Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T16:05:36.987Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The use of hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloride as an ingredient in poultry feed

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 August 2009

A. KAMYAB ,
E. MCGILL  and
J.D. FIRMAN
A. KAMYAB*
Affiliation:
University of Missouri-Columbia, 116 Animal Sciences Department, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
E. MCGILL
Affiliation:
University of Missouri-Columbia, 116 Animal Sciences Department, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
J.D. FIRMAN
Affiliation:
University of Missouri-Columbia, 116 Animal Sciences Department, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloride (HRC), also known as crystal violet or gentian violet, is a water soluble, triphenylmethane dye with bacteriostactic, fungistatic and antihelminthic activities. It has a wide range of uses, from a treatment in humans to an additive for poultry feeds. In the poultry industry, this compound has been proven as a fungicidal agent in feed, a selective bactericide against gram-positive bacteria, and has demonstrated inhibitory effects against the activity and infectivity of various strains of viruses including Newcastle disease and fowl-plague virus. At normal inclusion rates (0.5 to 1 kg/MT final feed), commercial products such as GV-11 (Naremco, Inc.) failed to be detected in broiler meat. High levels of consumption of gentian violet can be toxic to animals, with the single dose LD50 for GV-11 determined to be between 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg body weight.

Keywords

hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloridegentian violetbacteriostatfungistatpoultry
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 65 , Issue 3 , September 2009 , pp. 475 - 480
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AIDOO, A., GAO, N., NEFT, R.E., SCHOL, H.M., HASS, B.S., MINOR, T.Y. and HEFLICH, R.H. (1990) Evaluation of the genotoxicity of gentian violet in bacterial and mammalian systems. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis 10: 449-462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BALASUBRAMANIAM, A. and SUKUMAR, S. (2007) An overview on outbreaks of Candidiasis in poultry. Tamilnadu Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 3: 121-123.Google Scholar
CAST REPORT, (2003) No. 139. Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systems. Pp. 1-35. (Ames, Iowa).Google Scholar
CHEN, T.C. and DAY, E.J. (1974) Gentian violet as a possible fungal inhibitor in poultry feed: Plate assays on its antifungal activity. Poultry Science 53: 1791-1795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHEN, T.C. and DAY, E.J. (1989) Effect of carrier on the releasing characteristics of gentian violet based antifungal additives in poultry feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology 27: 83-87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHURCHMAN, J.W. (1921) Further studies on the behavior of bacteria toward gentian violet. Journal of Experimental Medicine 33: 569-581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHURCHMAN, J.W. (1923) The mechanism of bacteriostasis. Journal of Experimental Medicine 37: 543-552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DOCAMPO, R. and MORENO, S.N.J. (1990) The metabolism and mode of action of gentian violet. Drug Metabolism Reviews 22(2&3): 161-178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GRAHAM, D.M. and NELSON, F.E. (1953) Inhibition of lactic streptococcus bacteriophage by crystal violet and other agents. Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Project No. 1194. Journal paper No. J-2274. Ames, Iowa.Google Scholar
HARRELSON, W.G. and MASON, R.P. (1982) Microsomal reduction of gentian violet. Molecular Pharmacology 22: 239-242.Google ScholarPubMed
HIGGINS, C. and BRINKHAUS, F. (1999) Efficacy of several organic acids against moulds. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 8: 480-487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MCDONALD, J.J. and CERNIGLIA, C.E. (1984) Biotransformation of gentian violet to leucogentian violet by human, rat, and chicken intestinal microflora. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 12: 330-336.Google ScholarPubMed
NICHOLS, T.E. (1983) Economic impact of aflatoxin in corn, in: DIENER, U.L. (Ed.) Aflatoxin and Aspergillus Flavus in Corn, pp. 67-71 (Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 279. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama).Google Scholar
PELHATE, J. (1973) Stabilisation de la mycoflore de maïs-grains humides ensilěs. Annales de Technologie Agricole 22: 647-661.Google Scholar
PHILLIPS, T.D., KUBENA, L.F., HARVEY, R.B., TAYLOR, D.R. and HEIDELBAUGH, N.O. (1988) Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate: a high affinity sorbent for aflatoxin. Poultry Science 67: 243-247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PROKOFEVA, O.G. and ZABEZHINSKII, M.A. (1976) Carcinogenicity of fuchsine derivatives. Voprosy Onkologii 22: 66-71.Google ScholarPubMed
SHANE, S.M. (1994) Economic issues associated with aflatoxicosis, in: EATON, D.L. & GROOPMAN, J.D. (Eds) The Toxicology of Aflatoxins, pp. 513-527 (Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, California).Google Scholar
SOUTHERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE, (1973a) Determination of gentian violet residue levels in edible broiler tissues after chronic feeding of the test material. Project 3046-I Report to Naremco, Inc. (Springfield, MO).Google Scholar
SOUTHERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE, (1973b) Determination of oral toxicity of gentian violet and GV-11 in adult chickens. Project 3046-2 Report to Naremco, Inc. (Springfield, MO).Google Scholar
STEARN, E.W. and STEARN, A.E. (1929) Comparative inhibiting effects of gentian violet and mercurochrome on the growth of certain fungi. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 14: 1057-1060.Google Scholar
STEWERT, R.G. and WYATT, R.D. (1976) Activity of crystal violet on Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in liquid medium. Poultry Science 55: 2096.Google Scholar
TOLBA, M.K. and ESKAROUS J.K., (1962) Effect of some chemicals on the hemagglutination activities and infectivity to chick embryos of different strains of Newcastle disease and fowl-plague viruses. Archiv für Microbiologie 41: 397-400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed