Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T23:44:47.510Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Slow-growing male chickens fit poultry production systems with outdoor access

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 August 2019

E. FAUSTIN EVARIS ,
L. SARMIENTO FRANCO  and
C. SANDOVAL CASTRO
E. FAUSTIN EVARIS
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Yucatan (UADY), Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil km 15.5. Apdo. 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, México
L. SARMIENTO FRANCO*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Yucatan (UADY), Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil km 15.5. Apdo. 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, México
C. SANDOVAL CASTRO
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Yucatan (UADY), Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil km 15.5. Apdo. 4-116 Itzimná, C.P. 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, México
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Slow-growing, male chickens raised with outdoor access have been found to be a nutritious protein source with 24.83% protein in breast muscle. They have an acceptable carcass quality with at least 20% less abdominal fat, 3% more breast yield, and 3% more thigh yield than the birds raised in confinement. Similarly, slow-growing male chickens grown with outdoor access have a good bone quality with femur weight, length and diameter (16.5 g, 96.7 mm, and 8.61 mm, respectively). Considering fatty acid profile as a meat quality trait, breast muscles of slow-growing birds grown with outdoor access compared to those without such access have significantly higher polyunsaturated fatty acids level (3.85 vs. 3.36%), lower n6:n3 PUFA ratio (7.8 vs. 9.22) and lower saturated fatty acids content (26.29 vs. 28.73%). Raising slow-growing male chickens in production systems with outdoor access has been confirmed to be beneficial for the animals, the producers, the consumers and the environment.

Keywords

slow-growing male chickenoutdoor accessmeat qualitybone quality
Type
Review
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 75 , Issue 3 , September 2019 , pp. 429 - 444
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ALEXANDER, D.D., MILLER, P.E., VAN ELSWYK, M.E., KURATKO, C.N. and BYLSMA, L.C. (2017) A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and coronary heart disease risk. Mayo Clinic Proceeding 92: 15-29.Google Scholar
ALLEN, C.D., RUSSELL, S.M. and FLETCHER, D.L. (1997) The relationship of broiler breast meat color and pH to shelf-life and odor development. Poultry Science 76: 1042-1046.Google Scholar
ANDERLE, V., LICHOVNIKOVA, M., NEVRKLA, P. and KUPČIKOVA, L. (2016) The effect of grass pasture on the performance of slowly growing chickens. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 64: 1435-1439.Google Scholar
AVERÓS, X. and ESTEVEZ, I. (2018) Animal well-being and behavior. Meta-analysis of the effects of intensive rearing environments on the performance and welfare of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 97: 3767-3785.Google Scholar
AVIAGEN (2019) Welcome to the specialty males portfolio. http://en.aviagen.com/brands/specialty-males/.Google Scholar
BAIER, A. (2015) Tipsheet: organic poultry production for meat and eggs. ATTRA in the United States. National Center for Appropriate Technology, Fayetteville, AR. https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub-summaries/?pub=519. Consulted: 25th January, 2019.Google Scholar
BARROETA, A.C. (2007) Nutritive value of poultry meat relationship between vitamin E and PUFA. World's Poultry Science Journal 63: 277-284.Google Scholar
BARTLETT, J.R., LILES, K.M. and BECKFORD, R.C. (2015) Comparing the effects of conventional and pastured poultry production systems on broiler performance and meat quality. Journal of Agriculture and Life Sciences2: 2375-4222.Google Scholar
BERTECHINI, A.G., MAZZUCO, H., RODRIGUES, E.C. and RAMOS, E.M. (2014) Study of the utilization of light egg-type males: a proposal for the sustainability of the egg industry. Poultry Science 93: 755-761.Google Scholar
BLAGOJEVIĆ, M., ZLATICA, P., ZDENKA, Š., LUKIĆ, M., MILOŠEVIĆ, N. and LIDIJA, P. (2009) The effect of genotype of broiler chickens on carcass quality in extensive rearing system. Acta Veterinaria (Beograd) 59: 91-97.Google Scholar
BRUIJNIS, M.R.N., BLOK, V., STASSEN, E.N. and GREMMEN, H.G.J. (2015) Moral ‘lock-in’ in responsible innovation, the ethical and social aspects of killing day-old chicks and its alternatives . Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 28: 939-960.Google Scholar
BRÜMMER, N., CHRISTOPH-SCHULZ, I. and ROVERS, A.K. (2018) Consumers’ perspective on dual-purpose chickens as alternative to the killing of day-old chicks. International Journal on Food System Dynamics 9: 390-398.Google Scholar
BUCHANAN, N.P, HOTT, J.M., KIMBLER, L.B. and MORITZ, J.S. (2007) Nutrient composition and digestibility of organic broiler diets and pasture forages. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16: 13-21.Google Scholar
CARRASCO, S., BELLOF, G. and SCHMIDT, E. (2014) Nutrients deposition and energy utilization in slow-growing broilers fed with organic diets containing graded nutrient concentration. Livestock Science 161: 114-122.Google Scholar
CAST (COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY) (2018) Impact of free-range poultry production systems on animal health, human health, productivity, environment, food safety, and animal welfare issues. Issue Paper, No.61.Google Scholar
CASTELLINI, C., MUGNAI, C. and DAL BOSCO, A. (2002) Effect of organic production system on broiler carcass and meat quality. Meat Science 60: 219-225.Google Scholar
CASTELLINI, C., MUGNAI, C., MOSCATI, L., MATTIOLI, S., AMATO, M.G., MANCINELLI, A.C. and DAL BOSCO, A. (2016) Adaptation to organic rearing system of eight different chicken genotypes behaviour welfare and performance. Italian Journal of Animal Science 15: 37-46.Google Scholar
CAVANI, C., PETRACCI, M., TROCINO, A. and XICCATO, G. (2009) Advances in research on poultry and rabbit meat quality. Italian Journal of Animal Science 8: 741-750.Google Scholar
CHEN, Z. and JIANG, X. (2014) Microbiological safety of chicken litter or chicken litter-based organic fertilizers: A review. Agriculture 4: 1-29.Google Scholar
CHENG, J.H. (2016) Lipid oxidation in meat. Journal of Nutrition and Food Science 6: 494.Google Scholar
CHOI, J.H., CHOI, Y.S., KIM, H.W., SONG, D.H. and KIM, C.J. (2016) Effects of postmortem temperature on the physicochemical characteristics of prerigor Pekin duck breast muscles. Poultry Science 95: 645-650Google Scholar
COBANOGLU, F., KUCUKYILMAZ, K., CINAR, M., BOZKURT, M., CATLI, A.U. and BINTAS, E. (2014) Comparing the profitability of organic and conventional broiler production. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 16: 89-95.Google Scholar
CONNER, B. (2010) Pastured poultry budgets: slow-growing broiler and organic comparisons. Available in: https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/download.php?id=328. Consulted: 29th January, 2019.Google Scholar
CRANDALL, P.G., SEIDEMAN, S., RICKE, S.C., O'BRYAN, C.A., FANATICO, A.F. and RAINEY, R. (2009) Organic poultry: consumer perceptions, opportunities, and regulatory issues. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 18: 795-802.Google Scholar
CRESPO, N. and ESTEVE-GARCIA, E. (2002) Nutrient and fatty acid deposition in broilers fed different dietary fatty acid profiles. Poultry Science 81: 1533-1542.Google Scholar
DAL BOSCO, A., MUGNAI, C., MATTIOLI, S., ROSATI, A., RUGGERI, S., RANUCCI, D. and CASTELLINI, C. (2016) Transfer of bioactive compounds from pasture to meat in organic free-range chickens. Poultry Science 95: 2464-2471.Google Scholar
DAWKINS, M.S., COOK, A.P., WHITTINGHAM, M.J., MANSELL, K.A. and HARPER, A.E. (2003) What makes free-range chickens range? In situ measurement of habitat preference. Animal Behaviour 66: 151-160.Google Scholar
DAWKINS, M.S., DONNELLY, C.A. and JONES, T.A. (2004) Chicken welfare is influenced more by housing conditions than by stocking density. Nature 427: 342-344.Google Scholar
DEATON, J.W. and LOTT, B.D. (1985) Age and dietary energy effect on broiler abdominal fat deposition. Poultry Science64: 2161-2164.Google Scholar
ELANCO ANIMAL HEALTH (2016) The sustainability impacts of slow-growing production in the US. ]. Available in https://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Slow-Grow-Broiler-Policy-Sustainability-Impacts-07Oct16.pdf. Consulted: 31th March, 2019.Google Scholar
ELEROĞLU, H., YILDIRIM, A., DUMAN, M. and ŞEKEROĞLU, A. (2015) The welfare of slow growing broiler genotypes reared in organic system. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 27: 454-459.Google Scholar
ELEROĞLU, H., YILDIRIM, A., DUMAN, M. and ŞEKEROĞLU, A. (2017) Edible giblets and bone mineral characteristics of two slow-growing chicken genotypes reared in an organic system. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 19: 001-006.Google Scholar
ENGBERG, R.M., HEDEMANN, M.S. and JENSEN, B.B. (2002) The influence of grinding and pelleting of feed on the microbial composition and activity in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 43: 569-579.Google Scholar
FALOWO, A.B., FAYEMI, P.O. and MUCHENJE, V. (2014) Natural antioxidants against lipid-protein oxidative deterioration in meat and meat products: A review. Food Research International 64: 171-181.Google Scholar
FANATICO, A.C., PILLAI, P.B., CAVITT, L.C., OWENS, C.M. and EMMERT, J.M. (2005) Evaluation of slow-growing broiler genotypes grown with and without outdoor access: growth performance and carcass yield. Poultry Science 84: 1321-1327.Google Scholar
FANATICO, A. (2006) Alternative poultry production systems and outdoor access. Available in https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub-summaries/?pub=222. Consulted: 29th January, 2019.Google Scholar
FANATICO, A.C., PILLAI, P.B., HESTER, P.Y., FALCONE, C., MENCH, J.A., OWENS, C.M. and EMMERT, J.L. (2008) Performance, liveability, and carcass yield of slow- and fast-growing chicken genotypes fed low-nutrient or standard diets and raised indoors or with outdoor access. Poultry Science 87: 1012-1021.Google Scholar
FANATICO, A.C., OWENS, C.M. and EMMERT, J.L. (2009) Organic poultry production in the United States: Broilers. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 18: 355-366.Google Scholar
FISHER, T. (2016) Specialty poultry production: impact of genotype, feed strategies, alternative feedstuffs, and dietary enzymes on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of heritage breed chickens. Theses and Dissertations-Animal and Food Sciences. 66. Available in https://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/66. Consulted: 29th January 2019.Google Scholar
FISHER, T. (2017) Management of Slow Growing Broilers for Profit. Available in: http://midwestpoultry.com/wp-content/uploads/Fisher-Tatijana.pdf. Consulted 29th January 2019).Google Scholar
FLETCHER, D.L. (1999) Broiler breast meat color variation, pH, and texture. Poultry Science 78: 1323-1327.Google Scholar
FRENCH, H. and HUNTON, P. (1979) La grasa abdominal en los broilers. Shaver Focus 8: 6-7.Google Scholar
GARCIA, R.G., FREITAS DE, L.W., SCHWINGEL, A.W., FARIAS, R.M., CALDARA, F.R., GABRIEL, A.M.A., GRACIANO, J.D., KOMIYAMA, C.M. and ALMEIDA, P.I.C.L. (2010) Incidence and physical properties of PSE chicken meat in a commercial processing plant. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 12: 233-237.Google Scholar
GONZÁLEZ-CERÓN, F., REKAYA, R. and AGGREY, S.E. (2015) Genetic analysis of bone quality traits and growth in a random mating broiler population. Poultry Science 94: 883-889.Google Scholar
HAN, J.C., QU, H.X., WANG, J.G., CHEN, G.H., YAN, Y.F., ZHANG, J.L., HU, F.M., YOU, L.Y. and CHENG, Y.H. (2015) Comparison of the growth and mineralization of the femur, tibia, and metatarsus of broiler chicks. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 17: 333-340.Google Scholar
HIEMSTRA, S.J. and NAPEL, J.T. (2013) Study of the impact of genetic selection on the welfare of chickens bred and kept for meat production. Available in: https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/animals/docs/aw_practice_farm_broilers_653020_final-report_en.pdf .Consulted: 29th January, 2019.Google Scholar
HOAN, N.D. and KHOA, M.A. (2016) Meat quality comparison between fast growing broiler Ross 308 and slow growing Sasso laying males reared in free range system. Journal of Science and Development 14: 101-108.Google Scholar
HORSTED, K., ALLESEN-HOLM, B.H. and HERMANSEN, J.E. (2010) The effect of breed and feed-type on the sensory profile of breast meat in male broilers reared in an organic free-range system. British Poultry Science 51: 515-524.Google Scholar
HUSDAK, R.L. (2007) A survey of commercially available broilers originating from organic, free-range and conventional production systems for cooked meat yields, meat composition and relative value. Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 14523. Available in: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/14523. Consulted 29th January 2019.Google Scholar
IPEK, A. and SOZCU, A. (2017) The effects of access to pasture on growth performance, behavioural patterns, some blood parameters and carcass yield of a slow-growing broiler genotype. Journal of Applied Animal Research 45: 464-469.Google Scholar
ISMAIL, I. and JOO, S.T. (2017) Poultry meat quality in relation to muscle growth and muscle fiber characteristics. Korean Journal for Food Science and Animal Resources 37: 873-883.Google Scholar
KIM, Y.H.B., WARNER, R.D. and ROSENVOLD, K. (2014) Influence of high pre-rigor temperature and fast pH fall on muscle proteins and meat quality: a review. Animal Production Science 54: 375-395.Google Scholar
KÜÇÜKYILMAZ, K., BOZKURT, M., ÇINAR, M., ÇATLI, A.U., BINTAŞ, E. and ERKEK, R. (2014) The effects of an organic rearing system and dietary supplementation of an essential oil mixture on performance and meat yield of slow-growing broilers in two seasons. South African Journal of Animal Science 44: 360-370.Google Scholar
KUMARI, A., TRIPATHI, U.K., BORO, P., SULABH, S., KUMAR, M. and NIMMANAPALLI, R. (2016) Metabolic disease of broiler birds and its management: A review. International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry 1: 15-16.Google Scholar
LANDAU, G., KODALI, V.K., MALHOTRA, J.D. and KAUFMAN, R.J. (2013) Detection of oxidative damage in response to protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum. Methods in Enzymology 526: 231-250.Google Scholar
LE BIHAN-DUVAL, E., DEBUT, M., BERRI, C.M., SELLIER, N., SANTÉ-L'HOUTELLIER, V., JÉGO, Y. and BEAUMONT, C. (2008) Chicken meat quality: genetic variability and relationship with growth and muscle characteristics. BMC Genetics 9: 53.Google Scholar
LEWIS, P.D., DANISMAN, R. and GOUS, R.M. (2009) Photoperiodic responses of broilers. III. Tibial breaking strength and ash content. British Poultry Science 50: 673-679.Google Scholar
LICHOVNÍKOVÁ, M., JANDÁSEK, J., JŮZL, M. and DRAČKOVÁ, E. (2009) The meat quality of layer males from free range in comparison with fast growing chickens. Czech Journal of Animal Science 54: 490-497.Google Scholar
LOUTON, H., KEPPLER, C., ERHARD, M., TUIJL, O.V., BACHMEIER, J., DAMME, K., REESE, S. and RAUCH, E. (2019) Animal-based welfare indicators of 4 slow-growing broiler genotypes for the approval in an animal welfare label program. Poultry Science 98: 2326-2337.Google Scholar
LU, Q., WEN, J. and ZHANG, H. (2007) Effect of chronic heat exposure on fat deposition and meat quality in two genetic types of chicken. Poultry Science 86: 1059-1064.Google Scholar
MABELEBELE, M., NORRIS, D., BROWN, D., GININDZA, M.M. and NGAMBI, J.W. (2017a) Breed and sex differences in the gross anatomy, digesta pH and histomorphology of the gastrointestinal tract of gallus Gallus domesticus. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 19 2017: 339-346.Google Scholar
MABELEBELE, M., NORRIS, D., SIWENDU, N.A., NG'AMBI, J.W., ALABI, O.J. and MBAJIORGU, C.A. (2017b) Bone morphometric parameters of the tibia and femur of indigenous and broiler chickens reared intensively. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 15: 1387-1398.Google Scholar
MACHADO, N. DE J.B., DE LIMA, C.A.R., BRASIL, R.J.M., QUARESMA, D.V., DILELIS, F., DA SILVA, A.P.P. and CURVELLO, F.A. (2018) Digestible threonine for slow-growing broilers: performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal mucin, and duodenal morphometry. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science 47: e20170193.Google Scholar
MATTOCKS, J. (2002) Pastured-raised poultry nutrition. Available in: https://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/download.php?id=333. Consulted: 5th May, 2019.Google Scholar
MCCREA, B.A., MILLS, A.F., MATTHEWS, K. and HUTSON, V. (2014) Performance and carcass characteristics of Delaware chickens in comparison with broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 23: 586-592.Google Scholar
MICHALCZUK, M., ZDANOWSKA-SĄSIADEK, Ż., DAMAZIAK, K. and NIEMIEC, J. (2017) Influence of indoor and outdoor systems on meat quality of slow-growing chickens. CyTA. Journal of Food 15: 15-20.Google Scholar
MIKULSKI, D., CELEJ, J., JANKOWSKI, J., MAJEWSKA, T. and MIKULSKA, M. (2011) Growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of slower-growing and fast-growing chickens raised with and without outdoor access. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 24: 1407-1416.Google Scholar
MORINIÈRE, F. (2015) Alimentation des volailles en agriculture biologique. Chapitre 4. Généralités sur la conduit de l'alimentation. Available in: https://www.bio-bretagne-ibb.fr/wp-content/uploads/Alimentation-Volailles-Bio-CahierTechnique-juin2015.pdf. Consulted: 29th January, 2019.Google Scholar
MORRIS, T.R. and NJURU, D.M. (1990) Protein requirement of fast- and slow growing chicks, British Poultry Science 31: 803-809.Google Scholar
MUGNAI, C., SOSSIDOU, E.N., DAL BOSCO, A., RUGGERI, S., MATTIOLI, S. and CASTELLINI, C. (2013) The effects of husbandry system on the grass intake and egg nutritive characteristics of laying hens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 94: 459-467.Google Scholar
MUTUŞ, R., KOCABAǦLI, N., ALP, M., ACAR, N., EREN, M. and GEZEN, Ş.Ş. (2006) The effect of dietary probiotic supplementation on tibial bone characteristics and strength in broilers. Poultry Science 85: 1621-1625.Google Scholar
NDELEKWUTE, E.K., ENYENIHI, G.E. and AKPAN, I.P. (2018) Potentials and challenges of utilizing ns: a review on forage resources for chicken production. Journal of Animal Sciences and Livestock Production 2: 1-6.Google Scholar
NEVES, D.P., BANHAZI, T.M. and NÄÄS, I.A. (2014) Feeding behaviour of broiler chickens: a review on the biomechanical characteristics. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 16: 1-16.Google Scholar
OFFER, G., KNIGHT, P., JEACOCKE, R., ALMOND, R., COUSINS, T., ELSEY, J., PARSONS, N., SHARP, A., STARR, R. and and PURSLOW, P. (1989) The structural basis of the water-holding, appearance and toughness of meat and meat products. Food Structure 8: 151-170.Google Scholar
PAMBUWA, W. and TANGANYIKA, J. (2017) Determination of chemical composition of normal indigenous chickens in Malawi . International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology 2: 86-89.Google Scholar
PONTE, P.I.P., ALVES, S.P., BESSA, R.J.B., FERREIRA, L.M.A., GAMA, L.T., BRÁS, J.L.A., FONTES, C.M.G.A. and PRATES, J.A.M. (2008) Influence of pasture intake on the fatty acid composition, and cholesterol, tocopherols, and tocotrienols content in meat from free-range broilers. Poultry Science 87: 80-88.Google Scholar
QIAO, M., FLETCHER, D.L., NORTHCUTT, J.K. and SMITH, D.P. (2002) The relationship between raw broiler breast meat color and composition. Poultry Science 81: 422-427.Google Scholar
QUENTIN, M., BOUVAREL, I. and PICARD, M. (2005) Effects of crude protein and lysine contents of the diet on growth and body composition of slow-growing commercial broilers from 42 to 77 days of age. Animal Research 54: 113-122.Google Scholar
RATH, N.C., HUFF, G.R., HUFF, W.E. and BALOG, J.M. (2000) Factors regulating bone maturity and strength in poultry. Poultry Science 79: 1024-1032.Google Scholar
RATHGEBER, B.M., BOLES, J.A. and SHAND, P.J. (1999) Rapid postmortem pH decline and delayed chilling reduce quality of turkey breast meat. Poultry Science 78: 477-484.Google Scholar
RAUW, W.M. (2012) Immune response from a resource allocation perspective. Frontiers in Genetics, 3: 1-14 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3571735/pdf/fgene-03-00267.pdf. Consulted: March 24th, 2019.Google Scholar
RAVINDRAN, V. (2012) Advances and future directions in poultry nutrition: an overview. Korean Journal of Poultry Science 39: 53-62.Google Scholar
REZAEI, M., YNGVESSON, J., GUNNARSSON, S., JÖNSSON, L. and WALLENBECK, A. (2018) Feed efficiency, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of a fast- and a slower-growing broiler hybrid fed low- or high-protein organic diets. Organic Agriculture 8: 121-128.Google Scholar
SALAAM, Z.K., AKINYEMI, M.O. and OSAMEDE, O.H. (2016) Effect of strain and age on bone integrity of commercial broiler chickens. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 32: 195-203.Google Scholar
SALAHEEN, S., CHOWDHURY, N., HANNING, I. and BISWAS, D. (2015) Organic poultry production with natural feed supplements as antimicrobials. Zoonotic bacterial pathogens and mixed crop-livestock farming. Poultry Science 94: 1398-1410.Google Scholar
SALÁKOVÁ, A., STRAKOVÁ, E., VÁLKOVÁ, V., BUCHTOVÁ, H. and STEINHAUSEROVÁ, I. (2009) Quality indicators of chicken broiler raw and cooked meat depending on their sex. Acta Veterinaria Brno 78: 497-504.Google Scholar
SALDANHA, E.S.P.B., MENDES, A.A., PIZZOLANTE, C.C., TAKAHASHI, S.E., KOMIYAMA, C.M., GARCIA, R.G., BALOG NETO, A., PAZ, I.C.L.A., GARCIA, E.A., DALANEZI, J.A. and QUINTEIRO, R.R. (2006) Performance, carcass yield, and meat quality of free-range broilers fed wet grain corn silage. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 8: 113-118.Google Scholar
SANDILANDS, V. and HOCKING, P.M. (2012) Alternative systems for poultry: health, welfare and productivity Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI, ISBN 978 1 84593 824 6, pp 305-308 https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=Juae7guiOA4C&pg=PA313&lpg=PA313&dq=Nutrient+balances+as+indicators+for+sustainability+of+broiler+production+systems.&source=bl&ots=Gmh6AW59lI&sig=ACfU3U33k6zQpvTJzH3DegOQNXfa4OyvUA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjI94CpvZviAhUSGTQIHddhCXcQ6AEwBXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false. Consulted May 13th, 2019.Google Scholar
SASSO (2019) Alternative growth chickens. ADG > 40 g http://www.sasso.fr/best-chicken-breeds-alternative-growth-for-free-range-poultry-breeding.html. Consulted: 5th May, 2019.+40+g+http://www.sasso.fr/best-chicken-breeds-alternative-growth-for-free-range-poultry-breeding.html.+Consulted:+5th+May,+2019.>Google Scholar
SEBOLA, N.A., MLAMBO, V., MOKOBOKI, H.K. and MUCHENJE, V. (2015) Growth performance and carcass characteristics of three chicken strains in response to incremental levels of dietary Moringa oleifera leaf meal. Livestock Science 178: 202-208.Google Scholar
SIEKMANN, L., MEIER-DINKEL, L., JANISCH, S., ALTMANN, B., KALTWASSER, C., SÜRIE, C. and KRISCHEK, C. (2018) Carcass quality, meat quality and sensory properties of the dual-purpose chicken Lohmann dual. Foods 7: 156.Google Scholar
SIMOPOULOS, A.P., LEAF, A. and SALEM, N.J.R. (1999) Workshop on the essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 18: 487-489.Google Scholar
SIMOPOULOS, A.P. (2002) The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 56: 365-379.Google Scholar
SIMOPOULOS, A.P. (2016) An increase in the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio increases the risk for obesity. Nutrients 8: 128.Google Scholar
SIRRI, F., CASTELLINI, C., BIANCHI, M., PETRACCI, M., MELUZZI, A. and FRANCHINI, A. (2011) Effect of fast-, medium- and slow-growing strains on meat quality of chickens reared under the organic farming method. Animal 5: 312-319.Google Scholar
SKŘIVAN, M., PICKINPAUGH, S.H., PAVLŮ, V., SKŘIVANOVÁ, E. and ENGLMAIEROVÁ, M. (2015) A mobile system for rearing meat chickens on pasture. Czech Journal of Animal Science 60: 52-59.Google Scholar
SOSSIDOU, E.N., DAL BOSCO, A., CASTELLINI, C. and GRASHORN, M.A. (2015) Effects of pasture management on poultry welfare and meat quality in organic poultry production systems. World's Poultry Science Journal 71: 375-384.Google Scholar
STADIG, L.M., RODENBURG, T.B., AMPE, B., REUBENS, B. and TUYTTENS, F.A.M. (2017) Effect of free-range access, shelter type and weather conditions on free-range use and welfare of slow-growing broiler chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 192: 15-23.Google Scholar
TALLENTIRE, C.W., LEINONEN, I. and KYRIAZAKIS, I. (2016) Breeding for efficiency in the broiler chicken: A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 36: 66.Google Scholar
TASONIERO, G., CULLERE, M., BALDAN, G. and ZOTTE, A.D. (2018) Productive performances and carcase quality of male and female Italian Padovana and Polverara slow-growing chicken breeds. Italian Journal of Animal Science 17: 530-539.Google Scholar
TUFARELLI, V., LAUDADIO, V. and CASALINO, E. (2016) An extra-virgin olive oil rich in polyphenolic compounds has antioxidant effects in meat-type broiler chickens. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23: 6197-6204.Google Scholar
TUFARELLI, V., RAGNI, M. and LAUDADIO, V. (2018) Feeding forage in poultry: a promising alternative for the future of production systems. Agriculture 8: 81.Google Scholar
WANG, K.H., SHI, S.R., DOU, T.C. and SUN, H.J. (2009) Effect of a free-range raising system on growth performance, carcass yield, and meat quality of slow-growing chicken. Poultry Science 88: 2219-2223.Google Scholar
WÓJCIK, W. and ŁUKASIEWICZ, M. (2017) Nutritional value variability of different poultry species meat in the organic production system. Animal Science 56: 323-336.Google Scholar
YANG, Y., WEN, J., FANG, G.Y., LI, Z.R., DONG, Z.Y. and LIU, J. (2015) The effects of raising system on the lipid metabolism and meat quality traits of slow-growing chickens, Journal of Applied Animal Research 43: 147-152.Google Scholar
YEGANI, M. and KORVER, D.R. (2008) Factors Affecting Intestinal Health in Poultry. Poultry Science 87: 2052-2063.Google Scholar