Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T03:23:34.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Amino Acid Requirements of Laying Hens: Models for Calculation. I Physiological Background

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2007

W. K. Smith
Affiliation:
Poultry Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
Get access

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1978

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agricultural Research Council (1975). The nutrient requirements of farm livestock No. 1. Poultry. Agricultural Research Council, London.Google Scholar
Allison, J. B. and Wannemacher, R. W. (1965). The concept and significance of labile and overall protein reserves of the body. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 16: 445.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashley, J. H. and Fisher, H. (1967). Protein reserves and muscle constituents of protein-depleted and repleted cocks. Brit. J. Nutr. 21: 661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Assenmacher, I. (1973). The peripheral endocrine glands. In: Avian Biology 3: 184. Edit. Farner, D. S. and King, J. R. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Ballard, P. D. and Biellier, H. V. (1969). Effect of photoperiod and oviposition on feed and water consumption by laying hens. Poult. Sci. 48: 1781 (Abstr.)Google Scholar
Boorman, K. N. (1974). Amino acid supply and protein synthesis. Wld's Poult. Sci. J. 30: 314 (Abstr.)Google Scholar
Butler, E. J. (1971). Plasma proteins. In: Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl. p. 933. Edit. Bell, D. J. and Freeman, B. M. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Candlish, J. K. (1972). The role of shell membranes in the functional integrity of the egg. In: Egg Formation and Production, p. 87. Edit. Freeman, B. M. and Lake, P. E. British Poultry Science Ltd., Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Datta, S. P. and Ottaway, J. H. (1976). Biochemistry. 3rd Edition. Bailliere Tindall, London.Google Scholar
Draper, M. H., Davidson, M. F., Wyburn, G. B. and Johnston, H. S. (1972). The fine structure of the fibrous membrane forming region of the isthmus of the oviduct of Gallus domesticus. Quarterly J. Exp. Physiol. 57: 297.Google Scholar
Duncan, I. J. H. and Hughes, B. O. (1975). Feeding activity and egg formation in hens lit continuously. Br. Poult. Sci. 16: 145.Google Scholar
Elwyn, D. H. (1970). The role of the liver in regulation of amino acid and protein metabolism. In: Mammalian Protein Metabolism 4. p. 523. Edit. Munro, H. N. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Etches, R. J. (1974). Plasma testosterone during the ovulation cycle of the hen. In: XV World's Poultry Congress, New Orleans, 08 1974. p. 517. U.S.A. Branch WPSA Washington.Google Scholar
Florini, J. R. (1970). Effects of testosterone on qualitative patterns of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. Biochemistry. 9: 909.Google Scholar
Furr, B. J. A., Bonney, R. C., England, R. J. and Cunningham, F. J. (1973). Luteinizing hormone and progesterone in peripheral blood during the ovulatory cycle of the laying hen Gallus domesticus. J. Endocrinology. 57: 159.Google Scholar
Graber, J. W. and Nalbandov, A. V. (1976). Peripheral estrogen levels during the laying cycle of the hen (Gallus domesticus). Biol. Reproduction. 14: 109.Google Scholar
Harms, R. H., Moreno, R. S. and Damron, B. L. (1971). Evidence for protein storage in laying hens and its utilization under nutritional stress. Poult. Sci. 50: 592.Google Scholar
Hassel, J., Yager, J. D. and Kleim, N. W. (1970). Incorporation of 14C-labelled amino acids into egg proteins by the laying hen. Poult. Sci. 49: 1121.Google Scholar
Haynes, N. B., Cooper, K. J. and Kay, M. J. (1973). Plasma progesterone concentrations in the hen in relation to the ovulatory cycle. Br. Poult. Sci. 14: 349.Google Scholar
Hurwitz, S., Bar, A. and Cohen, I. (1973). Regulation of calcium absorption by fowl intestine. Am. J. Physiol. 225: 150.Google Scholar
Hurwitz, S. and Bornstein, S. (1973). The protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens: Suggested models for calculation. Poult. Sci. 52: 1124.Google Scholar
Hurwitz, S. and Bornstein, S. (1977). The protein and amino acid requirements of laying hens: Experimental evaluation of models of calculation. 1. Application of two models under various conditions. Poult. Sci. 56: 969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kappauf, B. and Van Tienhoven, A. (1972). Progesterone concentrations in peripheral plasma of laying hens in relation to time of ovulation. Endocrinology. 90: 1350.Google Scholar
Kohler, P. O., Grimley, P. M. and O'Malley, B. W. (1969). Estrogen-induced cytodifferentiation of the albumen-secreting glands in the chick oviduct. J. Cell. Biol. 40: 8.Google Scholar
Lewis, J. C., Snell, D. J, Hirschmann, D. J. and Fraenkel-Conrat, H. (1950). Amino acid composition of egg proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 186: 23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lineweaver, H. and Murray, C. W. (1947). Identification of the trypsin inhibitor of egg white with ovomucoid. J. Biol. Chem. 171: 565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macfarlane, A. S. (1964). Metabolism of plasma proteins. In: Mammalian Protein Metabolism. 1: 298. Edit. Munro, H. N. and Allison, J. B. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Mandeles, S. and Ducay, E. D. (1962). Site of egg white protein formation. J. Biol. Chem. 237: 3196.Google Scholar
Moran, E. T. Jr., Summers, J. D. and Pepper, W. F. (1967). Effect of low protein rations on laying hen performance with a note on essential amino acid requirements. Poult. Sci. 46: 1134.Google Scholar
Morris, T. R. (1973). The effects of ahemeral light and dark cycles on egg production in the fowl. Poult. Sci. 52: 423.Google Scholar
Morris, B. A. and Taylor, T. G. (1967). The daily food consumption of laying hen in relation to egg formation. Br. Poult. Sci. 8: 251.Google Scholar
Munro, H. N. (1970). Factors in regulation of protein synthesis. In: Plasma protein regulation. Regulation of synthesis, distribution and degradation. p. 157. Edit. Rothschild, M. A. and Waldmann, T. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Nir, I. and Ascarelli, I. (1967). Effect of dietary protein level and thyroxine on Vit. A absorption and on plasma proteins in chicks. Br. J. Nutr. 21: 167.Google Scholar
Oka, T. and Schimke, R. T. (1969a). Interaction of estrogen and progesterone in chick oviduct development. 1. Antagonistic effect of progesterone on estrogen-induced proliferation and differentiation of tubular gland cells. J. Cell. Biol. 41: 816.Google Scholar
Oka, T. and Schimke, R. T. (1969b). 2. Effects of estrogen and progesterone on tubular gland function. J. Cell Biol. 43: 123.Google Scholar
O'Malley, B. W. (1967). In vitro hormonal induction of a specific protein (avidin) in the chick oviduct. Biochemistry. 6: 2546.Google Scholar
O'Malley, B. W. and McGuire, W. L. (1968). Studies on the mechanism of action of progesterone in regulation of the synthesis of specific protein. J. Clin. Invest. 47: 654.Google Scholar
Palmiter, R. D. (1972). Regulation of protein synthesis in chick oviduct. 1. Independent regulation of ovalbumin, conalbumin, ovomucoid and lyzozyme induction. J. Biol. Chem. 247: 6450.Google Scholar
Palmiter, R. D. and Haines, M. D. (1973). Regulation of protein synthesis in chick oviduct. 4. Role of testosterone. J. Biol. Chem. 248: 2107.Google Scholar
Parkinson, T. L. (1966). The chemical composition of eggs. J. Sci. Fd. Agric. 17: 101.Google Scholar
Peterson, A. J. and Common, R. H. (1971). Progesterone concentration in peripheral plasma of laying hens as determined by competitive protein-binding assay. Can. J. Zool. 49: 599.Google Scholar
Peterson, A. J., Henneberry, G. O. and Common, R. H. (1973). Androgen concentrations in peripheral plasma of laying hens. Can. J. Zool. 51: 753.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, T. S. (1972). Egg white glycoproteins and the physical properties of egg white. In: Egg Formation and Production. p. 65. Edit. Freeman, B. M. and Lake, P. E. British Poultry Science Ltd., Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Robinson, T. S. and Mounsey, T. B. (1971). Studies on the composition of egg white ovomucin. Biochem. J. 121: 537.Google Scholar
Salter, D. N., Coates, M. E. and Westgarth, D. R. (1971). Studies on the incorporation of 14C-labelled amino acids into egg proteins. Br. Poult. Sci. 12: 483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schepartz, B. (1973). Regulation of amino acid metabolism in mammals. Edit. Masoro, E. J. Saunders, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Scott, M. L. (1962). Balancing the diet of laying hens. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. for Feed Mfrs. p. 108.Google Scholar
Scott, M. L., Nesheim, M. C. and Young, R. J. (1969). The nutrition of the chicken. M. L. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, New York.Google Scholar
Scott, M. L., Nesheim, M. C. and Young, R. H. (1976). The nutrition of the chicken. 2nd edit. M. L. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, New York.Google Scholar
Shahabi, N. A., Norton, H. W. and Nalbandov, A. V. (1975). Steroid levels in follicles and the plasma of hens during the ovulatory cycle. Endocrinology. 96: 962.Google Scholar
Smith, W. K., Ballard, P. D. and Biellier, H. V. (1972). The supply of calcium for shell formation. Proc. Australasian Poultry Science Convention, N. Z. Branch Wld's Poult. Sci. Assn. Auckland. p. 61.Google Scholar
Smith, W. K. (1978b). The amino acid requirements of laying hens: Models for calculation. 2. Practical application. Wld's Poult. Sci. J. 34: In Press.Google Scholar
Svensson, S. A. (1964). Composition and energy content of eggs, growing chicks and hens, with some notes on preparation and method of analysis. Lantbrukshogskolaus Annalar. 30: 405.Google Scholar
Taylor, B. R., Payne, C. G. and Lewis, D. (1967). Amino acid allowances for laying hens. In: Protein utilization by poultry. p. 137. Edit. Morton, R. A. and Amorosco, E. C. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Thomas, O. P. and Combs, G. F. (1967). Relationship between serum protein level and body composition in the chick. J. Nutr. 91: 468.Google Scholar
Wainio, W. W., Allison, J. B., Kremzner, L. T., Bernstein, E. and Aronoff, M. (1959). Enzymes in protein depletion. 3. Enzymes of brain, kidney, skeletal muscle and spleen. J. Nutr. 67: 197.Google Scholar
Waldroup, P. W., Johnson, Z. and Bussell, W. (1976). Estimating daily nutrient requirements for broiler breeder hens. Feedstuffs. 48 (28): 19.Google Scholar
Warner, R. C. (1954). Egg proteins. In: The Proteins 2A. p. 435. Edit. Neurath, H. and Bailey, K. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Wessels, J. P. H. and Fisher, H. (1965). Estimation of protein reserves and nitrogen content of organs in protein-depleted and repleted cocks. Br. J. Nutr. 19: 57.Google Scholar
Wilgus, W. S. (1976a). Estimation of the amino acid requirements of turkey breeding hens, with comparison to those of laying chickens. 1. Estimation of requirements. Feedstuffs. 48 (48): 38.Google Scholar
Wilgus, W. S. (1976b). 2. Utilization in formulating feeds. Feedstuffs. 48 (49): 32.Google Scholar
Wood-Gush, D. G. M. and Horne, A. R. (1970). The effect of egg formation and laying on the food and water intake of Brown Leghorn hens. Br. Poult. Sci. 11: 459.Google Scholar
Wyburn, G. M., Johnston, H. S., Draper, M. H. and Davidson, M. F. (1970). The fine structure of the infundibulum and magnum of Gallus domesticus. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol. 55: 213Google Scholar
Wyburn, G. M., Johnston, H. S., Draper, M. H. and Davidson, M. F. (1973). The ultras structure of the shell-forming region of the oviduct and the development of the shell of Galludomesticus. Quart J. Exp. Physiol. 58: 143.Google Scholar