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The Belt and Road Initiative Agreements: Characteristics, Rationale, and Challenges

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2021

Heng Wang Open the ORCID record for Heng Wang [Opens in a new window]
Heng Wang*
Affiliation:
Professor and Co-Director of Herbert Smith Freehills China International Business and Economic Law (CIBEL) Centre, Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Sydney
*
Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has brought with it an unprecedented number of agreements. BRI agreements consist of primary agreements (particularly MOUs) and secondary agreements (like performance agreements). They are a distinct, landmark feature of the BRI. Focusing on primary agreements and their close link with secondary agreements, this paper explores the following questions: What are the legal status and characteristics of primary agreements? Why are they adopted by China? What challenges do they face? BRI primary agreements can be regarded as a form of soft law, but that repurposes soft law characteristics for project development rather than rule development. BRI primary agreements have the following unique characteristics: (i) minimal legalization, (ii) a coordinated, project-based nature, and (iii) a hub-and-spoke network structure. While BRI primary agreements benefit from the advantages of soft law (e.g., reduced contracting costs, flexibility), they face challenges including those concerning underlying interests and their effectiveness.

Keywords

BRI agreementssoft lawBelt and Road Initiative (BRI)legalizationnetworkchallenges
Type
Original Article
Information
World Trade Review , Volume 20 , Issue 3 , July 2021 , pp. 282 - 305
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

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199 Kuik, Cheng-Chwee (2020) ‘Connectivity and Gaps: The Bridging Links and Missed Links of China's BRI in Southeast Asia’, in Carrai, M. A. et al. (eds.), The Belt and Road Initiative and Global Governance. Edward Elgar Publishing, 90Google Scholar.

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201 A. Di Robilant (2006) ‘Genealogies of Soft Law’, The American Journal of Comparative Law 54: 499, 508.

202 Brummer, ‘Why Soft Law Dominates International Finance’, 634.

203 Hamzah, ‘Legal Issues and Implications of the BRI’, 23, 24.

204 See, e.g., Xiong and Tomasic, ‘Soft Law, State-Owned Enterprises and Dispute Resolution on PRC's Belt and Road’, 1028 (‘very sparse’ information concerning the financing of BRI projects).

205 See, e.g., D. Dollar (2019) ‘Understanding China's Belt and Road Infrastructure Projects in Africa’, Global China, 2 September.

206 Abbott et al., ‘The Concept of Legalization’, 413.

207 Brummer, ‘Why Soft Law Dominates International Finance’, 630, 642.

208 Krisch, ‘International Law in Times of Hegemony’, 379.

209 Hamzah, ‘Legal Issues and Implications of the BRI’, 23, 24.

210 Petersmann, ‘International Settlement of Trade and Investment Disputes Over Chinese “Silk Road Projects” Inside the European Union’, 53, 54, 65.

211 Meyer, T. (2012) ‘Towards a Communicative Theory of International Law’, Melbourne Journal of International Law 13: 921, 936Google Scholar.

212 Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Major Issues Pertaining to Comprehensively Promoting the Rule of Law, Part 7.7 (2014); Chatham House (2017), China and the Future of the International Legal Order, www.chathamhouse.org/file/china-and-future-international-legal-order.

213 Wang, Heng (2020) ‘Selective Reshaping: China's Paradigm Shift in International Economic Governance’, Journal of International Economic Law 23: 583–606CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

214 For instance, it is observed that 35.1% of China's construction projects under the BRI adopt Chinese standards, higher than the proportion of other standards. Ying Qin et al., The Application of China's Construction Standards Along the Belt and Road Initiative, www.cecs.org.cn/xsyj/zdkt/10424.html.

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