Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T19:36:03.594Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Nutritional factors affecting the breaking strength of bone in laying hens

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2016

O. OLGUN*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
A. AYGUN
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The bone is a mineral reserve for metabolic requirements and eggshell formation as well as providing support to the bodies of birds. Bone weakness in laying hens has caused many problems such as bone deformation, osteoporosis, cage layer fatigue and fractures. These problems result in economic losses and are detrimental to animal welfare. Breaking strength is a good indicator of the health and strength of bone and an increase in breaking strength in laying hens would be important to decrease economic losses and improve the welfare of animals. One of the main factors affecting bone breaking strength is nutrition, as it is closely related to dietary calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D and particle size of the calcium source, particularly when the dietary calcium is insufficient. It has been accepted that the composition of the diet, trace elements, especially boron, vitamins, and feed additives play important roles in maintaining bone health and improving the breaking strength of bone in laying hens. This article reviews the results of studies in laying hens wherein the effect of nutrition on the breaking strength of bone were examined.

Type
Reviews
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ARAUJO, J.A., SILVA, J.H.V., COSTA, F.G.P., SOUSA, J.M.B., GIVISIEZ, P.E.N. and SAKOMURA, N.K. (2011) Effect of the levels of calcium and particle size of limestone on laying hens. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science 40: 997-1005.Google Scholar
ARMSTRONG, T.A. and SPEARS, J.W. (2001) Effect of dietary boron on growth performance, calcium and phosphorus metabolism and bone mechanical properties in growing barrows. Journal of Animal Science 79: 3120-3127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BAIRD, H.T., EGGETT, D.L. and FULLMER, S. (2008) Varying ratios of omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids on the pre- and postmortem bone mineral density, bone ash, and bone breaking strength of laying chickens. Poultry Science 87: 323-328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BAR, A., RAZAPHKOVSKY, V. and VAX, E. (2002) Re-evaluation of calcium and phosphorus requirements in aged laying hens. British Poultry Science 43: 261-269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BEATTIE, J.H. and AVENELL, A. (1992) Trace Element Nutrition and Bone Metabolism. Royaume-Uni: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BISHOP, S.C., FLEMING, R.H., McCORMACK, H.A., FLOCK, D.K. and WHITEHEAD, C.C. (2000) Inheritance of bone characteristics affecting osteoporosis in laying hens. British Poultry Science 41: 33-40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BOZKURT, M., BINTAŞ, E., KIRKAN, Ş., AKŞIT, H., KÜÇÜKYILMAZ, K., ERBAŞ, G., ÇABUK, M., AKŞIT, D., PARIN, U., EGE, G., KOÇER, B., SEYREK, K. and TÜZÜN, A.E. (2016) Comparative evaluation of dietary supplementation with mannan oligosaccharide and oregano essential oil in forced moulted and fully fed laying hens between 82 and 106 weeks of age. Poultry Science, http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BUDGELL, K.L. and SILVERSIDES, F.G. (2004) Bone breakage in three strains of end-of-lay hens. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84: 745-747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHENG, T.K. and COON, C.N. (1990) Effect of calcium source, particle size, limestone solubility in vitro, and calcium intake level on layer bone status and performance. Poultry Science 69: 2214-2219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CUFADAR, Y., OLGUN, O. and YILDIZ, A.Ö. (2011) The effect of dietary calcium concentration and particle size on performance, eggshell quality, bone mechanical properties and tibia mineral contents in moulted laying hens. British Poultry Science 52: 761-768.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DE WITT, F.H., KULEILE, N.P., VAN DER MERWE, H.J. and FAIR, M.D. (2009) Effect of limestone particle size on bone quality characteristics of hens at end-of-lay. South African Journal of Animal Science 39 (Suppl. 1): 41-44.Google Scholar
DERMIENCE, M., LOGNAY, G., MATHIEU, F. and GOYENS, P. (2015) Effects of thirty elements on bone metabolism. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 32: 86-106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DOLLWET, H.H.A. and SORENSON, J.R.J. (1988) Roles of copper in bone maintenance and healing. Biological Trace Element Research 18: 39-48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EBEID, T.A. (2011) The impact of incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into eggs on ovarian follicular development, immune response, antioxidative status and tibial bone characteristics in aged laying hens. Animal 5: 1554-1562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ENGLMAIEROVA, M., SKRIVANOVA, V. and SKRIVAN, M. (2014) The effect of non-phytate phosphorus and phytase levels on performance, egg and tibia quality, and pH of the digestive tract in hens fed higher-calcium-content diets. Czech Journal of Animal Science 59: 107-115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FERNANDES, J.I.M., MURAKAMI, A.E., SCAPINELLO, C., MOREIRA, I. and VARELA, E.V. (2009) Effect of vitamin K on bone integrity and eggshell quality of white hen at the final phase of the laying cycle. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science 38: 488-492.Google Scholar
FLEMING, R.H., McCORMACK, H.A. and WHITEHEAD, C.C. (1998) Bone structure and strength at different ages in laying hens and effects of dietary particulate limestone, vitamin K and ascorbic acid. British Poultry Science 39: 434-440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GONGRUTTANANUN, N., GUNTAPA, P. and SAENGKUDRUA, K. (2013) The effects of a short-term moult method using cassava meal, broken rice, or corn on ovarian regression, bone integrity, and postmolt egg production and quality in older (95 week) laying hens. Poultry Science 92: 2798-2807.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GORDON, R.W. and ROLAND, D.A. (1997) Performance of commercial laying hens fed various phosphorus levels, with and without supplemental phytase. Poultry Science 76: 1172-1177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GREGORY, N.G., WILKINS, L.J., ELEPERUMA, S.D., BALLANTYNE, A.J. and OVERFIELD, N.D. (1990) Broken bones in domestic fowls: Effect of husbandry system and stunning method in end-of lay hens. British Poultry Science 31: 59-69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GUINOTTE, F. and NYS, Y. (1991) Effects of particle size and origin of calcium sources on eggshell quality and bone mineralisation in egg laying hens. Poultry Science 70: 583-592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HASSAN, R., CHOE, H.S., JEONG, Y.D., HWANGBO, J. and RYU, K.S. (2013) Effect of dietary energy and protein on the performance, egg quality, bone mineral density, blood properties and yolk fatty acid composition of organic laying hens. Italian Journal of Animal Science 12: 60-65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HAUSCHKA, P.V., LIAN, J.B., COLE, D.E. and GUNDBERG, C.M. (1989) Osteocalcin and matrix GLA protein: vitamin K-dependent proteins in bone. Physiological Reviews 69: 990-1047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JIANG, S., CUI, L., SHI, C., KE, X., LUO, J. and HOU, J. (2013) Effects of dietary energy and calcium levels on performance, egg shell quality and bone metabolism in hens. The Veterinary Journal 198: 252-258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JULIAN, R.J. (2005) Production and growth related disorders and other metabolic diseases of poultry-a review. The Veterinary Journal 169: 350-369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KAPPELI, S., FRÖHLICH, E., GEBHARDT-HENRICH, S.G., PFULG, A., SCHAUBLIN, H., ZWEIFEL, R., WIEDMER, H. and STOFFEL, M.H. (2011) Effects of dietary supplementation with synthetic vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on blood calcium and phosphate levels and performance in laying hens. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 75: 179-184.Google Scholar
KIM, W.K., DONALSON, L.M., HERRERA, P., KUBENA, L.F., NISBET, D.J. and RICKE, S.C. (2005) Comparisons of moulting diets on skeletal quality and eggshell parameters in hens at of the second egg-laying cycle. Poultry Science 84: 522-527.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KIM, W.K., BLOOMFIELD, S.A., SUGIYAMA, T. and RICKE, S.C. (2012) Concepts and methods for understanding bone metabolism in laying hens. World's Poultry Science Journal 68: 71-82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KORELESKI, J. and SWIATKIEWICZ, S. (2004) Calcium from limestone meal and grit in laying hen diets-effect on performance, eggshell and bone quality. Journal of Animal Feed Science 13: 635-645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KOUTOULIS, K.C., KYRIAZAKIS, I., PERRY, G.C. and LEWIS, P.D. (2009) Effect of different calcium sources and calcium intake on shell quality and bone characteristics of laying hens at sexual maturity and end of lay. International Journal of Poultry Science 8: 342-348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KÜÇÜKYILMAZ, K., ERKEK, R. and M. BOZKURT, M. (2014) The effects of boron supplementation of layer diets varying in calcium and phosphorus concentrations on performance, egg quality, bone strength and mineral constituents of serum, bone and faeces. British Poultry Science 55: 804-816.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LEESON, S. and SUMMERS, J.D. (2005) Commercial Poultry Nutrition, 3rd ed. (Ontario, Canada, University Books).Google Scholar
LEI, Q.B., SHI, L.X., ZHANG, K.Y., DING, X.M., BAI, S.P. and LIU, Y.G. (2011) Effect of reduced energy, protein and entire substitution of inorganic phosphorus by phytase on performance and bone mineralisation of laying hens. British Poultry Science 52: 202-213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MANSOORI, B. and MODIRSANEI, M. (2015) Effect of dietary available phosphorus and phytase on production performance of old laying hens and tibia bone quality. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 9: 125-134.Google Scholar
MERKLEY, J.W. (1981) The effect of sodium fluoride on egg production, egg quality, and bone strength of caged layers. Poultry Science 60: 771-776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NAGHII, M.R., TORKAMAN, G. and MOFID, M. (2006) Effects of boron and calcium supplementation on mechanical properties of bone in rats. Biofactors 28: 195-201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NARVAEZ-SOLARTE, W., ROSTAGNO, H.S. and SOARES, P.R. (2006) Nutritional requirement of calcium in white laying hens from 46 to 62 wk of age. International Journal of Poultry Science 5: 181-184.Google Scholar
NASCIMENTO, G.R. do, MURAKAMI, A.E., GUERRA, A.F.Q.M., OSPINAS-ROJAS, I.C., FERREIRA, M.F.Z. and FANHANI, J.C. (2014) Effect of different vitamin d sources and calcium levels in the diet of layers in the second laying cycle. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 16: 37-42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NEWMAN, S. and LEESON, S. (1999) The effect of feed deprivation and subsequent refeeding on the bone characteristics of aged hens. Poultry Science 78: 1658-1663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NIE, W., YANG, Y., YUAN, J., WANG, Z. and GUO, Y. (2013) Effect of dietary nonphytate phosphorus on laying performance and small intestinal epithelial phosphate transporter expression in Dwarf pink-shell laying hens. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 4: 1-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
OLGUN, O., YAZGAN, O. and CUFADAR, Y. (2012) Effects of boron and copper dietary supplementation in laying hens on egg shell quality, plasma and tibia mineral concentrations and bone biomechanical properties. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire 163: 335-342.Google Scholar
OLGUN, O. (In press) The effect of dietary essential oil mixture supplementation on performance, egg quality and bone characteristics in laying hens. Annals of Animal Science DOI: 10.1515/aoas (2016) 0038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OLIVEIRA, A.N., FREITAS, E.R., FILGUEIRA, T.M.B., CRUZ, C.E.B. and NASCIMENTO, G.A.J. (2013) Limestone particle size and artificial light for laying hens in the second laying cycle. Brazilian Journal of Animal Science 42: 481-488.Google Scholar
ORBAN, J.I., ROLAND, D.A., CUMMINS, K. and LOVELL, R.T. (1993) . Influence of large doses of ascorbic acid on performance, plasma calcium, bone characteristics, and eggshell quality in broilers and Leghorn hens. Poultry Science 72: 691-700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PALACIOS, C. (2006) The role of nutrients in bone health, from A to Z. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 46: 621-628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PARK, S.Y., BIRKHOLD, S.G., KUBENA, L.F., NISBET, D.J. and RICKE, S.C. (2004) Effects of high zinc diets using zinc propionate on moult induction, organs, and postmolt egg production and quality in laying hens. Poultry Science 83: 24-33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PATWARDHAN, D.S., KING, A.J., OBERBAUER, A.M. and HOLLAND, T.B. (2011) Bone measurements of moulted layers fed low-salt corn and soybean meal diets containing safflower meal or tomato pomace. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 20:190-196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RATH, N.C., HUFF, G.R., HUFF, W.E. and BALOG, J.M. (2000) Factors regulating bone maturity and strength in poultry. Poultry Science 79: 1024-1032.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RENNIE, J.S., FLEMING, R.H., McCORMACK, H.A., McCORQUODALE, C.C. and WHITEHEAD, C.C. (1997) Studies on effects of nutritional factors on bone structure and osteoporosis in laying hens. British Poultry Science 38: 417-424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ROLAND, D.A., BRYANT, M.M., RABON, H.W. and SELF, J. (1996) Influence of calcium and environmental temperature on performance of first-cycle (Phase 1) commercial Leghorns. Poultry Science 75: 62-68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RUFF, C.R. and HUGHES, B.L. (1985) Bone strength of height restricted broilers as affected by levels of calcium, phosphorus and manganese. Poultry Science 64: 1628-1636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAUNDERS-BLADES, J.L., McISAAC, J.L., KORVER, D.R. and ANDERSON, D.M. (2009) The effect of calcium source and particle size on the production performance and bone quality of laying hens. Poultry Science 88: 338-353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SILVERSIDES, F.G., SCOTT, T.A., KORVER, D.R., AFSHARMANESH, M. and HRUBY, M. (2006) A study on the interaction of xylanase and phytase enzymes in wheat-based diets fed to commercial white and brown egg laying hens. Poultry Science 85: 297-305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SOHAIL, S. and ROLAND, S.R.D. (2002) Influence of dietary phosphorus on performance of Hy-Line W36 hens. Poultry Science 81: 75-83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SWIATKIEWICZ, S. and KORELESKI, J. (2008) The effect of zinc and manganese source in the diet for laying hens on eggshell and bones quality. Veterinarni Medicina 53: 555-563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SWIATKIEWICZ, S., KORELESKI, J. and ARCZEWSKA, A. (2010) Effect of organic acids and prebiotics on bone quality in laying hens fed diets with two levels of calcium and phosphorus. Acta Veterinaria Brno 79: 185-193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SWIATKIEWICZ, S., ARCZEWSKA-WLOSEK, A. and JOZEFIAK, D. (2014) Bones quality indices in laying hens fed diets with a high level of DDGS and supplemented with selected feed additives. Czech Journal of Animal Science 59: 61-68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SWIATKIEWICZ, S., ARCZEWSKA-WLOSEK, A. and JOZEFIAK, D. (2015) Bone quality, selected blood variables and mineral retention in laying hens fed with different dietary concentrations and sources of calcium. Livestock Science 181: 194-199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TARLTON, J.F., WILKINS, L.J., TOSCANO, M.J., AVERY, N.C. and KNOTT, L. (2013) Reduced bone breakage and increased bone strength in free range laying hens fed omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplemented diets. Bone 52: 578-586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
THOMAS, M.L., IBARRA, M.J., SOLCHER, B., WETZEL, S. and SIMMONS, D.J. (1988) The effect of low dietary calcium and calcium supplementation on calcium metabolism and bone in the immature, growing rat. Bone and Mineral 4: 73-82.Google ScholarPubMed
XAVIER, R.P.S., FREITAS, E.R., BRAZ, N.M., FARIAS, N.N.P., LIMA, R.C., WATANABE, P.H., NASCIMENTO, G.A.J. and PEIXOTO, M.S.M. (2015) Limestone particle sizes and lighting regimens on egg and bone quality of laying hens. Brazilian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 718-725.Google Scholar
WEBSTER, A.B. (2004) Welfare implications of avian osteoporosis. Poultry Science 83: 184-192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHITEHEAD, C.C. and FLEMING, R.H. (2000) Osteoporosis in laying hens. Poultry Science 79: 1033-1041.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WILSON, J.H. (1991) Bone strength of caged layers as affected by dietary calcium and phosphorus concentrations, preconditioning, and ash content. British Poultry Science 32: 501-508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WILSON, J.H. and RUSZLER, P.L. (1998) Long term effects of boron on layer bone strength and production parameters. British Poultry Science 39: 11-15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
YILDIZ, A.Ö., CUFADAR, Y. and OLGUN, O. (2011) Effects of dietary organic and inorganic manganese supplementation on performance, egg quality and bone mineralisation in laying hens. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire 162: 482-488.Google Scholar
ZHOU, Z.L., DENG, Y.F., TAO, Q.S., HU, Y.F. and HOU, J.F. (2009) Effects of Gushukang, a Chinese herbal medicine, on bone characteristics and osteoporosis in laying hens. Poultry Science 88: 2342-2345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar