Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T16:52:36.408Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The replacement of inorganic mineral salts with mineral proteinates in poultry diets

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 February 2013

T. AO  and
J. PIERCE
T. AO*
Affiliation:
Alltech Inc, Catnip Pike, Nicholasville, KY, USA
J. PIERCE
Affiliation:
Alltech Inc, Catnip Pike, Nicholasville, KY, USA
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Trace minerals are an essential part of poultry diets, even though the trace mineral requirements recommended by the NRC (1994) for poultry are based on very limited research work. For poultry producers, mineral salts are routinely over-formulated to ensure adequate levels are fed and requirements are met. This practice has caused concerns regarding optimising the genetic potential of modern breeds and environmental pollution. In recent years, extensive research work has been carried out to compare organic mineral sources, such as proteinates or amino acid chelates, with inorganic forms in poultry diets. This paper reviewed the research results conducted globally to date with mineral proteinate (Bioplex®, Alltech Inc, USA) including Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe. These replicated trials have used broilers, pullets and laying hens of different ages and in various practical raising conditions such as cages and floor pens. The main findings include: 1) mineral proteinate has a higher retention rate and relative bioavailability value than reagent grade inorganic salts; 2) the antagonism between minerals such as Zn and Cu could be avoided by using organic forms; 3) supplementing high levels of Cu or Zn as inorganic salt in poultry diets negatively affected the efficacy of phytase in the diet, which could be overcome by using mineral proteinate; 4) the replacement of inorganic minerals with lower level organic forms can support the optimal performance of broilers and layers and minimise the impact of minerals on the environment.

Keywords

organic mineralspoultryproteinaterequirement
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 69 , Issue 1 , March 2013 , pp. 5 - 16
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABDEL-MAGEED, A.B. and OEHME, F.W. (1991) The effect of various dietary zinc concentrations on the biological interaction of zinc, copper, and iron in rats. Biological Trace Element Research 29: 239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ALDRIDGE, K., SADDORIS, L. and RADCLIFFE, J.S. (2007) Copper can be absorbed as a Cu-peptide chelate through the PepT1 transporter in the jejunum of weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science 85 (suppl. 1): 154.Google Scholar
AO, T., PIERCE, J.L., POWER, R., DAWSON, K.A., PESCATORE, A.J., CANTOR, A.H. and FORD, M.J. (2006) Evaluation of Bioplex Zn® as Organic Zinc Source for Chicks. International Journal of Poultry Science 5(9): 808-811.Google Scholar
AO, T., PIERCE, J.L., PESCATORE, A.J., CANTOR, A.H., DAWSON, K.A., FORD, M.J. and SHAFER, B.L. (2007) Effects of organic zinc and phytase supplementation in a maize-soybean meal diet on the performance and tissue zinc content of broiler chicks. British Poultry Science 48(6): 690-695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AO, T., PIERCE, J.L., PESCATORE, A.J., FORD, M.J., CANTOR, A.H., DAWSON, K.A. and PAUL, M. (2008a) Evaluation of organic Mn (Bioplex® Mn) as a Mn source for chicks. Poultry Science 87 (Suppl. 1): 172.Google Scholar
AO, T., PIERCE, J.L., PESCATORE, A.J., CANTOR, A.H., DAWSON K.A., and FORD, M.J. (2008b) Effects of feeding reduced levels of trace mineral proteinates (Bioplex®) to brown layer pullets during development. Poultry Science 87 (Suppl. 1): 114.Google Scholar
AO, T., PIERCE, J.L., POWER, R., PESCATORE, A.J., CANTOR, A.H., DAWSON, K.A. and FORD, M.J. (2009a) Effects of feeding different forms of zinc and copper on the performance and tissue mineral content of chicks. Poultry Science 88: 2171-2175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AO, T., PIERCE, J.L., PESCATORE, A.J., CANTOR, A.H., DAWSON, K.A. and FORD, M.J. (2009b) Effects of feeding reduced levels of organic minerals (Bioplex®) on the development of white layer pullets. Poultry Science 88 (Suppl. 1): 197.Google Scholar
AO, T., PIERCE, J.L., DAWSON, K.A., PESCATORE, A.J., CANTOR, A.H. and FORD, M.J. (2010) Effects of supplementing different forms of copper in broiler diets on the efficacy of phytase. International Poultry Scientific Forum Abstracts, p. 62.Google Scholar
AO, T., PIERCE, J.L., PESCATORE, A.J., CANTOR, A.H., DAWSON, K.A., FORD, M.J. and PAUL, M. (2011a) Effects of feeding different levels and forms of Zn on the performance and tissue mineral status of broiler chicks. British Poultry Science 52(4): 466-471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AO, T., PIERCE, J.L., PESCATORE, A.J., CANTOR, A.H., DAWSON, K.A., PAUL, M. and FORD, M.J. (2011b) Evaluation of organic Cu (Bioplex Cu®) as a Cu source for chicks. International Poultry Scientific Forum Abstracts, p. 196.Google Scholar
AUGSPURGER, N.P., SPENCER, J.D., WEBEL, D.M. and BAKER, D.H. (2004) Pharmacological zinc levels reduce the phosphorus-releasing efficacy of phytase in young pigs and chickens. Journal of Animal Science 82: 1732-1739.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BANKS, K.M., THOMPSON, K.L., JAYNES, P. and APPLEGATE, T.J. (2004) The effects of copper on the efficacy of phytase, growth, and phosphorus retention in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 83: 1335-1341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BAO, Y.M., CHOCT, M., IJI, P.A. and BRUERTON, K. (2007) Effect of organically complexed copper, iron, manganese and zinc on broiler performance, mineral excretion and accumulation in tissues. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16: 448-455CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BLANCO-PENEDO, I., CRUZ, J.M., LOPEZ-ALONSO, M. MIRANDA, M. CASTILLO, C., HERNANDEZ, J. and BENDEDITO, J.L. (2006) Influence of copper status on the accumulation of toxic and essential metals in cattle. Environment International 32: 901-906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BORUTA, A., SWIERCZEWSKA, E., GLEBOCKA, K. and NOLLET, L. (2007) Trace organic minerals as a replacement of inorganic sources for layers: effects on productivity and mineral excretion. World Poultry Science Association, Proceedings of the 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Strasbourg, France, 26-30 August, 2007 pp. 491-494.Google Scholar
CANTOR, A.H., PIERCE, J.L., PESCATORE, A.J, FORD, M.J., AO, T. and GILLESPIE, H.D. (2008) Trace mineral concentrations in laying hen manure and bone as affected by organic and inorganic dietary supplements. Poultry Science 87 (Suppl. 1): 149.Google Scholar
CAO, J., HENRY, P.R. and GUO, R. (2000) Chemical characteristics and relative bioavailability of supplemental organic zinc sources for poultry and ruminants. Journal of Animal Science 78: 2039-2054.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHAMPAGNE, E.T. and FISHER, M.S. (1990) Binding differences of Zn(II) and Cu(II) ions with phytate. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 38: 217-223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DAVID, D.M., CARMEN, M.E., REX, W.N. and HENRY, L.C. (1999) The effect of minerals and mineral chelators on the formation of phytase-resistant and phytase-susceptible forms of phytic acid in solution and in slurry of canola meal. Animal Feed Science and Technology 81: 177-192.Google Scholar
DU, Z., HEMKEN, R.W., JACKSON, J.A. and TRAMMELL, D.S. (1996) Utilization of copper in copper proteinate, copper lysine, and cupric sulphate using the rat as an experimental model. Journal of Animal Science 74: 1657-1663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GLENNEY, P., FILER, K., AO, T. and PIERCE, J.L. (2010) Impact of zinc source and level on in vitro phytase activity. International Poultry Scientific Forum Abstracts, p. 70.Google Scholar
GUO, R., HENRY, P.R., HOLWERDA, R.A., CAO, J., LITTELL, R.C., MILES, R.D. and AMMERMAN, C.B. (2001) Chemical characteristic and relative bioavailability of supplemental organic copper sources for poultry. Journal of Animal Science 79: 1132-1141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HALL, A.C., YOUNG, B.W. and BRENNER, I. (1979) Intestinal metallothionein and the mutual antagonism between copper and zinc in the rat. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 11: 57-66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HAMEL, N.H., SEFTON, A.E., PIERCE, J.L., AO, T., ADAMS, N., MIRELES, A., RAO, S. and HUMPHREY, B.D. (2010) Effect of dietary copper sulphate on the efficacy of exogenous enzyme function in young growing broilers fed nutritionally replete and deplete diets. International Poultry Scientific Forum Abstracts, p. 70.Google Scholar
LEESON, S. (2005) Trace mineral requirements of poultry – validity of the NRC recommendations, in: TAYLOR-PICKARD & TUCKER (Eds) Redefining Mineral Nutrition (Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK).Google Scholar
