Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 April 2011
1 For such an empirical review see for instance: Freund, Caroline and Emanuel Ornelas (2010), ‘Regional Trade Agreements’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5314 and forthcoming in the Annual Review of Economics.
2 In a negative-list schedule, everything is liberalized, unless otherwise indicated through lists of reservations. In contrast, under a positive-list modality, liberalization obligations only apply to the sectors listed, which themselves are subject to the limitations or conditions inscribed.
3 Other instruments that are less direct include the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM).