Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T19:14:30.988Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Use of flaxseed in poultry feeds to meet the human need for n-3 fatty acids

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2017

M.H. BEHESHTI MOGHADAM  and
G. CHERIAN
M.H. BEHESHTI MOGHADAM
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA, 97331
G. CHERIAN*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA, 97331
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Health benefits of fatty acids (FA) of the n-3 family have been well documented. The current consumption of n-3 FA by humans is below the recommended intake in Western countries. There are two sources of n-3 FA: α-linolenic acid (18-3 n-3, ALA) from terrestrial sources and long chain 20 and 22 carbon n-3 FA from marine oils. There is an increased interest in developing food products such as eggs and meat enriched with n-3 FA to meet the human requirement. In this context, poultry food lipids are a highly targeted and well-researched food item. Among the different feed sources, flaxseed, owing to its high fat (~40-42%) and ALA (>50%) contents along with other nutritional properties (e.g., metabolisable energy, protein content), is the most common feed ingredient explored for n-3 FA enrichment. This review attempts to bring together the use of flaxseeds in poultry feeds and its role in meeting the human requirements of n-3 FA through n-3 FA enriched foods. The antinutritional factors (ANF) present in flaxseeds and ways to mitigate the negative effects of ANF in poultry feeding are also included.

Keywords

flaxseedn-3 fatty acideggspoultryantinutritional factor
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 73 , Issue 4 , December 2017 , pp. 803 - 812
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AHMAD, S., KAMRAN, Z. and KOUTOULIS, K.C. (2016) Supplemental linseed on egg production, in: HESTER, P.Y. (Ed) Egg Innovation and Strategies for Improvement, pp. 349-364 (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, United States).Google Scholar
ALZUETA, C., RODRIGUEZ, M.L., CUTULI, M.T., RBOLEM, A., ORTIZ, L.T., CENTENO, C. and TREVINO, J. (2003) Effect of whole and demucilaged linseed in broiler chicken diets on digesta viscosity, nutrient utilisation and intestinal microflora. British Poultry Science 44: 67-74.Google Scholar
APPERSON, K.D. and CHERIAN, G. (2017) Effect of whole flax seed and carbohydrase enzymes on gastrointestinal morphology, muscle fatty acids, and production performance in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 96: 1228-1234, http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew371.Google Scholar
AYMOND, W.M. and VAN ELSWYK, M.E. (1995) Yolk thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and n-3 fatty acids in response to whole and ground flaxseed. Poultry Science 74: 1388-1394.Google Scholar
BARCELÓ-COBLIJN, G. and MURPHY, E.G. (2009) Alpha-linolenic acid and its conversion to longer chain n-3 fatty acids: Benefits for human health and a role in maintaining tissue n-3 fatty acid levels. Progress in Lipid Research 48: 355-374.Google Scholar
BEAN, L.D. and LEESON, S. (2003) Long-term effects of feeding flaxseed on performance and egg fatty acid composition of brown and white hens. Poultry Science 82: 388-394.Google Scholar
BEHESHTI MOGHADAM, M.H., SHEHAB, A. and CHERIAN, G. (2017) Methionine supplementation augments tissue n-3 fatty acid and tocopherol content in broiler birds fed flaxseed. Animal Feed Science and Technology 228: 149-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.014.Google Scholar
BETTI, M.T., PEREZ, I., ZUIDHOF, M.J. and RENEMA, R.A. (2009) Omega-3-enriched broiler meat: 3. Fatty acid distribution between triacylglycerol and phospholipid classes. Poultry Science 88: 1740-1754.Google Scholar
BHATTY, R.S. (1995) Nutrient composition of whole flaxseed and flaxseed meal, in: CUNNANE, S.C. & THOMPSON, L.U. (Eds) Flaxseed in Human Nutrition, pp. 22-42 (Champaign, Illinois, AOCS Press).Google Scholar
BISHARA, H.N. and WALKER, H.F. (1977) The vitamin B6 status of pigs given a diet containing linseed meal. British Journal of Nutrition 37: 321-331.Google Scholar
BRADBURY, J.H. and HOLLOWAY, W. (1988) Antinutritional factors in root crops, in: Chemistry of Tropical Root Crops: Significance for Nutrition and Agriculture in the Pacific, pp. 201 (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra).Google Scholar
BRENNA, J.T., SALEM, N., SINCLAIR, A.J. and CUNNANE, S.C. (2009) alpha-Linolenic acid supplementation and conversion to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 80: 85-91.Google Scholar
BURDGE, G.C. and CALDER, P.C. (2005) Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. Reproduction Nutrition Development 45: 581-597.Google Scholar
CALDER, P.C. (2013) Mechanisms of action of (n-3) fatty acids. The Journal of Nutrition 142: 592-599.Google Scholar
CASTON, L.J., SQUIRES, E.J. and LEESON, S. (1994) Hen performance, egg quality, and the sensory evaluation of eggs from SCWL hens fed dietary flax. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 74: 347-353.Google Scholar
CHERIAN, G. (2009) Eggs and Health: Nutrient Sources and Supplement Carriers, in: WATSON, R.R. (Ed) Complementary and Alternative Therapies and the Aging Population, pp. 333-346 (Academic Press).Google Scholar
CHERIAN, G. (2016) Supplemental flax and impact on n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in eggs, in: HESTER, P. (Ed) Egg innovation and strategies for improvement, pp. 365-372 (Elsevier Inc).Google Scholar
CHERIAN, G. and HAYAT, Z. (2009) Long-term effects of feeding flaxseeds on hepatic lipid characteristics and histopathology of laying hens. Poultry Science 88: 2555-2561.Google Scholar
CHERIAN, G. and QUEZADA, N. (2016) Egg quality, fatty acid composition and immunoglobulin Y content in eggs from laying hens fed full fat camelina or flax seed. Journal of Animal Science & Biotechnology 7: 374-361.Google Scholar
DE LORGERIL, M., RENAUD, S. and MAMELLE, N. (1994) Mediterranean α-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease . Lancet 343: 1454-1459.Google Scholar
DE LORGERIL, M., SALEN, P., MARTIN, J.L., MAMELLE, N., MONJAUD, I., TOUBOUL, P. and DELAYE, J. (1996) Effect of a Mediterranean type of diet on the rate of cardiovascular complications in patients with coronary artery disease. Insights into the cardioprotective effect of certain nutriments. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 28: 1103-1108.Google Scholar
FRAEYE, I., BRUNEEL, C., LEMAHIEU, C., BUYSE, J., MUYLAERT, K. and FOUBERT, I. (2012) Dietary enrichment of eggs with omega-3 fatty acids: A review. Food Research International 48: 961-969.Google Scholar
GONZALEZ-ESQUERRA, R. and LEESON, S. (2000) Effect of feeding hens regular or deodorised menhaden oil on production parameters, yolk fatty acid profile, and sensory quality of eggs. Poultry Science 79: 1597-1602.Google Scholar
GONZALEZ-ESQUERRA, R. and LEESON, S. (2001) Alternatives for enrichment of eggs and chicken meat with omega-3 fatty acids. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81: 295-305.Google Scholar
GRIFFIN, B.A. (2012) Goldilocks and the three bonds. New evidence for the conditional benefits of dietary a-linolenic acid in treating cardiovascular risk in the metabolic syndrome. British Journal of Nutrition 108: 579-580.Google Scholar
HAYAT, Z., CHERIAN, G., PASHA, T.N., KHATTAK, F.M. and JABBAR, M.A. (2009) Effect of feeding flax and two types of antioxidants on egg production, egg quality and lipid composition of eggs. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 18: 541-551.Google Scholar
HEAD, B. (2016) Lipid metabolism and the broiler chicken: effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids. Master of Science Thesis, Oregon State University.Google Scholar
JIA, W., SLOMINSKI, B.A., GUENTER, W., HUMPHREYS, A. and JONES, O. (2008) The effect of enzyme supplementation on egg production parameters and omega-3 fatty acid deposition in laying hens fed flaxseed and canola seed. Poultry Science 87: 2005-2014.Google Scholar
JIA, W. and SLOMINSKI, B.A. (2010) Means to improve the nutritive value of flaxseed for broiler chickens: the effect of particle size, enzyme addition, and feed pelleting. Poultry Science 89: 261-269.Google Scholar
JIANG, Z., AHN, D.U., LADNER, L. and SIM, J.S. (1991) Influence of feeding full fat flax seeds and sunflower seeds on internal and sensory qualities of eggs. Poultry Science 71: 378-382.Google Scholar
KRIS-ETHERTON, P.M., TAYLOR, D.S. and YU-POTH, S. (2000) The polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71: 178S-179S.Google Scholar
LEE, K.H., QI, G.H. and SIM, J.S. (1995) Metabolisable energy and amino acid availability of full-fat seeds, meals, and oils of flax and canola. Poultry Science 74: 1341-1348.Google Scholar
MOSHAROV, E., CRANFORD, M.R. and BANERJEE, R. (2000) The quantitatively important relationship between homocysteine metabolism and glutathione synthesis by the transsulfuration pathway and its regulation by redox changes. Biochemistry 39: 13005-13012.Google Scholar
OOMAH, B.D. (2001) Flaxseed as a functional food source . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 81: 889-894.Google Scholar
POURESLAMI, R. and BATAL, A.B. (2012) Modifying meat lipids for human health, in: CHERIAN, G. & POURESLAMI, R. (Eds) Fats and Fatty Acids in Poultry Nutrition and Health, pp. 71-84 (Context Products Ltd., UK).Google Scholar
POURESLAMI, R., RAES, K., TURCHINI, G.M., HUYGHEBAERT, G. and DE SMET, S. (2010) Effect of diet, sex and age on fatty acid metabolism in broiler chickens: n-3 and n-6 PUFA. British Journal of Nutrition 104: 189-197.Google Scholar
ROCHA-E-SILVA, R.C., CORDEIRO, L.A. and SOTO-BLANCO, B. (2010) Cyanide toxicity and interferences with diet selection in quail (Cortunic coturnix). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Toxicology & Pharmacology 151: 294-297.Google Scholar
SCHEIDELER, S.E. and FRONING, G.W. (1996) The combined influence of dietary flaxseed variety, level, form, and storage conditions on egg production and composition among vitamin E-supplemented hens. Poultry Science 75: 1221-1226.Google Scholar
SCHUMANN, B.E., SQUIRES, E.J. and LEESON, S. (2000) Effect of dietary flaxseed, flax oil and n-3 fatty acid supplement on hepatic and plasma characteristics relevant to fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens. British Poultry Science 41: 465-472.Google Scholar
SHEN, Y., FENG, D., FAN, M.Z. and CHAVEZ, E.R. (2005a) Performance, carcass cut-up and fatty acids deposition in broilers fed different levels of pellet-processed flaxseed. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 85: 2005-2014.Google Scholar
SHEN, Y., FENG, D., ORESANYA, T.F. and CHAVEZ, E.R. (2005b) Fatty acid and nitrogen utilisation of processed flaxseed by adult chickens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 85: 1137-1142.Google Scholar
SIMOPOULOS, A.P. (2000) Role of poultry products in enriching the human diet with n-3 PUFA. Human requirement for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Poultry Science 79: 961-970.Google Scholar
SLOMINSKI, B.A. (2011) Recent advances in research on enzymes for poultry diets. Poultry Science 90: 2013-2023.Google Scholar
SLOMINSKI, B.A., MENG, X., CAMPBELL, L.D., GUENTER, W. and JONES, O. (2006) The use of enzyme technology for improved energy utilisation from full-fat oilseeds. Part II: Flaxseed. Poultry Science 85: 1031-1037.Google Scholar
STARK, K.D., VAN ELSWYK, M.E., HIGGINS, M.R., WEATHERFORD, C.A. and SALEM, N. (2016) Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults. Progress in Lipid Research 63: 132-152.Google Scholar
USDA - UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (2016) Advertised prices for Shell Eggs & Egg products to Consumers. At Major Retail Supermarket Outlets during the period 05/20 through 05/2. USDA National Retail Report- Shell Egg and Egg Products Feature Activity: 1-4.Google Scholar
VAN ELSWYK, M.E. (1997) Nutritional and physiological effects of flax seed in diets for laying fowl. World's Poultry Science Journal 53: 253-263.Google Scholar
WESTBROOK, L.A. (2016) Enzyme supplementation of layer hen diets containing whole flaxseed to increase n-3 fatty acids in chicken eggs. Master of Science Thesis, Oregon State University.Google Scholar
ZUIDHOF, M.J., BETTI, M., KORVER, D.R., HERNANDEZ, F.I.L., SCHNEIDER, B.L., CARNEY, V.L. and RENEMA, R.A. (2009) Omega-3-enriched broiler meat: 1. Optimisation of a production system. Poultry Science 88: 1108-1120.Google Scholar