Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T19:09:56.521Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Methods for early nutrition and their potential

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

Z. Uni  and
R.P. Ferket
Z. Uni*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76–100, Israel
R.P. Ferket
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7608, USA
*
*Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Several factors may limit the development and viability of late-term embryos and hatchlings: 1 The nutrient content of the egg needed for the development of tissues and nutrient reserves (glycogen, muscle, yolk) of the embryo through to hatch; 2 The ability of the gastrointestinal tract to digest utilize nutrients from an external carbohydrate and protein-rich diet; and 3 The ability of chicks and poults to rely on the residual nutrients in the yolk sac during the first few days post-hatch. These limitations are manifested by in the “chick or poult quality” phenomena. Approximately 2% to 5% of hatchlings do not survive the critical post-hatch “adjustment” period and many survivors exhibit stunted growth, inefficient feed utilization, reduced disease resistance, or poor meat yield. These limitations can be alleviated by the administration of food in the hatchery immediately post-hatch, a technology termed “Early Feeding”, or by administration of food into the amnion of late term embryo, what we define as “In Ovo Feeding”. A great potential exists in “combining” the early feeding and the in ovo feeding methods. Since the modern broiler increases its body weight by 50-fold from hatch until market age at 42 days, the first few critical days of “adjustment” represent a much greater proportion of the bird's life span than in the past. Consequently, early feeding methods will have a great impact on overall growth and well-being of the bird, particularly as genetic selection for increased growth performance continues in the future.

Keywords

broiler embryobroiler chicksmall intestinin ovo feedingpost-hatch feeding
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 60 , Issue 1 , March 2004 , pp. 101 - 111
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This paper was first presented at the 14th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Lillehammer, Norway, August 10–14, 2003

References

Akiba, Y. and Murakami, H. (1995) Partitioning of energy and protein during early growth of broiler chicks and contribution of vitelline residue. In: 10th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, (ed. Antalia, Turkey).Google Scholar
Baranylova, E. and Holman, J. (1976) Morphological changes in the intestinal wall in fed and fasted chickens in the first week after hatching. Acta Veterinuria Brno 45.Google Scholar
Best, E.E. (1966) The changes of some blood constituents during the initial post-hatching period in chickens. 11. Blood total ketone bodies and the reduced glutathione ketone body relationship. British Poultry Science 7: 23–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjonnes, P.O., Aulie, A. and Hoiby, M. (1987) Effects of hypoxia on the metabolism of embryos and chicks of domestic fowl. Journul of Experimentul Zoology 1: 209–12.Google Scholar
Black, B.L. (1978) Morphological development of the epithelium of the embryonic chick intestine in culture: influence of thyroxine and hydrocortisone. American Journul of Anatomy 153: 573–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, B.L. and Moog, F. (1978) Alkaline phosphatase and maltase activity in the embryonic chick intestine in culture. Influence of thyroxine and hydrocortisone. Developmental Biology 66: 232–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ChriStEnsen, V.L., WiNeland, M.J., Fasenko, G.M. and Donaldson, W.E. (2001) Egg storage effects on plasma glucose and supply and demand tissue glycogen concentrations of broiler embryos. Poultry Science 80: 1729–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, R.H. and Bird, F.H. (1973) Duodenal villus area and epithelial cellular migration in conventional and germ-free chicks. Poultry Science 52: 2276–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dibner, J. (1999) Feeding hatchling poultry: avoid any delay. In Feed International, vol. 12 ed., pp. 30–34.Google Scholar
Dror, Y., Nir, I. and Nitsan, Z. (1977) The relative growth of internal organs in light and heavy breeds. Brirish Poultry Science 18: 493–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elwyn, D.H. and Bursztein, S. (1993a) Carbohydrate metabolism and requirements for nutritional support: Part I. Nutrition 9: 50–66.Google ScholarPubMed
Elwyn, D.H. and Bursztein, S. (1993b) Carbohydrate metabolism and requirements for nutritional support: Part 11. Nutrition 9: 164–77.Google Scholar
Elwyn, D.H. and Bursztein, S. (1993c) Carbohydrate metabolism and requirements for nutritional support: Part 111. Nutrition 9: 255–67.Google Scholar
Esteban, S., Moreno, M., Mestre, I., PlAnas, J.M. and Tur, J.A. (1991a) Regional development of alpha-methyl-D-glucoside transport in the small intestine of chick embryos and newly-hatched chicks. Archives Internationales de Physiologie, de Biochimie et de Biophysique 99: 425–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Esteban, S., Moreno, M., Rayo, J.M. and Tur, J.A. (1991b) Gastrointestinal emptying in the final days of incubation of the chick embryo. British Poultry Science 32: 279–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fanguy, R.C., Misra, L.K., Blohowiak, C.C. and KruEger, W.F. (1980) Effect of delayed placement on mortality and growth performance of commercial broilers. Poultry Science 59: 1215–1220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, B.M. (1965) The relationship between oxygen consumption, body temperature and surface area in the hatching and young chick. Brirish Poulrry Science 6: 67–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geyra, A., Uni, Z. and Sklan, D. (2001a) The effect of fasting at different ages on growth and tissue dynamics in the small intestine of the young chick. British Poultry Science 86: 53–61.Google ScholarPubMed
Geyra, A., Uni, Z. and Sklan, D. (2001b) Enterocyte dynamics and mucosal development in the posthatch chick. Poultry Science 80: 776–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hager, J.E. and Beane, W.L. (1983) Posthatch incubation time and early growth of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 62: 247–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halevy, O., Geyra, A., Barak, M., Uni, Z. and Sklan, D. (2000) Early posthatch starvation decreases satellite cell proliferation and skeletal muscle growth in chicks. Journal of Nutrition 130: 858–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halevy, O., KrIspin, A., Leshem, Y., McmuRtry, J.P. and Yahav, S. (2001) Early-age heat exposure affects skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation in chicks. American Journal of Physiology 281: R302–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Hoiby, M., Aulie, A. and Bjonnes, P.O. (1987) Anaerobic metabolism in fowl embryos during normal incubation. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A: Compurative Physiology 86: 91–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
John, T.M., George, J.C. and Moran, E.T. Jr. (1987) Pre- and post-hatch ultrastructural and metabolic changes in the hatching muscle of turkey embryos from antibiotic and glucose treated eggs. Cyrobios 49: 197–210.Google ScholarPubMed
John, T.M., George, J.C. and Moran, E.T. Jr. (1988) Metabolic changes in pectoral muscle and liver of turkey embryos in relation to hatching: influence of glucose and antibiotic-treatment of eggs. Poultry Science 67: 463–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KatAnbaf, M.N., Dunnington, E.A. and SiEgel, P.B. (1988) Allomoiphic relationships from hatching to 56 days in parental lines and FI crosses of chickens selected 27 generations for high or low body weight. Growth, Development, and Aging 52: 11–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Kingston, D.J. (1979) Some hatchery factors involved in early chick mortality. Australian Veterinury Journal 55: 418–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchaim, U. and Kulka, R.G. (1967) The non-parallel increase of amylase, chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase in the developing chick pancreas. Biochimica et Biophysica Acra 146: 553–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moran, E.T. Jr. (1985) Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in fowl and events through perinatal development. Journal of Nutrition 115: 665–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moran, E.T. Jr. and Reinhart, B.S. (1980) Poult yolk sac amount and composition upon placement: effect of breeder age, egg weight, sex, and subsequent change with feeding or fasting. Poultry Science 59: 1521–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MoZdziak, P.E., Evans, J.J. and Mccoy, D.W. (2002a) Early posthatch starvation induces myonuclear apoptosis in chickens. Journul of Nutrition 132: 901–3.Google ScholarPubMed
