Borderline personality disorder is a serious psychiatric illness that affects approximately 1–2% of the adult population during their lifetime, and approximately 20% of psychiatric in-patients. Reference Swartz, Blazer, George and Winfield1,Reference Torgersen, Kringlen and Cramer2 People with the disorder suffer from severe psychosocial dysfunction Reference Skodol, Gunderson, McGlashan, Dyck, Stout, Bender, Grilo, Shea, Zanarini, Morey, Sanislow and Oldham3 and the mortality rate due to suicide can approach 10%. Reference Stone4 Despite the prevalence and clinical significance of borderline personality disorder, its treatment remains understudied. Although a number of smaller studies have shown some benefits of treatment with antipsychotic drugs, Reference Benedetti, Sforzini, Colombo, Maffei and Smeraldi5–Reference Zanarini, Frankenburg and Parachini12 no medication has been approved for the treatment of borderline personality disorder. The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy and safety of variably dosed olanzapine in people with borderline personality disorder in a large double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
Method
This was one of two large, multicentre, concurrent, parallel, double-blind randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials comparing olanzapine with placebo in people with borderline personality disorder (trial registry: NCT00091650). The second study was a placebo-controlled dose comparison study and is presented elsewhere. Reference Zanarini, Schulz, Detke, Tanaka, Zhao, Lin, DeBerdt and Corya13
The present study was conducted at 52 sites in nine countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK and USA). Appropriate ethics review boards approved the study before recruitment. All participants received a thorough explanation of the study protocol and written informed consent was obtained prior to participation in the study.
Study design
The study consisted of a 2–14 day screening period followed by a 12-week double-blind acute treatment period. Participants who completed the 12-week double-blind period were eligible to enter a 12-week open-label extension phase. This report presents results through the 12-week double-blind acute treatment period.
The 12-week duration of the double-blind treatment period of this study was considered sufficient to confirm a sustained difference between treatment groups, surpassing temporary variability in condition. Furthermore, participant drop-out rates in previous studies of borderline personality disorder exceeded 50% after 12 weeks of therapy. Reference Zanarini and Frankenburg11,Reference Frankenburg and Zanarini14,Reference Soloff, Lynch, Kelly, Malone and Mann15 Individuals who met enrolment criteria were randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive treatment with olanzapine (2.5–20 mg/day) or placebo. All participants, study site personnel and investigators were masked to randomisation codes.
For individuals assigned to olanzapine treatment, the starting dosage was 2.5 or 5 mg/day according to the investigator's judgement. After 1 week, the dose could be increased in 2.5 or 5 mg increments up to a maximum of 20 mg/day and could be decreased as needed per the investigator's judgement. To encourage sufficient dosing, beginning at week 4, participants not demonstrating a ≥30% decrease from their baseline total score on the Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (SAN–BPD) Reference Zanarini, Vujanovic, Parachini, Boulanger, Frankenburg and Hennen16 were prescribed dose increases in 2.5–5 mg increments within a range of 5–20 mg/day unless an adverse event precluded an increase in dose. Investigators were not required to calculate the criteria for dose increases. If an individual reached the maximum dose but failed to achieve a ≥30% reduction from baseline on the ZAN–BPD score, that person could remain in the study at the investigator's discretion. In the event that an investigator felt that the person's dose needed to be increased in between clinic visits, the investigator could do so by bringing them into the clinic to conduct an unscheduled visit.
Participants
Eligible participants were male or female out-patients 18–65 years of age who met all of the DSM–IV general diagnostic criteria for a personality disorder and DSM–IV criteria for borderline personality disorder as determined by the Diagnostic Interview for DSM–IV Personality Disorders (DIPD–IV). 17 Participants had to have a ZAN–BPD total score of 9 at the time of randomisation. People were excluded from the study if they had ever met criteria for schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, bipolar I disorder, or delusional disorder as assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Axis I disorders. Reference First, Gibbon, Spitzer and Williams18 Participants could not have a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, bipolar II disorder, or substance dependence within the previous 3 months; could not be actively suicidal; could not have a current diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, or obsessive–compulsive disorder; could not have a body mass index less than 17; and could not meet criteria for a cluster A personality disorder. These restrictive diagnostic criteria were necessary in order to evaluate the effect of olanzapine specifically on borderline personality disorder. Although many of the excluded comorbidities are common among people with borderline personality disorder, inclusion of those comorbidities could obfuscate the results of the study due to potential treatment effects on comorbid symptoms rather than direct effects on borderline personality disorder symptoms.
Concomitant use of benzodiazepines/hypnotics was allowed during the study at a dose of no more than 1 mg lorazepam equivalents/day. Episodic use of anticholinergics was permitted at a dose up to 6 mg/day benzatropine mesilate or biperiden (an antiparkinsonian agent), or up to 12.0 mg/day trihexyphenidyl, to treat extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS); however, the use of anticholinergic medication as prophylaxis for EPS was not allowed. Use of other psychotropic drugs was not permitted and all such medications were discontinued prior to randomisation. Participants could not be on antidepressant, mood stabiliser, or antipsychotic medication within 1 week of randomisation (within 4 weeks for fluoxetine, and within 1 injection interval for depot antipsychotics).
To avoid possible confounds owing to the use of psychotherapy, people entering the study could not begin any type of psychotherapy within 3 months prior to enrolment or during the double-blind study period. Individuals were permitted to enter the study on psychotherapy if they had been receiving psychotherapy for >3 months at the time of enrolment, but they could not change their psyochotherapy regimen during the course of the study.
Assessments
Participants were assessed in the clinic weekly for the first 2 weeks of treatment and every other week thereafter (weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12).
Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder
The primary efficacy variable was the last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF) mean change from baseline to end-point in ZAN–BPD total score. The ZAN–BPD consists of a semi-structured interview with ratings from 0 (no symptoms) to 4 (severe symptoms) on each of nine items corresponding to the nine DSM–IV criteria for borderline personality disorder. Thus, ZAN–BPD total scores can range from 0 to 36.
Secondary efficacy variables included mean baseline to end-point changes on the ZAN–BPD item scores as well as on the following measures.
Symptom Checklist–90–Revised (SCL–90–R)
The SCL–90–R Reference Derogatis, Savitz and Maruish19 is a 90-item, self-administered questionnaire to measure the outcome or status of psychopathology and to quantify current psychopathology along nine symptom constructs: somatisation, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, anger–hostility, phobic–anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. A Global Severity Index (GSI) can be calculated as a total of all (completed) items and the domain constructs may be scored individually. The GSI and dimension scores were analysed.
Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
The GAF 20 is a clinician-rated, 100-point instrument indicating overall psychosocial functioning (psychological symptoms and social and occupational functioning) during a specified period on a continuum from psychological sickness to health. The summary score reflects the level of a individual's overall functioning.
Sheehan Disability Scale
The Sheehan Disability Scale Reference Sheehan, Harnett-Sheehan and Raj21 is a self-rated instrument used to measure the effect of the individual's symptoms on three areas: work/school, social life and family life/home responsibilities. Each area is scored according to how much it was disrupted by symptoms (0=not at all to 10=very severely) and the total score ranged from 0 to 30.
Overt Aggression Scale–Modified (OAS–M)
The OAS–M Reference Coccaro, Harvey, Kupsaw-Lawrence, Herbert and Bernstein22 is a clinician-administered, semi-structured interview designed to assess various manifestations of aggressive behaviour in out-patients. It consists of three separate subscales: aggression, irritability and suicidality scores.
Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
The MADRS Reference Montgomery and Åsberg23,Reference Davidson, Turnbull, Strickland, Miller and Graves24 is a 10-item clinician-rated measure of severity of depressive symptoms.
Response
Additional efficacy measures included rates of response (defined a priori using two criterion levels: 530% and 550% decrease in ZAN–BPD total score from baseline at any time) and time to response.
Safety
Safety was assessed by evaluating between-group differences for treatment-emergent adverse events and changes (mean and/or categorical) in vital signs, electrocardiogram (ECG) findings, laboratory values, or EPS from baseline to end-point or at any time. Electrocardiogram and laboratory measures were performed during the screening period and at the final visit. Extrapyramidal symptom evaluations were performed during the screening period, at weeks 2, 4, and 8, and at the final visit. Laboratory tests included clinical chemistry, electrolytes, lipid profile, prolactin, urinalysis, and hematology panels. These tests were performed at the protocol-specified time points, when clinically indicated, and any time a participant completed the double-blind acute period or discontinued the study. Criteria from the National Cholesterol Education Program 25 guidelines were used for determining treatment-emergent changes in fasting total cholesterol (<5.172 mmol/l at baseline to ≥6.206 mmol/l anytime post-baseline), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (<2.586 mmol/l to ≥4.138 mmol/l), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (≥1.034 mmol/l to <1.034 mmol/l) and triglycerides (<1.694 mmol/l to ≥2.258 mmol/l). Criteria from the American Diabetes Association 26 were used to determine treatment-emergent changes in fasting glucose (<6.994 mmol/l to ≥6.994 mmol/l). Extrapyramidal symptoms were assessed using the Simpson–Angus Scale, Reference Simpson, Yen, Costello, Rosen, Begin, Pistorello and Pearlstein27 the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale, Reference Barnes28 and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Reference Guy29 All adverse events were recorded as actual terms and coded to Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) terms (www.meddramsso.com/MSSOWeb/index.htm). Participant adherence with study medication was assessed at each visit by direct questioning and study drug accountability (pill count).
Telephone calls
During the weeks participants did not visit the clinic (weeks 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11), participants received telephone calls conducted by the principal investigator, sub-investigator or study coordinator. Telephone calls consisted of a brief discussion of the individual's general condition, followed by assessments of concomitant medication usage, study drug adherence, adverse events and nutrition and fitness, all of which were also assessed at the regular clinic visits. If the site personnel who called the participant was not a physician and determined that a dose decrease was necessary, or if the participant reported a serious adverse event, a study physician also called them.
Statistical methods
All participants' data were analysed, as stated in the protocol, on an intent-to-treat basis. Participant's characteristics at baseline, including demographics (gender, age and origin), illness characteristics and baseline scores on efficacy measures, were summarised for both treatment groups. Frequencies were compared using Fisher's exact test. Means were compared by ANOVA with treatment and investigator as the independent factors for the continuous data.
For analysis of change from baseline during the treatment period, people with a baseline and at least 1 post-baseline measurement were included in the analysis. Changes in continuous efficacy data were analysed with analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models, which included terms for the fixed effects of baseline, investigator and treatment. All reported ZAN–BPD, SCL–90–R, MADRS, OAS–M, Sheehan, and GAF mean change scores represent least squares means. Cohen effect size estimates were used when comparing baseline to end-point changes in ZAN–BPD scores between treatment groups. Analysis of visit-wise ZAN–BPD total scores used a mixed-effects model repeated measures (MMRM) method, which included independent factors for baseline, therapy, investigator, visit and therapy visit interaction, and which statistically controls for participant drop out over time. Frequency of treatment response was analysed using Fisher's exact test. Time to response was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier technique with treatment comparisons made using the log-rank test. The LOCF mean changes from baseline to end-point for continuous safety measures were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) models, including terms for the fixed effects of investigator and treatment. Categorical analyses of safety data were analysed using Fisher's exact test.
All tests of hypotheses were tested at a two-sided alpha level of 0.05. We used SAS software version 8.2, using a multiple virtual system on an IBM mainframe computer (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina, USA) to perform all statistical analyses.
Results
A total of 385 participants were screened for eligibility, and 314 participants were randomly assigned to receive olanzapine (n=155) or placebo (n=159). The trial flow diagram is shown in Fig. 1. The mean number of individuals per study site was 6.5 (s.d.=5.0) and ranged from 1 to 26. There were no statistically significant differences in baseline demographic or illness characteristics between the treatment groups (Table 1). Rates of discontinuation from the 12-week acute phase were 48.4% (75/155) for the olanzapine group and 38.4% (61/159) for the placebo group, which were not statistically significantly different. Of those who discontinued, 11.0% (17/155) of people in the olanzapine group and 11.3% (18/159) in the placebo group discontinued due to an adverse event, while 16.1% (25/155) in the olanzapine group and 9.4% (15/159) in the placebo group discontinued due to participant decision. The mean times to discontinuation were 64.5 days (s.d.=35.6) for olanzapine and 67 days (s.d.=28.7) for placebo. Rates of discontinuation from the study by visit varied from 0–12%, with the highest rates occurring at the 4- and 6-week time points in both the olanzapine (12% and 10.4%) and placebo (10.3% and 9.4%) treatment groups
Table 1 Baseline demographic and disorder characteristics
| Characteristic | Olanzapine n=155 | Placebo n=159 | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female, n (%) | 113 (72.9) | 110 (69.2) | 0.534 |
| Age, years: mean (s.d.) | 31.8 (9.5) | 31.8 (9.6) | 0.656 |
| White, n (%) | 136 (87.7) | 137 (86.2) | 0.872 |
| ZAN—BPD total score, mean (s.d.) | 17.0 (5.2) | 17.7 (5.2) | 0.156 |
| SCL—90—R Global Severity Index, mean (s.d.) | 1.66 (0.8) | 1.79 (0.7) | 0.192 |
| MADRS total score, mean (s.d.) | 12.5 (4.9) | 13.2 (4.5) | 0.133 |
| Current GAF, mean (s.d.) | 54.0 (10.1) | 53.5 (10.3) | 0.564 |
| OAS—M Aggression score, mean (s.d.) | 41.2 (57.1) | 51.0 (100.8) | 0.234 |
| OAS—M Irritability score, mean (s.d.) | 5.6 (1.6) | 5.6 (1.8) | 0.561 |
| OAS—M Suicidality score, mean (s.d.) | 1.1 (1.4) | 1.2 (1.2) | 0.412 |
| Sheehan Disability Scale total, mean (s.d.) | 19 (6.0) | 20.0 (6.4) | 0.153 |
| History of major depressive disorder, n (%) | 58 (37.9) | 5 (35.3) | 0.639 |
| Unemployed owing to study disease, n (%) | 33 (21.3) | 44 (27.7) | NA |
Fig. 1 Patient disposition flow chart, double-blind and open-label extension study periods, all entered patients.
The mean modal dose of olanzapine during the double-blind period was 7.09 mg/day (s.d.=5.11). The most common doses of olanzapine were 2.5 mg/day (n=30, 19.7%), 5.0 mg/day (n=31, 20.4%), 7.5 mg/day (n=28, 18.4%), and 10 mg/day (n=20, 13.2%). Of the 48 participants in the olanzapine group who did not meet the response criteria of ≥30% decrease from baseline ZAN–BPD total score at week 4, 36 (75%) were prescribed a dose increase (31 (64.6%) increased by 2.5 mg/day, 5 (10.4%) increased by 5 mg/day). At the 6-, 8-, and 10-week time points, the percentages of participants meeting criteria for a dose increase who were prescribed a dose increase were 70.8%, 64.0% and 50% respectively.
The incidence of benzodiazepine use did not differ significantly between treatment groups (olanzapine 23.2% v. placebo 27.7%), nor did the mean days of benzodiazepine use (olanzapine 25.8 days v. placebo 36.4 days; P=0.077), nor the mean daily dose of benzodiazepines (olanzapine 1.95 mg v. placebo 1.55 mg; P=0.337). Only 14 participants were receiving psychotherapy during the study (11 olanzapine v. 3 placebo).
Efficacy
Primary outcome measure
Mean ZAN–BPD total scores decreased significantly from baseline to end-point in both olanzapine (–6.56, P<0.001) and placebo (–6.25, P<0.001) treatment groups; however, no significant difference was observed between the treatment groups (P=0.661; effect size 0.03; 95% CI −0.20 to −0.25).
Secondary outcome measures
In the visit-wise MMRM analysis of ZAN–BPD total scores, statistically significant separation between treatment groups was observed at the 6- and 8-week time points (Fig. 2). A greater proportion of individuals treated with olanzapine met the ≥50% reduction in ZAN–BPD criterion for response relative to placebo, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (64.7% v. 53.5%, P=0.062). When response was defined as a ≥30% reduction at any time, response rates were 82.7% for participants taking olanzapine and 74.2% for participants taking placebo (P=0.095). Time to reach the ≥50% response criterion was statistically significantly shorter for people treated with olanzapine relative to placebo (P=0.022). Mean baseline to end-point decreases in SCL–90–R GSI scores did not differ significantly between treatment groups (olanzapine −0.60, placebo −0.56; P=0.192).
Further analyses of individual items and sub-scales (not corrected for multiple comparisons) identified significantly greater mean (s.e. (95% CI)) baseline to end-point decreases in the Intense Anger item score of the ZAN–BPD for participants taking olanzapine v. placebo (–0.9, s.e.=0.09 (95% CI −1.08 to −0.73) v. −0.7, s.e.=0.09 (95% CI −0.82 to −0.47), P=0.032), whereas decreases on the suicidal/self-mutilating behaviour item score were significantly greater for individuals taking placebo v. olanzapine (–0.6, s.e.=0.08 (95% CI −0.71 to −0.39) v. −0.3, s.e.=0.08 (95% CI −0.46 to −0.14); P=0.023). Mean LOCF improvements from baseline to end-point were statistically significantly greater for olanzapine-relative to placebo-treated individuals on OAS–M irritability (–2.06, s.e.=0.18 (95% CI −2.41 to −1.71) v. −1.51, s.e.=0.17 (95% CI −1.85 to −1.17), P=0.019), Sheehan family life (–2.05, s.e.=0.24 (95% CI −2.53 to −1.58) v. −1.39, s.e.=0.23 (95% CI −1.85 to −1.93), P=0.038), and SCL–90–R Hostility (–0.98, s.e.=0.08 (95% CI (–1.15 to −0.82) v. −0.72, s.e.=0.08 (95% CI −0.88 to −0.56), P=0.019) scores. Mean reductions from baseline to LOCF end point in MADRS total score were not significantly different between treatment groups (least squares mean change: −0.11 olanzapine, −0.26 placebo, P=0.859).
Fig. 2 Mean visit-wise changes in Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN–BPD) total scores (mixed-effects model repeated measures), and mean baseline to end-point change in ZAN–BPD total score, last observation carried forward (LOCF). a. Type III sum of squares (ANOVA): model = baseline, investigator, therapy; P=0.661. *P<0.05; **P–0.01; P=0.08.
Safety
Adverse events
Treatment-emergent adverse events were defined as those that first appeared or worsened during double-blind therapy. Among treatment-emergent adverse events reported with a frequency ≥5% of either group: somnolence, sedation, increased appetite and weight increase were reported significantly more frequently by people taking olanzapine compared with those treated with placebo (Table 2). During the double-blind study period a total of 15 individuals experienced serious adverse events: six people treated with olanzapine (four reports of suicidal ideation, one report each of aggression, agitation, alcoholism, drug misuse, impulsive behaviour, self-mutilation and self-injurious ideation) and nine people treated with placebo (four reports of suicidal ideation, two reports each of aggression, anxiety, exacerbation of borderline personality disorder symptoms and one report each of depressed mood, fatigue and weight decrease). No deaths occurred during the study.
Table 2 Treatment-emergent adverse events reported with a frequency ≥ 5% in either group
| Treatment-emergent adverse event | Olanzapine (n=155), n (%) | Placebo (n=159), n (%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Participants with ≥ 1 treatment-emergent adverse event | 102 (65.8) | 90 (56.6) | 0.106 |
| Headache | 23 (14.8) | 18 (11.3) | 0.404 |
| Appetite increased | 27 (17.4) | 12 (7.5) | 0.010 |
| Weight increased | 27 (17.4) | 4 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Fatigue | 16 (10.3) | 12 (7.5) | 0.432 |
| Somnolence | 20 (12.9) | 7 (4.4) | 0.008 |
| Sedation | 18 (11.6) | 2 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Nausea | 7 (4.5) | 12 (7.5) | 0.345 |
| Dry mouth | 11 (7.1) | 6 (3.8) | 0.220 |
| Anxiety | 7 (4.5) | 8 (5.0) | 1.00 |
| Insomnia | 4 (2.6) | 10 (6.3) | 0.170 |
| Suicidal ideation | 9 (5.8) | 4 (2.5) | 0.166 |
Weight and vital signs
Participants in the olanzapine treatment group experienced significantly greater weight gain; mean baseline to end-point change in weight was 2.86 kg (s.d.=3.02) for the olanzapine group and −0.35 kg (s.d.=2.68) for the placebo group (P<0.001). The incidence of treatment-emergent weight gain ≥7% of baseline was significantly higher for individuals treated with olanzapine relative to those treated with placebo (34.2% (51/149) v. 2.6% (4/155), P<0.001). No significant group differences were observed for blood pressure or pulse.
Metabolic parameters
Participants treated with olanzapine experienced significantly greater mean increases from baseline to end-point in fasting total cholesterol (0.17 mmol/l (s.d.=0.74) v. −0.08 mmol/l (s.d.=0.60); P=0.003) and fasting LDL cholesterol (0.13 mmol/l (s.d.=0.65) v. −0.08 mmol/l (s.d.=0.55); P=0.007) relative to placebo. Using American Diabetic Association and National Cholesterol Education Program criteria for glucose and lipid parameters respectively, there were no significant differences between treatment groups in the incidence of treatment-emergent abnormal fasting glucose or lipids at any time during treatment.
Prolactin and other laboratory values
Participants taking olanzapine experienced significantly greater mean elevations from baseline to end-point in prolactin compared with those taking placebo (7.75 g/l (s.d.=27.96) v. 0.65 g/l (s.d.=14.82); P=0.006). The incidence of treatment-emergent abnormal high levels of prolactin at end-point was statistically significantly higher for individuals treated with olanzapine relative to those treated with placebo (27.5% (30/109) v. 12.1% (14/116), P=0.004). Those taking olanzapine also experienced statistically significantly greater mean elevations from baseline to end-point in hepatic enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST) (2.32 u/l (s.d.=9.12) v. −1.07 u/l (s.d.=6.91); P=0.001) and alanine transaminase (ALT) (5.33 u/l (s.d.=21.14) v. −1.94 u/l (s.d.=11.95); P=0.001) relative to those treated with placebo. The incidence of treatment-emergent abnormal high levels of hepatic enzymes did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Statistically significant differences between the olanzapine and placebo treatment groups were observed for mean baseline to end-point changes in total bilirubin (–0.87 mol/l (s.d.=3.69) v. 0.11 mol/l (s.d.=3.06); P=0.013) and direct bilirubin (–0.27 mol/l (s.d.=0.94) v. 0.03 mol/l (s.d.=0.74); P=0.005).
Electrocardiogram
There were no significant differences between treatment groups on any of the ECG measures, and no significant differences were observed between treatment groups in the analysis of potentially clinically significant changes in ECG. In an analysis of potentially clinically significant change in QTc intervals using additional criteria, there were no significant differences between treatment groups.
Extrapyramidal symptoms
No significant differences were observed between treatment groups with respect to EPS as assessed by mean changes from baseline to end-point in scores on the AIMS, Simpson–Angus, or Barnes Akathisia Rating scales.
Discussion
This study represents one of two large, placebo-controlled trials of olanzapine in the treatment of borderline personality disorders and, as such, breaks new ground in pharmacotherapy research with regard to dosing and assessment strategies in a controlled trial, inclusion/exclusion criteria for this heterogeneous disorder and the psychosocial aspects of individuals' experience during the study.
In this randomised, controlled trial of borderline personality disorder, participants improved significantly over the 12 weeks of study; however, the olanzapine- and placebo-treated groups were not significantly different in the main assessment of efficacy – symptom reduction on the ZAN–BPD. Baseline scores were indicative of moderate symptom severity and were consistent with those of an out-patient population. After 12 weeks of treatment, mean scores in both treatment groups were indicative of mild symptom severity. Interestingly, there was a nearly statistically significant difference between olanzapine and placebo in the number of people who were considered responders (≥50% decrease from baseline ZAN–BPD total score) (P=0.06) and a significant separation in the time of response (P=0.02), with the olanzapine group achieving response more quickly.
As the lack of significant separation between treatment groups on the ZAN–BPD, SCL–90–R GSI, and OAS–M scores differs from the results of previous studies, Reference Bogenschutz and George6,Reference Soler, Pascual, Campins, Barrachina, Puigdemont, Alvarez and Perez10–Reference Zanarini, Frankenburg and Parachini12,Reference Schulz, Camlin, Berry and Jesberger30 this difference deserves exploration. It should also be noted that the present results differ from those of a large placebo-controlled olanzapine dose comparison study that was conducted simultaneously. Reference Zanarini, Schulz, Detke, Tanaka, Zhao, Lin, DeBerdt and Corya13 Possible causes for a lack of advantage of olanzapine compared with placebo in the present study may have been secondary to participant sample, underdosing or response of individuals to the support of the investigative team. Furthermore, large trials in psychiatry are not always in agreement Reference Khan, Kolts, Rapaport, Krishnan, Brodhead and Browns31,Reference Walsh, Seidman, Sysko and Gould32 and there have been previous studies in borderline personality disorder in which active medication was not statistically superior to placebo. Reference Simpson, Yen, Costello, Rosen, Begin, Pistorello and Pearlstein27
Characteristics of the participant sample may have led to a lack of difference between individuals assigned to olanzapine v. placebo. However, examination of response between men and women did not reveal any differences, and there were similar proportions of men and women in each group. Subgroup analyses were also conducted to assess for possible interaction between outcome and age (by comparing people above or below the age of 26) or origin. Neither of these subgroup analyses were statistically significant.
One hypothesis regarding the lack of differences between treatment groups in the present study is that participants were not titrated to a high enough dose of olanzapine. Because this study was not designed as a dose comparison study, it is not possible to draw conclusions here regarding the relationship between dose and efficacy. However, it should be noted that 50% of the participants received 5 mg/day or less as their most common daily dose (20.4% received 5 mg, 19.7% received 2.5 mg, and 9.9% received 0 mg as their most frequent dose). It should also be noted that these doses represent the dose taken and not necessarily the dose prescribed. Thus, the finding that 9.9% of individuals reported taking 0 mg as their most frequent dose indicates that, although those participants received olanzapine at times during the study, a considerable portion of the time was spent without the drug. This suggests that despite the attempt to ensure adequate dosing via the forced titration scheme, underdosing cannot be ruled out as a possible explanation for the current findings. Future study designs for this population might do well to incorporate a more rigorous treatment response criterion (e.g. 50% response) and/or an earlier time point for implementing upward dose titration. In the present study, a majority of participants had already achieved the ≥30% response criterion by the 4-week time point at which assessments for upward dose titration were required. An analysis of the pattern of dose titrations revealed that although the majority of people for whom titration was indicated were prescribed a dose increase, the increases were modest (most commonly 2.5 mg). Furthermore, the proportions of individuals who met criteria for a dose increase, but were not prescribed a higher dose, increased as the trial progressed. These findings suggest that clinical investigators may have been cautious about increasing the dose of olanzapine to a level that is necessary for an adequate trial. Another consideration for future study designs would be to mask participants to dose changes. Although participants were not aware of their treatment assignment, they were responsible for taking the prescribed number of tablets from their dose packs to achieve the correct dose.
As for the finding that both treatment groups showed significant symptom reduction, one influential factor may have been the structure and attention the participants received in this 12-week trial. Other studies involving people with borderline personality disorder have also reported significant decreases in functional scores for both the medication and placebo groups, Reference Goldberg, Schulz, Schulz, Resnick, Hamer and Friedel33 and in a small, placebo-controlled, pilot study, Schulz et al (details available from the author) reported that both risperidone- and placebo-treated participants had significant reductions in symptom scores. Nevertheless, equivalent symptom reductions in groups are not always seen in medication studies when increased attention is given to people with borderline personality disorder during a trial. For instance, Soler et al have shown an advantage for olanzapine compared with placebo in a trial in which all individuals also received dialectical behaviour therapy. Reference Soler, Pascual, Campins, Barrachina, Puigdemont, Alvarez and Perez10
In the present study, the overall safety findings with respect to treatment-emergent adverse events, weight gain, laboratory values and metabolic parameters were consistent with those of previous studies of olanzapine in adult populations. Reference Tohen, Sanger, McElroy, Tollefson, Chengappa, Daniel, Petty, Centorrino, Wang, Grundy, Greaney, Jacobs, David and Toma34,Reference Tohen, Jacobs, Grundy, Banov, McElroy, Janicak, Sanger, Risser, Zhang, Toma, Francis, Tollefson and Breier35 The most notable findings were the higher incidence of clinically significant weight gain and treatment-emergent elevated prolactin in the olanzapine group relative to the placebo group. Also noteworthy was the absence of significant treatment-emergent EPS. Suicidal ideation, which is commonly observed in those with borderline personality disorder, Reference Stone4 was reported in both olanzapine and placebo groups; however, no deaths occurred during the study.
In addition to the studies of atypical antipsychotics mentioned previously, numerous medications representing different classes of compounds have been evaluated for efficacy in the treatment of people with borderline personality disorder. Some studies Reference Goldberg, Schulz, Schulz, Resnick, Hamer and Friedel33,Reference Soloff, George, Nathan, Schulz, Ulrich and Perel36 but not others, Reference Cowdry and Gardner37 have shown an advantage of traditional antipsychotic medications over placebo. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant drugs have also shown effectiveness in case series Reference Cornelius, Soloff, Perel and Ulrich38,Reference Markovitz, Calabrese, Schulz and Meltzer39 and double-blind trials. Reference Coccaro and Kavoussi40,Reference Salzman, Wolfson, Schatzberg, Looper, Henke, Albanese, Schwartz and Miyawaki41 Similarly, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, venlafaxine, has been reported to be superior to placebo in this population. Reference Markovitz and Wagner42 Mood-stabilising anticonvulsants have also been shown to be useful Reference Frankenburg and Zanarini14,Reference Hollander, Tracy, Swann, Coccaro, McElroy, Wozniak, Sommerville and Nemeroff43 in controlled trials. Interestingly, not all classes of compounds have demonstrated benefit, as tricyclic antidepressants appear to increase agitation in borderline personality disorder Reference Soloff, George, Nathan, Schulz, Ulrich and Perel36 and alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, can be followed by disinhibition. Reference Cowdry and Gardner37
In conclusion, our paper describes one of two concurrently conducted trials of olanzapine v. placebo conducted at multiple, international sites. In this study, which tested a variable dosing strategy, olanzapine was not statistically different from placebo on the primary efficacy measure; however, participants who received olanzapine achieved clinical response more quickly than did those on placebo. Although the results of the study were not positive on the primary measure, the study demonstrates the feasibility of large, multicentre investigations in this largely ignored population. Furthermore, this rich data-set may provide additional information regarding disease characteristics and treatment outcomes.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the F1D-MC-HGKL Study Group investigators for their significant contributions to site management and data collection. The authors also thank Dr Ludmilla Kryzhanovskaya for medical review, and Cheryl R. Brown and the F1D-MC-HGKL clinical operations team for project management. This work was sponsored by Eli Lilly and Company. Trial Registry: NCT00091650, http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/.
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