Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T23:03:28.916Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Zinc metabolism with special reference to its role in immunity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

M.T. Kidd
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
P.R. Ferket
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
M.A. Qureshi
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
Get access

Abstract

A major goal of many poultry producers is to attain good flock liveability. Historically, most poultry producers have manipulated environmental conditions and management to maximize bird health. In the past two decades there has been much research into nutritional regimes that improve bird health through immunomodulation. Commercial poultry environments contain ubiquitous micro-organisms that continuously challenge the immune system. Nutritional supplements that enhance immune system function may improve flock performance and be economically advantageous. This paper reviews the literature on zinc-methionine and the avian cellular immune system. Current knowledge of the effects of zinc on many animal models is reviewed and a hypothetical mechanism for the action of zinc-methionine on this system is discussed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Association of Feed Control Officials (1990) Feed ingredient definitions. In: Official Publication of American Feed Control Officials Inc. pp.123215Google Scholar
Baker, D.H. and Halpin, K.M. (1988) Zinc antagonizing effect of fish meal, wheat bran, and a corn-soybean meal mixture when added to a phytate- and fiber-free casein dextrose diet. Nutrition Research 8: 213218CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bannister, J., Bannister, W. and Wood, E. (1971) Bovine erythrocyte cupro-zinc protein. European Journal of Biochemistry 18: 178186CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beach, R.S., Gershwin, M.E. and Hurley, L.S. (1982) Reversibility of developmental retardation following murine fetal zinc deprivation. Journal of Nutrition 112: 11691181CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beisel, W.R. (1967) Neutrophile alkaline phosphatase changes in tularemia, sandfly fever, Q fever, and noninfectious fevers. Blood 29: 257268CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beisel, W.R. (1982) The role of zinc in neutrophil function. In: Clinical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Aspects of Trace Elements (Ed. Prasad, A.S.), Alan R. Liss Inc, New York, pp.203210Google Scholar
Bergqvist, U., Samuelsson, G. and Uvnas, B. (1971) Chemical composition of basophil granules from isolated rat mast cells. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 83: 362372CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, E.J. and Curtis, M.J. (1973) The effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin and ACTH on the plasma zinc concentration in the domestic fowl. Research in Veterinary Science 15: 363367CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chandra, R.K. and Puri, S. (1985) Trace element modulation of immune responses and susceptibility to infection. In: Trace Elements in Nutrition of Children, Vevey/Raven Press, New York, pp.87105Google Scholar
Chesters, J.K. (1992) Trace element-gene interactions. Nutrition Reviews 50: 217223CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chvapil, M. (1976) Effect of zinc on cells and biomembranes. Medical Clinics of North America 60: 799CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chvapil, M., Stankova, L., Zukoski, C. IV and Zukoski, C. III (1977) Inhibition of some functions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by in vitro zinc. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 89: 135146Google ScholarPubMed
Cook-Mills, J.M. and Fraker, P.J. (1993) The role of metals in the production of toxic oxygen metabolites by mononuclear phagocytes. In: Nutrient Modulation of the Immune Response (Ed. Cunningham-Rundles, S.), Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, pp.127140Google Scholar
Corrier, D.E. and Deloach, J.R. (1990) Evaluation of cell-mediated, cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity in young chickens by an interdigital skin test. Poultry Science 69: 403408CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cousins, R.J. (1985) Absorption, transport and hepatic metabolism of copper and zinc: Special reference to metallothionine and ceruloplasmin. Physiological Reviews 65: 238309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cunningham-Rundles, S. and Cunningham-Rundles, W.F. (1988) Zinc modulation of immune response. In: Nutrition and Immunology (Ed. Chandra, R.K.), Alan R. Liss Inc, New York, pp.197214Google Scholar
Dardenne, M. and Bach, J.M. (1993) Rationale for the mechanism of zinc interaction in the immune system. In: Nutrient Modulation of the Immune Response (Ed. Cunningham-Rundles, S.), Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, pp.501509Google Scholar
Dardenne, M., Pleau, J.M., Nabarra, B., Lefancier, P., Derrien, M., Choay, J. and Bach, J.F. (1982) Contribution of zinc and other metals to the biological activity of serum thymic factor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 79: 53705373CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dardenne, M., Savino, W., Wade, S., Kaiserlian, D., Lemmonier, D. and Bach, J.F. (1984) In vivo and in vitro studies of thymulin in marginally zinc deficient mice. European Journal of Immunology 14: 454458CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dietert, R.R., Golemboski, K.A., Bloom, S.E. and Qureshi, M.A. (1990) The avian macrophage in cellular immunity. In: Avian Cellular Immunity (Ed. Sharma, J.M.), CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, Florida, pp.7195Google Scholar
Duncan, J.R. and Hurley, L.S. (1978) Thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase activity in normal and zinc-deficient developing rat embryos. Proceedings of Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 159: 3943CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, G., Madvhavan, N., Kazunori, O., Tanaka, T., Floyd, R. and Good, R.A. (1979) Impairment of cell-mediated immunity functions by dietary zinc deficiency in mice. Proceedings of New York Academy of Sciences 76: 457461CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, M.P., Gershwin, M.E., Keen, C.L. and Hurley, L. (1988) Trace element deficiencies and immune responsiveness in humans and animal models. In: Nutrition and Immunology (Ed. Chandra, R.K.), Alan R. Liss Inc, New York, pp.215239Google Scholar
Flinchum, J.D., Nockels, C.F. and Moreng, R.E. (1989) Aged hens fed zinc-methionine had chicks with improved performance. Poultry Science 68(Suppl. 1): 55Google Scholar
Fraker, P.J., Haas, S.M. and Luecke, R.W. (1977) Effect of zinc deficiency on the immune response of the young adult A/J mouse. Journal of Nutrition 107: 18891895CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatlin, D.M. and Wilson, R.P. (1983) Dietary zinc requirement of fingerling channel catfish. Journal of Nutrition 113: 630635CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gatlin, D.M. and Wilson, R.P. (1984) Zinc supplementation of practical channel catfish diets. Aquaculture 41: 3136CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giroux, E.L. (1975) Determination of zinc distribution between albumin and α2-macroglobulin in human serum. Biochemical Medicine 12: 258261CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Good, R.A., Fernandes, G., Garofalo, J.A., Cunningham-Rundles, C., Iwata, T. and West, A. (1982) Zinc and Immunity. In: Clinical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Aspects of Trace Elements (Ed. Prasad, A.S.), Alan R. Liss Inc, New York, pp.189202Google Scholar
Greene, L.W., Lunt, D.K., Byers, F.M., Chirase, N.K., Richmond, C.E., Knutson, R.E. and Schelling, G.T. (1988) Performance and carcass quality of steers supplemented with zinc oxide or zinc methionine. Journal of Animal Science 66: 18181823CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greger, J.L. and Mulvaney, J. (1985) Absorption and tissue distribution of zinc, iron, and copper by rats fed diets containing lactalbumin, soy, and supplemental sulfur-containing amino acids. Journal of Nutrition 115: 200210CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hempe, J.M. and Cousins, R.J. (1989) Effects of EDTA and zinc-methionine complex on zinc absorption by rat intestine. Journal of Nutrition 119: 11791187CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, C.H. (1989) Effect of Salmonella gallinarum infection on zinc metabolism in chicks. Poultry Science 68: 297305CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, D.A., Peo, E.R. Jr., Lewis, A.J. and Crenshaw, J.D. (1986) Zinc-amino acid complexes for swine. Journal of Animal Science 63: 121130CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, D.A., Peo, E.R. Jr. and Lewis, A.J. (1987) Effect of zinc source and picolinic acid on 65zinc uptake and in vitro continuous flow perfusion system for pig and poultry intestinal segments. Journal of Nutrition 117: 17041707CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kagi, J.H.B., Himmeloch, S.R., Whanger, D.D., Bethune, J.L. and Vallee, B.L. (1974) Equine hepatic and renal metallothionines. Journal of Biological Chemistry 249: 35373542CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karl, L., Chavapil, M. and Zukoski, C.F. (1973) Effect of zinc on the viability and phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages. Proceedings of Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 142: 11231127CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keilin, D. and Mann, T. (1940) Carbonic anhydrase. Purification of the enzyme. Biochemical Journal 34: 11631176CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kidd, M.T., Anthony, N.B. and Lee, S.R. (1992a) Progeny performance when dams and chicks are fed supplemental zinc. Poultry Science 71: 12011206CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kidd, M.T., Ferket, P.R. and Qureshi, M.A. (1992b) Effect of zinc-methionine and manganese methionine on the performance and immune response of young turkeys. Poultry Science 71(Suppl. 1): 160Google Scholar
Kidd, M.T., Anthony, N.B., Newberry, L.A. and Lee, S.R. (1993) Progeny performance when dams and chicks are fed supplemental zinc. Poultry Science 72: 14921499CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidd, M.T., Qureshi, M.A., Ferket, P.R. and Thomas, L.N. (1994a) Blood clearance of Escherichia coli and evaluation of mononuclear-phagocytic system as influenced by supplemental dietary zinc-methionine in young turkeys. Poultry Science 73: 13811389CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kidd, M.T., Qureshi, M.A., Ferket, P.R. and Thomas, L.N. (1994b) Dietary zinc-methionine enhances mononuclear-phagocytic function in young turkeys. Biological Trace Element Research 42: 217229CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klasing, K.C. (1984) Effect of inflammatory agents and interleukin 1 on iron and zinc metabolism. American Journal of Physiology 247: R901R904Google ScholarPubMed
Klug, A. and Rhodes, D. (1987) ‘Zinc fingers’: a novel protein motif for nucleic acid recognition. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 12: 464469CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leucke, R.W., Simonol, C.E. and Fraker, P.J. (1978) The effect of restricted dietary intake on the antibody mediated response of the zinc deficient A/J mouse. Journal of Nutrition 108: 881887CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohuis, J.A.C.M., Van Leeuwen, W., Verheijden, J.H.M., Smit, J.A.H., Brand, A. and Van Miert, A.S.J.P.A.M. (1988) Growth of Escherichia coli in whole and skim milk from endotoxin-induced mastitis quarters: in vitro effects of deferoxamine, zinc, and iron supplementation. Journal of Dairy Science 71: 27722781CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovell, T. (1994) Chelated zinc reduces the zinc requirement of channel catfish. Aquaculture Magazine March/April 6668Google Scholar
Marone, G., Findlay, S.R. and Lichtenstein, L.M. (1981) Modulation of histamine release from human basophils in vitro by physiological concentrations of zinc. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 217: 292298Google ScholarPubMed
Marone, G., Columbo, M., De Paulis, A., Cirillo, R., Giugliano, R. and Concorelli, M. (1986) Physiological concentrations of zinc inhibit the release of histamine from human basophils and lung mast cells. Agents and Actions 18: 103106CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCorckle, F. Jr., Olah, I. and Glick, B. (1980) The morphology of the phytohemagglutinin-induced cell response in the chicken's wattle. Poultry Science 59: 616623CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, J., McLachlan, A.D. and Klug, A. (1985) Repetitive zinc-binding domains in the protein transcription factor IIIA from Xenopus oocytes. European Molecular Biology Organization 4: 16091614CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Research Council (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th edn, National Academy Press, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
O'dell, B.L. (1992) Zinc plays both structural and catalytic roles in metalloproteins. Nutrition Reviews 50: 4850CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Dell, B.L. and Savage, J.E. (1960) Effect of phytic acid on zinc availability. Proceedings of Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 103: 304306CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Dell, B.L., Yohe, J.M. and Savage, J.E. (1964) Zinc availability in chicks as affected by phytate, calcium, and ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Poultry Science 43: 415419CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pekarek, R.S., Hoagland, A.M. and Powanda, M.C. (1977) Humoral and cellular immune responses in zinc deficient rats. Nutrition Reports International 16: 267276Google Scholar
Pierard, G.E., Pierard-Franchimont, C., Le, T., Lorand, T. and Lapiere, C.M. (1982) A comparative study between interdermal test with phytohemagglutinin and delayed hypersensitivity reactions elicited by tuberculin. Archives of Dermatological Research 274: 313320CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pimentel, J.L., Cook, M.E. and Greger, J.L. (1991a) Research Note: Bioavailability of zinc methionine for chicks. Poultry Science 70: 16371639CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pimentel, J.L., Cook, M.E. and Greger, J.L. (1991b) Immune responses of chicks fed various levels of zinc. Poultry Science 70: 947954CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prasad, A.S. (1982) Zinc deficiency in human subjects. In: Clinical, Biochemical, and Nutritional Aspects of Trace Elements (Ed. Prasad, A.S.), Alan R. Liss Inc, New York, pp.362Google Scholar
Prasad, A.S. (1985) Clinical, endocrinological and biochemical effects of zinc deficiency. Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 14: 567589CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prasad, A.S. (1993) Acquired zinc deficiency and immune dysfunction in sickle cell anemia. In: Nutrient Modulation of the Immune Response (Ed. Cunningham-Rundles, S.), Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, pp.393410Google Scholar
Sigel, H. (1983) Categories of zinc metalloenzymes. In: Metal Ions in Biological Systems, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, pp.147Google Scholar
Sobocinski, P.Z., Canterbury, W.J. Jr. and Powanda, M.C. (1977) Differential effect of parenteral zinc on the course of various bacterial infections. Proceedings of Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 156: 334339CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spears, J.W. (1989) Zinc methionine for ruminants: Relative bioavailability of zinc in lambs and effects of growth and performance of growing heifers. Journal of Animal Science 67: 835843CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Srinivas, U., Braconier, J.H., Heppsson, B. and Hansson, L. (1989) Influence of zinc deficiency and malnutrition on organ uptake of Escherichia coli during gram-negative sepsis in the rat. Nutrition Research 9: 455463CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suso, F.A. and Edwards, H.M. (1971) Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and 65zinc binding by intestinal digesta, intestinal mucosa, and blood plasma. Proceedings of Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 138: 157162CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tennican, P.O., Carl, G.Z. and Chvapil, M. (1979) Diverse effects of topical and systemic zinc on the virulence of herpes simplex genitalis (HSV-2). Life Science 24: 18771884CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tizard, I. (1992a) Destruction of foreign material – the myeloid system. In: Immunology: An Introduction, 3rd edition, Saunders College Publishing, New York, pp.2637Google Scholar
Tizard, I. (1992b) The mononuclear-phagocytic system and processing of antigen. In: Immunology: An Introduction, 3rd edition, Saunders College Publishing, New York, pp.3854Google Scholar
Tizard, I. (1992c) Lymphocytes. In: Immunology: An Introduction, 3rd edition, Saunders College Publishing, New York, pp.93111Google Scholar
Tizard, I. (1992d) Lymphokines and cytokines. In: Immunology: An Introduction, 3rd edition, Saunders College Publishing, New York, pp. 129144Google Scholar
Tufft, L.S., Nockels, C.F. and Fettman, M.J. (1988) Effects of Escherichia coli on iron, copper, and zinc metabolism in chicks. Avian Diseases 32: 779786CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vallee, B.L. and Auld, D.S. (1990) Active-site zinc ligands and activated H2O of zinc enzymes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 87: 220224CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vallee, B.L. and Galdes, A. (1984) The metallobiochemistry of zinc enzymes. In: Advances in Enzymology (Ed. Meister, A.), John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp.283429Google Scholar
Voet, D. and Voet, J.G. (1990) Eukaryotic gene expression. In: Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp.10321085Google Scholar
Vruwink, K.G., Keen, C.L., Gershwin, M.E., Mareschi, J.P. and Hurley, L.S. (1993) The effect of experimental zinc deficiency on development of the immune system. In: Nutrient Modulation of the Immune Response (Ed. Cunningham-Rundles, S.), Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, pp.263279Google Scholar
Wedekind, K.J., Hortin, A.E. and Baker, D.H. (1992) Methodology for assessing zinc bioavailability: efficacy estimates for zinc-methionine, zinc sulfate, and zinc oxide. Journal of Animal Science 70: 178187CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinberg, E.D. (1971) Roles of iron in host-parasite interactions. Journal of Infectious Diseases 124: 401410CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weston, W.L., Huff, J.C., Humbert, J.R., Hambidge, K.M., Nelder, K.H. and Walra-vens, P.A. (1977) Zinc correction of defective chemotaxis in acrodermatitis entropathica. Archives of Dermatology 113: 422CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wirth, J.J., Fraker, P.J. and Kierszenbaum, F. (1984) Changes in the level of marker expression by mononuclear phagocytes in zinc deficient mice. Journal of Nutrition 114: 18261833CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wirth, J.J., Fraker, P.J. and Kierszenbaum, F. (1989) Zinc requirement for macrophage function: effect on zinc deficiency on uptake and killing of a protozoan parasite. Immunology 68: 114119Google ScholarPubMed
Zinpro Corporation (1993) Differentiation of organic trace minerals. In: Poultry Nutrition Seminar, Zinpro Corporation, Edina, Minnesota, USAGoogle Scholar