MoZdziak, P.E., Schultz, E. and Cassens, R.G. (1997) Myonuclear accretion is a major determinant of avian skeletal muscle growth. American Journal of Physiology 272: C565–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MoZdziak, P.E., Walsh, T.J. and Mccoy, D.W. (2002b) The effect of early posthatch nutrition on satellite cell mitotic activity. Poultry Science 81: 1703–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MurAkami, H., Akiba, Y. and Horiguchi, M. (1992) Growth and utilization of nutrients in newly-hatched chick with or without removal of residual yolk. Growth, Development, and Aging 56: 75–84.Google ScholarPubMed
Nir, I. and Levanon, M. (1993) Effect of posthatch holding time on performance and on residual yolk and liver composition. Poultry Science 72: 1994–1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noble, R.C. and Ogunyemi, D. (1989) Lipid changes in the residual yolk and liver of the chick immediately after hatching. Biology of the Neonate 56: 228–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noy, Y., Geyra, A. and Sklan, D. (2001) The effect of early feeding on growth and small intestinal development in the posthatch poult. Poultry Science 80: 912–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noy, Y. and Sklan, D. (1996) Uptake capacity in vitro for glucose and methionine and in situ for oleic acid in the proximal small intestine of posthatch chicks. Poultry Science 75: 998–1002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noy, Y. and Sklan, D. (1998) Yolk utilization in the newly hatched poult. British Poultry Science 39: 446–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noy, Y. and Sklan, D. (1999) Energy utilization in newly hatched chicks. Poultry Science 78: 1750–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noy, Y. and Sklan, D. (2001) Yolk and exogenous feed utilization in the posthatch chick. Poultry Science 80: 1490–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noy, Y., Uni, Z. and Sklan, D. (1996) Routes of yolk utilization in the newly-hatched chick. British Poultry Science 37: 987–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinchasov, Y. and Noy, Y. (1993) Comparison of post-hatch holding time and subsequent early performance of broiler chicks and turkey poults. British Poultry Science 34: 111–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricklefs, R.E. (1987) Comparative analysis of avian embryonic growth. Journal of Experimental Zoology. Supplement 1: 309–23.Google ScholarPubMed
Romanoff, A.L. (1960) The Avian Embryo: Structural and Functional Development. New York: The McMillan Company.Google Scholar
Rosebrough, R.W., Geis, E., Henderson, K. and Frobish, L.T. (1978a) Glycogen depletion and repletion in the chick. Poultry Science 57: 1460–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosebrougk, R.W., Geis, E., Henderson, K. and Frobish, L.T. (1978b) Glycogen metabolism in the turkey embryo and poult. Poultry Science 57: 747–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sell, J.L., Angel, C.R., Piquer, F.J., Mallarino, E.G. and Al-Batshan, H.A. (1991) Developmental patterns of selected characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract of young turkeys. Poultry Science 70: 1200–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sklan, D. (2001) Development of the digestive tract of poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 57: 415–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uni, Z. and Ferket, P. (2003) Enhancement of development of oviparous species by in ovo feeding. US Patent No 6592878.Google Scholar
Uni, Z. (1999) Functional development of small intestine in domestic birds: cellular and molecular aspects. Poultry and Avian Biology Reviews 10(3): 167–179.Google Scholar
Uni, Z., Ganot, S. and Sklan, D. (1998a) Post-hatch development of mucosal function in the broiler small intestine. Poultry Science 77: 75–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uni, Z., Geyra, A., Ben-Hur, H. and Sklan, D. (2000) Small intestinal development in the young chick: crypt formation and enterocyte proliferation and migration. British Poultry Science 41: 544–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uni, Z., Noy, Y. and Sklan, D. (1999) Posthatch development of small intestinal function in the poult. Poultry Science 78: 215–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uni, Z., Platin, R. and Sklan, D. (1998b) Cell proliferation in chicken intestinal epithelium occurs both in the crypt and along the villus. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental PhysioZogy 168: 241–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uni, Z., Tako, E., Gal-Garber, o. and Sklan, D. (2003) Morphological, molecular and functional changes in the chicken small intestine in the late term embryo. In Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vieira, S.L. and Moran, E.T. (1999a) Effect of egg origin and chick post-hatch nutrition on broiler live performance and meat yields. World's Poultry Science Journal 56: 125–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vieira, S.L. and Moran, E.T. (1999b) Effects of delayed placement and used litter on broiler yields. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 8: 75–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar