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Review of Newcastle disease virus with particular references to immunity and vaccination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

S.O. Al-Garib ,
A.L.J. Gielkens ,
E. Gruys  and
G. Kochi
S.O. Al-Garib
Affiliation:
Central Institute Disease Control (CIDC-Lelystad), P.O. Box 2004, 8203 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80158, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Fateh University, P.O. Box 13662 Tripoli, Libya
A.L.J. Gielkens
Affiliation:
Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands
E. Gruys
Affiliation:
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80158, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
G. Kochi*
Affiliation:
Central Institute Disease Control (CIDC-Lelystad), P.O. Box 2004, 8203 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands
*
*Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious disease. The present paper deals with classification of ND virus (NDV), clinical signs and pathology, virus strain classification and molecular backgrounds for the pathogenicity. Major emphasis is reviewing immunity and vaccination. Clinical forms of the disease vary depending on many factors, but mainly on the virulence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains. Virulent strains are considered List A pathogens by the ‘Office International des Epizooties’ (OIE). The virulence has been traditionally determined using in vivo pathogenicity tests to distinguish between highly, moderately and low virulent isolates. More recently, molecular biological techniques like polymerase chain reaction and sequencing have been described to differentiate virulent from non- virulent strains.

The systemic and mucosal immune systems are considered to function more or less independently. Systemic antibodies are essential elements in protection against ND, whereas the local antibodies limit multiplication of NDV at the site of entry. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific against NDV have been detected in the spleen of vaccinated birds, however, their contribution to protection remains to be elucidated.An increase of the number of various leukocyte subsets was noticed in the respiratory tract and the Harderian gland (HG), which favours involvement of local cellular immunity in the defence against NDV infection. It is tempting to speculate that the local lymphoid infiltrates are involved in first defence and that cytolytic cells clear virus by directly lysing infected target cells at the site of NDV inoculation. Secondly, various cell types, mainly T-lymphocytes and macrophages, may be equipped to produce a range of cytokines with antiviral activity and cytokines that stimulate B-lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate into antibody-forming cells responsible for the local antibody production against NDV.

Keywords

Newcastle disease virusvaccinehumoralcellularimmunity
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 59 , Issue 2 , June 2003 , pp. 185 - 200
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2003

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