzeng16].

Lots of research of self-focusing/self-defocusing have focused on interaction of Gaussian beam and homogeneous/inhomogeneous plasmas. Studies by Gupta et al. [Reference Gupta, Hur and Suk17] and Kant et al. [Reference Kant, Wani and Kumar18] have shown that the existence of plasma density fluctuations can enhance self-focusing. Wani et al. [Reference Wani, Thakur, Ghotra and Kant19] have found that electron temperature can reduce defocusing and plasma density transition increases the range of self-focusing effect. Recently, many researchers have analyzed the effects of different types of laser beams and plasma on self-focusing/self-defocusing. Laser beam extends from Gaussian type to the others type of beam, such as Hermite-Gaussian beam [Reference Wadhwa and Singh20], cosh-Gaussian beam [Reference Urunkar, Patil, Valkunde, Vhanmore, Gavade and Takale21], super Gaussian beam [Reference Malik and Devi22]. Various types plasmas have been researched, such as cold quantum plasma with exponential density variation [Reference Thakur and Kant23]. Effects of magnetic field on relativistic self-focusing, self-phase modulation and self-trapping of cosh-Gaussian laser beam is exploited by Gill et al. [Reference Gill, Kaur and Mahajan24]. Kant et al. [Reference Kant, Vij, Chakravarti, Kushwaha and Thakur25] observed relativistic self-focusing of Hermite-cosh-Gaussian laser pulse in plasma with exponential plasma density ramp. Devi and Malik [Reference Devi and Malik26] studied the relativistic self-focusing of super-Gaussian laser beams, they have found that the external magnetic field and the cyclotron motion of electrons is important for self-focusing. Based on the moment theory, Malik and Devi [Reference Malik and Devi27] developed a formulation to study the self-defocusing of super-Gaussian laser beam in tunnel ionized plasmas, and found that laser beam can get more defocused for higher intensity and smaller spot size. Kaur et al. [Reference Kaur, Singh Gill and Mahajan28] used paraxial approximation method to study propagation characteristics of Hermite-cosh-Gaussian laser beam in rippled density plasmas and strong oscillatory self-focusing and defocusing are observed in relativistic case.

In this paper, applying higher-order paraxial theory and WKB approximation, the self-focusing/self-defocusing are investigated in the interaction of Hermite-Sinh-Gaussian (HshG) laser beam and the non-uniform underdense plasma with periodic density fluctuations.

2. Propagation Theory of Laser Beam in Plasmas

In laser-plasma interaction, according to Maxwell’s equation theory, the wave equation of laser propagation in plasma can be expressed as,

(1) ∇ 2 E − ω 2 c 2 ε E + ∇ E ⋅ ∇ ε ε = 0.

For k − 2 ∇ 2 ln ε < < 1 and k 2 = ε ω 2 / c 2 , the wave equation can be converted to

(2) ∂ 2 E ∂ z 2 + ∂ 2 E ∂ r 2 + 1 r ∂ E ∂ r + ω 2 c 2 ε E = 0.

When the laser propagates in the plasma along the z-direction, the specific form of the field can be expressed as,

(3) E = A r , z e − i ω t − k z .

In this paper, the interaction between HshG laser beam and inhomogeneous plasma is studied. For equation (3), the general solution of the field amplitude is HshG beam.

(4) E r , z = E 0 f z H n 2 r r 0 f z e b 2 / 4 e − r / r 0 f + b / 2 2 − e − r / r 0 f − b / 2 2 .

E 0 is the amplitude of HshG laser beam at r = z = 0, Hermite polynomial H n 2 r / r 0 f z , when n = 0, H n 2 r / r 0 f z = 1 ; when n = 1, H n 2 r / r 0 f z = 2 r ; when n = 2, H n 2 r / r 0 f z = 4 r 2 − 2 . r is the radial component in the cylindrical coordinate system, r 0 is the initial beam width, b represents decentred parameter, the dimensionless beam width parameter of laser beam is f(z).

Non-uniform plasmas showing periodic variations have been found experimentally and theoretically by researchers in the process of laser-plasma interaction. The plasma system studied in this paper is based on the experimental results of Ouahid et al. [Reference Ouahid, Dalil-Essakali and Belafhal29]; electron density Ne(z) is sinusoidal function. The expression is as follows,

(5) N e z = N 0 e 1 + α sin q z ,

where Ne(z), N 0e, α, q represents electron density in equilibrium steady state, initial electron density, parameter of plasma fluctuation, wave number of plasma density fluctuation.

In laser-plasma interaction, when plasma density fluctuation exists, the dielectric function of plasma composed of linear part ε 0 and non-linear part ϕ E E ∗ can be expressed as ε r , z = ε 0 − ϕ E E ∗ . In the limit c 2 / r 0 2 ω p 0 2 < 1 , the linear and non-linear part can be presented as follows ε 0 z = 1 − ω p 0 2 1 + α sin q z / γ ω 2 , ϕ E E ∗ = ω p 0 2 1 + α sin q z 1 − 1 / 1 + β E E ∗ 1 / 2 / γ ω 2 . ω p 0 = 4 π n 0 e 2 / m is the plasma frequency, e is the electronic charge and m shows the rest mass. Here the relativistic factor can be written as γ = 1 + β E E ∗ / 2 , where β = e / m ω c 2 . By applying higher-order paraxial theory and extending the dielectric function up to the fourth higher-order term.

(6) ε r , z = ε 0 z − ε 2 z r 2 r 0 2 − ε 4 z r 4 r 0 4 ,

where ε 0(z) is the linear part, ε 2(z) and ε 4(z) are expansion coefficients of ε(r, z). Based on the research results of Pathak et al. [Reference Pathak, Kaur, Kaur and Gill30]; using WKB approximation and higher-order paraxial theory, dielectric constant components of different Hermite mode indexes can be obtained in interaction of HshG beams and plasma.For mode index n = 0

(7) ε 0 = 1 − t + 3 t 4 B f 2 e b 2 / 2 D − 27 t 32 B 2 f 4 e b 2 D 2 , ε 2 = t B 2 f 6 e b 2 3 32 4 b 2 − 36 D + 27 16 a 2 D 2 − t B 4 f 4 e b 2 / 2 7 b 2 − 6 + 3 a 2 D , ε 4 = t B 2 f 8 e b 2 3 32 72 + 107 2 b 4 − 102 b 2 + 27 D 2 32 a 2 2 + 2 a 4 + 3 D 16 a 2 42 b 2 − 36 − t B 4 f 6 e b 2 / 2 6 + a 2 7 b 2 − 6 + 3 a 4 D .

For mode index n = 1

(8) ε 0 = 1 − t , ε 2 = − 6 t B f 4 e b 2 / 2 D , ε 4 = 54 t B 2 f 8 e b 2 D 2 − 2 t B f 6 e b 2 / 2 7 b 2 − 6 + 3 a 2 D .

For mode index n = 2

(9) ε 0 = 1 − t + 3 t B f 2 e b 2 / 2 D − 27 t 2 B 2 f 4 e b 2 D 2 , ε 2 = 9 t 4 B 2 f 6 e b 2 4 7 b 2 − 6 − 96 D + 12 a 2 D − t B D 4 f 4 e b 2 / 2 4 7 b 2 − 6 − 96 D + 12 a 2 D , ε 4 = 3 t B 2 32 f 8 e b 2 4 7 b 2 − 6 − 96 D + 12 a 2 D 2 + 9 t B 2 D 4 f 8 e b 2 24 + 192 − 96 a 2 + 12 a 4 D + 4 a 2 − 32 7 b 2 − 6 − t B 4 f 6 e b 2 / 2 24 + 192 − 96 a 2 + 12 a 4 D + 4 a 2 − 32 7 b 2 − 6 ,

where in equations (7)–(9), t = ω p 0 2 / ω 2 1 + α sin q ξ denotes the parameters related to plasma density, B = β E 0 2 , D = 1 − b 2 / 2 + b 4 / 8 denote intensity dependence and intensity distribution dependence of dielectric constant. For wave equation (2), substitute (3) into equation (2), ∂ 2 A / ∂ z 2 be ignored, can get,

(10) − 2 i k ∂ A ∂ z − i A ∂ k ∂ z + ∂ 2 A ∂ r 2 + 1 r ∂ A ∂ r + ω 2 c 2 ε r , z − ε 0 z A = 0.

Following Nanda et al. [Reference Nanda, Ghotra and Kant31]; complex amplitude A can be written as follows,

(11) A r , z = A 0 r , z e − i k S r , z ,

A 0 r , z and S r , z are the real functions of space, according to Habibi and Ghamari [Reference Habibi and Ghamari32]; they can be expressed this way

(12) A 0 2 = E 0 2 f 2 e b 2 / 2 H n 2 r r 0 f 2 1 + a 2 r 2 r 0 2 f 2 + a 4 r 4 r 0 4 f 4 e − 2 r / r 0 f + b 2 / 2 − e − 2 r 2 / r 0 2 f 2 + b 2 / 2 ,
(13) S r , z = S 0 z + r 2 r 0 2 S 2 z + r 4 r 0 4 S 4 z .

a 2, a 4, S 0, S 2, S 4 are the functions of z, S 0, S 2, S 4 are the components of the eikonal. S 2 = r 0 2 / 2 f d f / d ξ corresponds to the spherical curvature of the wave front, S 4 indicates deviation from spherical curvature. a 2, a 4 are indicative of the departure of the beam from the HshG nature. Can get a complicated differential equation by bringing in equation (10) with equation (11), the following equations can be obtained if the real and imaginary parts are equal.

(14) 2 ∂ S ∂ z + 2 S k ∂ k ∂ z + ∂ S ∂ r 2 = 1 k 2 A 0 ∂ 2 A 0 ∂ r 2 + 1 r ∂ A 0 ∂ r − r 2 r 0 2 ε 2 z ε 0 z − r 4 r 0 4 ε 4 z ε 0 z ,
(15) ∂ A 0 2 ∂ z + A 0 2 ∂ 2 S ∂ r 2 + 1 r ∂ S ∂ r + ∂ A 0 2 ∂ r ∂ S ∂ r + A 0 2 k d k d z = 0.

By substituting equations (12) and (13) in equation (15) for different Hermite mode indexes, and equating the coefficients of r 2 and r 4 on both sides of equation, the equation relation of parameter a 2 and a 4 is represented as.

For mode index n = 0

(16a) d a 2 d ξ = − 16 S 4 ′ f 2 ,
(16b) d a 4 d ξ = − 24 a 2 + 4 4 − 2 b 2 S 4 ′ f 2 .

For mode index n = 1

(17a) d a 2 d ξ = − 24 S 4 ′ f 2 ,
(17b) d a 4 d ξ = − 32 a 2 + 4 4 − 2 b 2 S 4 ′ f 2 .

For mode index n = 2

(18a) d a 2 d ξ = − 16 S 4 ′ f 2 ,
(18b) d a 4 d ξ = − 24 a 2 + 64 + 4 4 − 2 b 2 S 4 ′ f 2 ,

where S 4 ′ = S 4 ω / c . Same method, equations (12) and (13) in equation (14) to get the following equations governing the beam width f and S 4 ′ .

For mode index n = 0

(19a) d 2 f d ξ 2 = − 2 a 2 2 + 8 − 8 a 2 − 46 b 4 / 3 + 4 a 2 b 2 − 8 b 2 + 8 a 4 ε 0 f 3 − ε 2 f ρ 2 ε 0 − 1 2 ε 0 d ε 0 d ξ d f d ξ ,
(19b) d S 4 ′ d ξ = 8 a 2 a 4 − 4 a 2 3 − 52 a 2 b 4 / 3 − 16 a 4 + 8 a 2 2 + 104 b 4 / 3 + 8 b 2 a 4 − 4 a 2 2 b 2 − 52 b 6 / 3 2 ε 0 f 6 − 4 S 4 ′ f d f d ξ − S 4 ′ 2 ε 0 d ε 0 d ξ − ε 4 ρ 2 2 ε 0 .

For mode index n = 1

(20a) d 2 f d ξ 2 = 8 − 6 a 2 2 − 8 a 2 − 98 b 4 / 3 + 4 a 2 b 2 − 8 b 2 + 16 a 4 ε 0 f 3 − ε 2 f ρ 2 ε 0 − 1 2 ε 0 d ε 0 d ξ d f d ξ ,
(20b) d S 4 ′ d ξ = 2 a 2 − 4 + 2 b 2 4 a 4 − 2 a 2 2 − 26 b 4 / 3 2 ε 0 f 6 − 4 S 4 ′ f d f d ξ − S 4 ′ 2 ε 0 d ε 0 d ξ − ε 4 ρ 2 2 ε 0 .

For mode index n = 2

(21a) d 2 f d ξ 2 = − 2 a 2 2 + 72 − 40 a 2 − 46 b 4 / 3 + 4 a 2 b 2 − 40 b 2 + 8 a 4 ε 0 f 3 − ε 2 f ρ 2 ε 0 − 1 2 ε 0 d ε 0 d ξ d f d ξ ,
(21b) d S 4 ′ d ξ = 2 a 2 − 20 + 2 b 2 4 a 4 − 64 − 2 a 2 2 − 26 b 4 / 3 2 ε 0 f 6 − 4 S 4 ′ f d f d ξ − S 4 ′ 2 ε 0 d ε 0 d ξ − ε 4 ρ 2 2 ε 0 .

Normalize the above equations, ξ = c z / ω r 0 2 = z / R d is the dimensionless propagation distance, ρ = ω r 0 / c represents the dimensionless original beam width.

3. Discussion

In the paper, intensity of incident laser beam is 1.23 × 1017 W/cm2, β E 0 2 = 0.01 , 0.02 , 0.1 and 0.2 (corresponding intensities are 1.23 × 1015 W/cm2, 2.46× 1015 W/cm2, 1.23 × 1016 W/cm2 and 2.46 × 1016 W/cm2 respectively), the frequency and spot size of incident laser beam as ω = 1.78 × 1015 rad/s, r 0 = 1.68 × 10−5 m in interaction system. Appling fourth-order Runge-Kutta method to solve equations (16a)–(21b), the phenomena of self-focusing/self-defocusing in the interaction of intense laser and the inhomogeneous plasma are discussed. The initial conditions are f = 1, d f / d ξ = 0 , a 2 = 1, as well as d a 2 / d ξ = 0 at ξ = 0, plasmas density is N e z = N 0 e 1 + α sin q z .

Figures 1(a)–1(c) shows the linear component of the dielectric function of the HshG laser beam interaction of plasma with periodic density fluctuation at mode index n = 0, 1 and 2. The linear part of dielectric function shows sinusoidal periodic variations similar to oscillation in plasma of periodic density fluctuation. The peak value of the linear part decreases slightly with the increase of mode index, and the oscillation has intensified the tendency. For the non-linear part ε 2, ε 4 at different mode indexes, the value is much smaller compared to the linear part, and mode index has a more obvious influence on the non-linear part. In figure (d), (e) and (f), it can be seen that mode index obvious affect the peak value of non-linear part, the peak position drifts to the left as the mode increases, and finally all tend to stable. From the above linear and non-linear parts of the dielectric function, it shows an approximate periodic oscillatory variation due to the plasma periodicity, and its oscillatory variation trend to increase with the increase of mode index of Hermite polynomial. In addition, the mode index have more obvious effect on the non-linear part comparison linear part.

Figure 1: Variation of the linear ε 0 and non-linear componentsε 2, ε 4 of the dielectric constant, with normalized propagation distance ξ for different Hermite mode indexes. (a) and (d) ε 0 and ε 2, ε 4 at n = 0; (b) and (e) ε 0 and ε 2, ε 4 at n = 1; (c) and (f) ε 0 and ε 2, ε 4 at n = 2. The other parameters are b = 1.3, ω r 0 / c = 100 , β E 0 2 = 0.02 , t = 0.005 × 1 + 0.05 × sin 60 ξ .

Figure 2 presents beam width variation for different Hermite mode indexes of HshG laser beams. In the periodic underdense inhomogeneous plasma, the beam width all show oscillatory changes, firstly, beam width becomes small and then increases. During the propagation of the laser beam, ponderomotive force influence on laser beam is obvious at the start, and beam width reduces and appears to convergence, resulting in self-focusing. Then, the influence ponderomotive force of laser beam decrease and beam width increase continuously with distance, and beam width presents diverge obviously, resulting in beam self-defocusing. However, at different mode indexes, the size and position of the minimum value of beam width are different. Increase of mode index, the size slightly increase and position appear early, and the beam diverges more quickly, which means the self-defocusing is more intense. For n = 0, reaches the minimum value 0.55 at ξ ≈ 0.14 . For n = 1, reaches the minimum value 0.6 at ξ ≈ 0.1 . For n = 2, reaches the minimum value 0.998 at ξ ≈ 0.02 . This is due to the combined effects of HshG laser beam and periodic underdense non-uniform plasma, causing a similar periodic oscillatory variation of dielectric function, which leads to self-focusing and self-defocusing. In addition, with the increase of mode index, the oscillation of the dielectric function is enhanced, indicating that the instability is enhanced, which will affect the coupling of the laser plasma, so that the quality of Gaussian beam decreases, self-focusing reduce and self-defocusing enhance.

Figure 2: Beam width f with normalized propagation distance ξ for different Hermite mode indexes of HshG laser beams, (a) n = 0, (b) n = 1, (c) n = 2. Rest of parameters are considered as b = 1.3, ω r 0 / c = 100 , β E 0 2 = 0.02 , t = 0.005 × 1 + 0.05 × sin 60 ξ .

Figure 3 presents the effect of decentered parameters b on beam width f in different modes indexes. It is shown that the decentered parameter has obvious influence on the beam width. For n = 0, the beam width slowly increases in b = 0, and in b ≠ 0, it first decreases, then increases, and with the increase of b, the variation of beam width is strengthened. n = 1 is similar to n = 0. For (e) n = 2, beam width increases slightly at first, and then almost linearly increases, moreover, beam width decreases slightly for the same propagation distance with increase of b. (a) (c) correspond to (b) (d), the rules are consistent, the purpose is to study the effect of smaller changes in b on the self-focusing, and optimize the value of the decentered parameter. (f) depicts the variation of the beam width when β E 0 2 = 0.3 , the beam width shows an oscillation trend. Compared with (e), it not only shows the influence of decentered parameters on self-focusing, but also reflects the importance of laser intensity to self-focusing. In summary, (b) (d) (f) show that the decentered parameter is very sensitive to the self-focusing, which is consistent with that described in the paper of Nanda et al. [Reference Nanda, Kant and Wani33]. For the zero-order and 1-order HshG beams, under the influence of the decentered parameter, there is a significant beam self-focusing at b ≠ 0, however, for the 2-order HshG beam, it presents obvious beam self-defocusing, in this case, the effect of decentered parameter on self-defocusing is relatively slight. It can be clearly seen that the effect of decentered parameters on self-focusing of the HshG beam is significantly stronger than self-defocusing.

Figure 3: Variation of beam width f with normalized propagation distance ξ for the decentered parameters b = 0, 0.8 and 1.3, and for (a) (b) n = 0, (c) (d) n = 1, (e) (f) n = 2. The other parameters are taken as ω r 0 / c = 100 , β E 0 2 = 0.02 , t = 0.005 × 1 + 0.05 × sin 60 ξ .

Figure 4 depicts the variation of the beam width for different light intensities. The figure is shown that, beam width increases at the same propagation distance with the increase of light intensity, it implies that self-focusing decrease and self-defocusing increase. In addition, it is easier to form self-focusing with the decrease of laser intensity, while self-focusing becomes weak when the light intensity increases to 0.2, it may be because laser intensity is close or exceed the threshold value of forming self-focusing, leading to self-focusing reduce or disappear. In Figure 4(c), for n = 2, when laser intensity increases, beam width continues to increase, self-focusing is very weak and produces obvious self-defocusing. Hence, it is shown that the high-order HshG beam and high beam intensity are benefit to restrain self-focusing and enhance self-defocusing.

Figure 4: Variation of beam width f with dimensionless propagation distance ξ for different values of normalized light intensity β E 0 2 = 0.01 , 0.1 and 0.2. (a) n = 0, (b) n = 1, (c) n = 2. The other parameters are b = 1.3, ω r 0 / c = 100 , t = 0.005 × 1 + 0.05 × sin 60 ξ .

Figure 5 depicts the variation of the beam width for different plasma density parameter. With the increase of plasma inhomogeneity, the beam width increases at n = 0 and n = 1. At n = 2, as the plasma inhomogeneity increases, beam width slowly decreases first and then increases. It implies that the inhomogeneity of plasma has a significant effect on the beam width because the plasma density fluctuation affects the dielectric function, which directly affects laser propagation process in plasma, lead to the change of beam width, and increase non-uniformity of plasmas, it can strength self-focusing/self-defocusing.

Figure 5: Variation of the beam width f with normalized propagation distance ξ for different values of plasma density. (a) n = 0, (b) n = 1, (c) n = 2. The other parameters are b = 1.3, ω r 0 / c = 100 , β E 0 2 = 0.02 , t = 0.005 × 1 + 0.05 × sin 60 ξ solid line, t = 0.05 × 1 + 0.05 × sin 60 ξ dotted line, t = 0.1 × 1 + 0.05 × sin 60 ξ point line.

4. Conclusion

In the paper, apply high-order paraxial theory to analyze the self-focusing/self-defocusing of HshG laser beam in underdense inhomogeneous plasma. Self-focusing and self-defocusing laws are explored by analyzing the variation of the dielectric constant and the influence of the decentered parameters, laser intensity and plasma density on beam width. The results show that, due to the combined effects of HshG laser beam and periodic underdense non-uniform plasma, lead to dielectric function present a similar periodic oscillation variation. Under the influence of ponderomotive force and diffraction effect, lead to beam self-focusing/self-defocusing. With increase of Hermite mode index, causing the position of self-focusing/self-defocusing is bring forward, and beam defocusing is strengthened, it implies that the higher mode index HshG beam is benefit to reduce self-focusing and enhance defocusing. In addition, the decentered parameter, beam intensity and non-uniformity of the plasma has a significant influence on the beam width. Influence of the decentered parameter on beam self-focusing is stronger than self-defocusing. In the high-order HshG beam, high beam intensity is benefit to restrain self-focusing and enhance self-defocusing, and increase non-uniformity of plasmas, it can strength self-focusing/self-defocusing.

Data Availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

Authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Acknowledgments

The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 11447169) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi province (2018GXNSFAA138180, 2016GXNSFAA380071, and 2016GXNSFBA380204).

References

Kovalev, V. F. and Bychenkov, V. Y., “Analytic theory of relativistic self-focusing for a Gaussian light beam entering a plasma: renormalization-group approach,” Physical Review, vol. 99, Article ID 043201, 2019.Google ScholarPubMed
Hassan, M. B., Abd-Ali, I. J., and Soary, A. O., “The filamentation instability of nonparaxial laser beam inside magnetized plasma,” Results in Physics, vol. 14, Article ID 102386, 2019.10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102386CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, H., Zuo, Y. L., Zhu, H. Y., and Su, J. Q., “Forward Raman scattering of the seed pulse in strongly coupled stimulated Brillouin amplification in plasma,” Physics of Plasmas, vol. 25, no. 1, Article ID 093102, 2018.10.1063/1.5020327CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Z., Zuo, Y., Su, J., and Yang, S., “The filamentation effect in short pulse amplification by strong-coupling stimulated Brillouin scattering,” Physics of Plasmas, vol. 26, no. 9, Article ID 093102, 2019.10.1063/1.5094513CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, C., Tikhonchuk, V., and Weber, S., “Analytic solutions for delocalized heat transport,” Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, vol. 63, no. 7, Article ID 075005, 2021.10.1088/1361-6587/abf766CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lotov, K. V., Sosedkin, A. P., Petrenko, A. V. et al., “Electron trapping and acceleration by the plasma wakefield of a self-modulating proton beam,” Physics of Plasmas, vol. 21, no. 12, Article ID 123116, 2014.Google Scholar
Asgharnejad, D., Mohsenpour, T., and Mirzanejhad, S., “Investigation of self-focusing a Gaussian laser pulse in a weakly relativistic and ponderomotive regime inside a collisionless warm quantum plasma,” Chinese Journal of Physics, vol. 73, pp. 304–313, 2021.10.1016/j.cjph.2021.06.018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xia, X. and Xu, B., “Off-axial contribution of beam self-focusing in plasma with density ripple,” Optik, vol. 125, no. 19, pp. 5899–5903, 2014.10.1016/j.ijleo.2014.07.044CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, M. and Gupta, D. N., “Laser-pulse compression in a collisional plasma under weak-relativistic ponderomotive nonlinearity,” Physics of Plasmas, vol. 23, no. 5, Article ID 053119, 2016.10.1063/1.4951722CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patil, S. D., Chikode, P. P., and Takale, M. V., “Turning point temperature of self-focusing at laser-plasma interaction with weak relativistic-ponderomotive nonlinearity: effect of light absorption,” Journal of Optics, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 174–179, 2018.10.1007/s12596-018-0448-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawat, P. and Purohit, G., “Self-focusing of a cosh-Gaussian laser beam in magnetized plasma under relativistic-ponderomotive regime,” Contributions to Plasma Physics, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 226–235, 2019.10.1002/ctpp.201800066CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharma, A. and Tripathi, V. K., “Relativistic and ponderomotive self-focusing of a laser pulse in magnetized plasma,” Laser and Particle Beams, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 659–664, 2012.10.1017/S0263034612000481CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nanda, V. and Kant, N., “Strong self-focusing of a cosh-Gaussian laser beam in collisionless magneto-plasma under plasma density ramp,” Physics of Plasmas, vol. 21, no. 7, Article ID 072111, 2014.Google Scholar
Zhang, G., Liang, Q., and Xia, X., “Relativistic self-focusing in the interaction of laser beam and plasma with periodical density ripple,” Laser and Particle Beams, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 244–250, 2020.10.1017/S0263034620000300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abedi-Varaki, M. and Jafari, S., “Nonlinear interaction of intense left- and right-hand polarized laser pulse with hot magnetized plasma,” Journal of Plasma Physics, vol. 83, no. 4, Article ID 655830401, 2017.10.1017/S0022377817000460CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, H.-W., Huang, P.-C., Tzeng, Y.-H. et al., “Extended phase matching of high harmonic generation by plasma-induced defocusing,” Optica, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 976–981, 2017.10.1364/OPTICA.4.000976CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, D. N., Hur, M. S., and Suk, H., “Additional focusing of a high-intensity laser beam in a plasma with a density ramp and a magnetic field,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 91, no. 8, Article ID 081505, 2007.10.1063/1.2773943CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kant, N., Wani, M. A., and Kumar, A., “Self-focusing of Hermite-Gaussian laser beams in plasma under plasma density ramp,” Optics Communications, vol. 285, no. 21-22, pp. 4483–4487, 2012.10.1016/j.optcom.2012.05.065CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wani, M. A., Thakur, V., Ghotra, H. S., and Kant, N., “Effect of axial electron temperature and plasma density ramp on self-focusing/defocusing of a laser beam in plasma,” Optik, vol. 192, Article ID 162963, 2019.10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.162963CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wadhwa, J. and Singh, A., “Second harmonic generation of self-focused Hermite-Gaussian laser beam in collisional plasma,” Optik, vol. 202, Article ID 162326, 2020.10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.01.116CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urunkar, T. U., Patil, S. D., Valkunde, A. T., Vhanmore, B. D., Gavade, K. M., and Takale, M. V., “Effect of critical beam radius on self-focusing of cosh-Gaussian laser beams in collisionless magnetized plasma,” Communications in Theoretical Physics, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 220–224, 2018.10.1088/0253-6102/70/2/220CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malik, H. K., Devi, L., “Relativistic self focusing and frequency shift of super-Gaussian laser beam in plasma,” Results in Physics, vol. 17, 2020.10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103070CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thakur, V. and Kant, N., “Stronger self-focusing of a chirped pulse laser with exponential density ramp profile in cold quantum magnetoplasma,” Optik, vol. 172, pp. 191–196, 2018.10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.07.027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, T. S., Kaur, R., and Mahajan, R., “Relativistic self-focusing and self-phase modulation of cosh-Gaussian laser beam in magnetoplasma,” Laser and Particle Beams, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 183–191, 2011.10.1017/S0263034611000152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kant, N., Vij, S., Chakravarti, S. K., Kushwaha, J. P., and Thakur, V., “Relativistic self-focusing of Hermite-cosh-Gaussian laser beam in magnetoplasma with exponential plasma density ramp,” Communications in Theoretical Physics, vol. 71, no. 12, pp. 1469–1474, 2019.10.1088/0253-6102/71/12/1469CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Devi, L. and Malik, H. K., “Role of magnetic field on self focusing of super-Gaussian laser beam under relativistic effect,” Optik, vol. 207, Article ID 164439, 2020.10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164439CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malik, H. K. and Devi, L., “Self-defocusing of super-Gaussian laser beam in tunnel ionized plasmas,” Optik, vol. 222, Article ID 165357, 2020b.10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165357CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaur, R., Singh Gill, T., and Mahajan, R., “Relativistic effects on evolution of a q-Gaussian laser beam in magnetoplasma: application of higher order corrections,” Physics of Plasmas, vol. 24, no. 5, Article ID 053105, 2017.10.1063/1.4983309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ouahid, L., Dalil-Essakali, L., and Belafhal, A., “Evolution of the beam-width parameter of zeroth-order Bessel-Gaussian beams in collisional plasma with density ripple,” Optical and Quantum Electronics, vol. 51, no. 4, p. 109, 2019.10.1007/s11082-019-1818-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pathak, N., Kaur, M., Kaur, S., and Gill, T. S., “Non-paraxial theory of self-focusing/defocusing of Hermite cosh Gaussian laser beam in rippled density plasmas,” Contributions to Plasma Physics, vol. 59, no. 10, Article ID e201900026, 2019.10.1002/ctpp.201900026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nanda, V., Ghotra, H. S., and Kant, N., “Early and strong relativistic self-focusing of cosh-Gaussian laser beam in cold quantum plasma,” Optik, vol. 156, pp. 191–196, 2018.10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.10.147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Habibi, M. and Ghamari, F., “Improved focusing of a cosh-Gaussian laser beam in quantum plasma: higher order paraxial theory,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 2160–2165, 2015.10.1109/TPS.2015.2440319CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nanda, V., Kant, N., and Wani, M. A., “Sensitiveness of decentered parameter for relativistic self-focusing of Hermite-cosh-Gaussian laser beam in plasma,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 2251–2256, 2013.10.1109/TPS.2013.2268164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figure 0

Figure 1: Variation of the linear ε0 and non-linear componentsε2, ε4 of the dielectric constant, with normalized propagation distance ξ for different Hermite mode indexes. (a) and (d) ε0 and ε2, ε4 at n = 0; (b) and (e) ε0 and ε2, ε4 at n = 1; (c) and (f) ε0 and ε2, ε4 at n = 2. The other parameters are b = 1.3, ωr0/c=100, βE02=0.02, t=0.005×1+0.05×sin60ξ.

Figure 1

Figure 2: Beam width f with normalized propagation distance ξ for different Hermite mode indexes of HshG laser beams, (a) n = 0, (b) n = 1, (c) n = 2. Rest of parameters are considered as b = 1.3, ωr0/c=100, βE02=0.02, t=0.005×1+0.05×sin60ξ.

Figure 2

Figure 3: Variation of beam width f with normalized propagation distance ξ for the decentered parameters b = 0, 0.8 and 1.3, and for (a) (b) n = 0, (c) (d) n = 1, (e) (f) n = 2. The other parameters are taken as ωr0/c=100, βE02=0.02, t=0.005×1+0.05×sin60ξ.

Figure 3

Figure 4: Variation of beam width f with dimensionless propagation distance ξ for different values of normalized light intensity βE02=0.01, 0.1 and 0.2. (a) n = 0, (b) n = 1, (c) n = 2. The other parameters are b = 1.3, ωr0/c=100, t=0.005×1+0.05×sin60ξ.

Figure 4

Figure 5: Variation of the beam width f with normalized propagation distance ξ for different values of plasma density. (a) n = 0, (b) n = 1, (c) n = 2. The other parameters are b = 1.3, ωr0/c=100, βE02=0.02, t=0.005×1+0.05×sin60ξ solid line, t=0.05×1+0.05×sin60ξ dotted line, t=0.1×1+0.05×sin60ξ point line.