LEESON, S. and CASTON, L. (2008) Using minimal supplements of trace minerals as a method of reducing trace mineral content of poultry manure. Animal Feed Science and Technology 142: 339-347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LI, S., LUO, X., LIU, B., CRENSHAW, T.D., KUANG, X., SHAO, G. and YU, S. (2004) Use of chemical characteristics to predict the relative bioavailability of supplemental organic manganese for broilers. Journal of Animal Science 82: 2352-2363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MACALINTAL, L.M., CANTOR, A.H., AO, T., PIERCE, J.L., PESCATORE, A.J., DAWSON, K.A., FORD, M.J., KING, W.D. and GILLESPIE H.D., (2010) Effect of organic trace mineral sources on production and egg quality of white egg laying hens. Poultry Science 89 (Suppl. 1): 658.Google Scholar
MAENZ, D.D., ENGELE-SCHAN, C.M., NEWKIRK, R.W. and CLASSEN, H.L. (1999) The effects of minerals and minerals chelators on the formation of phytase-resistant and phytase-susceptible forms of phytic acid in solution and in slurry of canola meal. Animal Feed Science and Technology 81: 177-192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MILES, R.D. and HENRY, P.R. (1999) Relative trace mineral bioavailability. Proceeding California Animal Nutrition Conference, Fresno, CA, pp. 1-24.Google Scholar
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
NOLLET, L., VAN DER KLIS, J.D., LENSING, M. and SPRING, P. (2007) The effect of replacing inorganic with organic trace minerals in broiler diets on productive performance and mineral excretion. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16: 592-597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OESTREICHER, P. and COUSINS, R.J. (1985) Copper and zinc absorption in the rat: mechanism of mutual antagonism. Journal of Nutrition 115: 159-166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ONDRACEK, K.M., APPLEGATE, T.J., PANG, Y.F., THOMPSON, K.L. and JAYNES, P. (2002) The effects of copper sulphate on the efficacy of phytase, growth, and phosphorus retention in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 81 (Suppl. 1): 11.Google Scholar
PERIC, L., MILOSEVIC, N. and ZIKIC, D. (2007) Effect of Bioplex and Sel-Plex substituting inorganic trace mineral sources on performance of broilers. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 71(3): 122-129.Google Scholar
PETROVIC, V., MARCINCAK, S., POPELKA, P., NOLLET, L. and KOVAC, G. (2009) Effect of dietary supplementation of trace elements on the lipid peroxidation in broiler meat assessed after a refrigerated and frozen storage. Journal of Animal Feed Science 18: 499-507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PIERCE, J.L., PESCATORE, A.J., FORD, M.J. and CANTOR, A.H. (2005a) The effects of source and level of dietary copper on copper and zinc metabolism in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 84 (Suppl. 1): 10.Google Scholar
PIERCE, J.L., SHAFER, B.L., POWER, R. and DAWSON, K.A. (2005b) Nutritional means to lower trace mineral excretion from poultry without compromising performance. Poultry Science 84 (Suppl. 1): 11.Google Scholar
PIERCE, J.L., AO, T., CHARLTON, P. and TUCKER, L.A. (2009) Organic minerals for broiler and laying hens: reviewing the status of research so far. World's Poultry Science Journal 65: 493-498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SANTON, A., GIANNETTO, S., STURNIOLO, G.C., MEDICI, V., D'INCA, R., IRATO, P. and V. ALBERGONI, V. (2002) Interactions between Zn and Cu in LEC rats, an animal model of Wilson's disease. Histochem. Cell Biology 117(3): 275-281.Google Scholar
SOUTHERN, L.L. and BAKER, D.H. (1983) Zinc toxicity, zinc deficiency and zinc-copper interrelationship in Eimeria acervulina-infected chicks. Journal of Nutrition 113: 688-696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
UNDERWOOD, E.J. and SUTTLE, N.F. (1999) The mineral nutrition of livestock. Third edition. CABI Publishing, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VAN CAMPEN, D.R. and SICAIFE, P.V. (1967) Zinc interference with copper absorption in rats. Journal of Nutrition 91: 473-476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WEDEKIND, K.J. and BAKER, D.H. (1989) Zinc bioavailability in feed-grade zinc sources. Journal of Animal Science 67 (Suppl. 2): 126.Google Scholar
WEDEKIND, K.J., HORTIN, A.E. and BAKER, D.H. (1992) Methodology for assessing zinc bioavailability: Efficacy estimates for zinc-methionine, zinc sulphate, and zinc oxide. Journal of Animal Science 70: 178-187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WEDEKIND, K.J., COLLINGS, G., HANCOCK, J. and TITGEMEYER, E. (1994) The bioavailability of zinc-methionine relative to zinc sulphate is affected by calcium level. Poultry Science 73 (suppl. 1): 114.Google Scholar