Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T12:01:01.836Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A treatise on chicken dam nutrition that impacts on progeny1,2

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

M.T. Kidd
M.T. Kidd
Affiliation:
Mississippi State University, Department of Poultry Science, Box 9665, Mississippi State, MS 39762-9665, USA, e-mail: mkidd@ poultry.msstate.edu
Get access

Abstract

Chick quality is dependent upon conditions in the laying house, egg handling systems, and the hatchery. If any of these areas are sub-optimal, chick quality, in addition to hatchability, may deteriorate. Alternative methods to improve chick quality are warranted, especially in chicks from young broiler breeder flocks. Moreover, antibiotic compounds that improve early growth and prevent bacterial infections in broilers are becoming increasingly less available to commercial poultry producers. This paper is concerned with breeder hen nutrition as a means to improve chick quality. Published reports concerned with hen nutritional deficiencies and sufficiencies on progeny performance, rather than toxicities, are primarily discussed. The areas of protein, energy, fat, mineral, and vitamin hen nutrition that impact progeny status are reviewed. Non-nutritional substances (i.e., toxins) that impact progeny when present in the hen's diet are reviewed. Specific ingredients and nutrients fed to hens that influence progeny growth, carcass attributes, enzyme functions, and immunity are discussed.

Keywords

broiler breederbroilerprogenyproteinenergyvitaminsmineralstoxins
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 59 , Issue 4 , December 2003 , pp. 475 - 494
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

Journal Article Number J-10332 from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station.

2

Use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station of the products, nor similar ones not mentioned.

References

Aitken, J.R., Merritt, E.S. and Curtis, R.J. (1969) The influence of maternal diet on egg size and progeny performance in meat-type hens. Poultry Science 48: 596–601.Google Scholar
Allen, N.K., Mirocha, C.J., Aakhus-Allen, S., Bitgood, J.J., Weaver, G. and Bates, F. (1981) Effect of dietary zearalenone on reproduction of chickens. Poultry Science 60: 1165–1174.Google Scholar
Ameenuddin, S., Sunde, M.L., Deluca, H.F. and Cook, M.E. (1986) Excessive cholecalciferol in a layers diet: decline in some aspects of reproductive performance and increased bone mineralisation of progeny. British Poultry Science 27: 671–677.Google Scholar
Anderson, G.J., Connor, W.E., Corliss, J.E. and Lin, D.S. (1989) Rapid modulation of the n-3 docosahexaenoic acid levels in the brain and retina of the newly hatched chick. Journal of Lipid Research 30: 433–441.Google Scholar
Arrington, L.R., Santa Cruz, A., Harms, R.H. and Wilson, H.R. (1967) Effects of excess dietary iodine upon pullets and laying hens. Journal of Nutrition 92: 325–330.Google Scholar
Attia, Y.A., Burke, W.H., Yamani, K.A. and Jensen, L.S. (1995a) Daily energy allotments and performance of broiler breeders. 1. Males. Poultry Science 74: 247–260.Google Scholar
Attia, Y.A., Burke, W.H., Yamani, K.A. and Jensen, L.S. (1995b) Daily energy allotments and performance of broiler breeders. 2. Females. Poultry Science 74: 261–270.Google Scholar
Attia, Y., Yamani, K.A. and Burke, W.H. (1993) Daily energy allotment and reproductive performance of broiler breeder males. Poultry Science 72: 42–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bains, B.S., Margaret, F.A. and Mckenzie, R.A. (1975) Selenium-responsive myopathy in broiler breeder hens in Queensland. Australian Veterinary Journal 51: 140–145.Google Scholar
Balloun, S.L. and Phillips, R.E. (1957) Interaction effects of vitamin B12 and pantothenic acid in breeder hen diets on hatchability, chick growth and livability, Poultry Science 36: 929–934.Google Scholar
Beer, A.E. (1969) A review of the effects of nutritional deficiencies on hatchability. The Fertility and Hatchability of the Hen's Egg (Carter, T.C. and Freeman, B.M., Eds.). Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 93–108.Google Scholar
Beer, A.E., Scott, M.L. and Nesheim, M.C. (1963) The effects of graded levels of pantothenic acid on the breeding performance of White Leghorn pullets. British Poultry Science 4: 243–253.Google Scholar
Boa-Amponsem, K., Price, S.E., Geraert, P.A., Picard, M. and Siegel, P.B. (2001) Antibody responses of hens fed vitamin E and passively acquired antibodies of their chicks. Avian Diseuses 45: 122–127.Google Scholar
Brake, J. (1991) Research Note: Lack of effect of a live yeast culture on broiler breeder and progeny performance. Poultry Science 70: 1037–1039.Google Scholar
Brake, J., Ort, J.F., Carter, T.A. and Campbell, W.R. (1984) Effect of the insect growth regulator CGA-72662 (Larvadex ®)on broiler breeder production, hatchability, and subsequent chick performance. Poultry Science 63: 910–916.Google Scholar
Brake, J., Lenfestey, B.A. and Plumstead, P.W. (2003) Broiler performance to 21 days as affected by cumulative broiler breeder pullet nutrition during rearing. Poultry Science 82 ( Suppl. 1): 105.Google Scholar
Bramwell, R.K., Mcdaniel, C.D., Burke, W.H., Wilson, J.L. and Howarth, B. (1996) Influence of male broiler breeder dietary energy intake on reproduction and progeny growth. Poultry Science 75: 767–775.Google Scholar
Brewer, L.E. and Edwards, H.M. Jr., (1972) Studies on the biotin requirement of broiler breeders. Poultry Science 51: 619–624.Google Scholar
Briggs, G.M., Groschke, A.C. and Lillie, R.J. (1946) Effect of proteins low in tryptophan on growth of chickens and on laying hens receiving nicotinic acid-low rations. Journal of Nutrition 32; 659–675.Google Scholar
Buckner, G.D., Martin, J.H. and Peter, A.M. (1925) The relation of calcium restriction to the hatchability of eggs. American Journal of physiology 71: 543–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantor, A.H. and Scott, M.L. (1974) The effect of selenium in the hen's diet on egg production, hatchability, performance of progeny and selenium concentration in eggs. Poultry Science 53: 1870–1880.Google Scholar
Caskey, C.D. and Norris, L.C. (1940) Micromelia in adult fowl caused by manganese deficiency during embryonic development. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 44: 332–335.Google Scholar
Cherian, G. and Sim, J.S. (1993) Net transfer and incorporation of yolk n-3 fatty acids into developing chick embryos. Poultry Science 72: 98–105.Google Scholar
Combs, G.F. Jr., (1976) Differential effects of high dietary levels of vitamin A on the vitamin E-selenium nutrition of young and adult chickens. Journal of Nutrition 106: 967–975.Google Scholar
Combs, G.F. Jr., and Scott, M.L. (1974) Antioxidant effects on selenium and vitamin E function in the chick. Journal of Nutrition 104: 1297–1303.Google Scholar
Cravens, W.W., Mcgibbon, W.H. and Sebesta, E.E. (1944) Effect of biotin deficiency on embryonic development in the domestic fowl. Anatomical Record 90: 55–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cravens, W.W. and Snell, E.E. (1949) Effects of desoxypyridoxine and vitamin B6, on development of the chick embryo. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 71: 73–76.Google Scholar
Dewar, W.A., Teague, P.W. and Downie, J.N. (1974) The transfer of minerals from the egg to the chick embryo from the 5th to 18th days of incubation. British Poultry Science 15: 119–129.Google Scholar
Dietert, R.R., Qureshi, M.A., Nanna, U.C. and Bloom, S.E. (1985) Embryonic exposure to aflatoxin-B1 : Mutagenicity and influence on development and immunity. Environmental Mufagenesis 7: 715–725.Google Scholar
El Boushy, A.R. (1979) Available phosphorus in poultry. I. Effect of phosphorus levels on the performance of laying hens and their egg quality, hatchability, bone analysis and strength in relation to calcium and phosphorus in blood plasma. Netherland Journal of Agriculture Science 27: 176–183.Google Scholar
Flinchum, J.D., Nockles, C.F. and Moreng, R.E. (1989) Aged hens fed added zinc methionine had chicks with improved performance. Poultry Science 68 ( Suppl. 1): 55.Google Scholar
Gillis, M.B., Heuser, G.F. and Norris, L.C. (1948) Pantothenic acid in the nutrition of the hen. Journal of Nutrition 35: 351–363.Google Scholar
Goodson-Williams, G., Roland, D.A. and Mcquire, J.A. (1987) Eggshell pimpling in young hens as influenced by dietary vitamin D3 . Poultry Science 66: 1980–1986.Google Scholar
Griminger, P. (1964) Effect of vitamin K nutrition on the dam on hatchability and prothrombin levels in the offspring. Poultry Science 43: 1289–1290.Google Scholar
Griminger, P. (1966) Influence of maternal vitamin D intake on growth and bone ash of offspring. Poultry Science 45: 849–851.Google Scholar
Halle, I. (1999) Investigations on the effect of palm butter and safflower oil in the feed of broiler breeder hens on fertility, hatchability and growth of progeny. Archives of Animal Nutrition 52: 371–390.Google Scholar
Haq, A. and Bailey, C. (1996) Time course evaluation of carotenoid and retinol concentrations in posthatch chick tissue. Poultry Science 75: 1258–1260.Google Scholar
Haq, A., Bailey, C.A. and Chinnah, A.D. (1995) Neonatal immune response and growth performance of chicks hatched from single comb white leghorn breeders fed diets supplemented with β-carotene, canthaxantbin, or lutein. Poultry Science 74: 844–851.Google Scholar
Haq, A., Bailey, C.A. and Chinnah, A.D. (1996) Effect of β-carotene, canthaxanthin, lutein, and vitamin E on neonatal immunity of chicks when supplemented in the broiler breeder diets. Poultry Science 75: 1092–1097.Google Scholar
Harms, R.H. (1980) New concepts in broiler breeder nutrition. Proceedings of the Florida Nutrition Conference, pp. 139–143.Google Scholar
Harms, R.H., Ammerman, C.B. and Waldroup, P.W. (1964) The effect of supplemental phosphorus in the breeder diet upon hatchability of eggs and bone composition of chicks. Poultry Science 43: 209–212.Google Scholar
Harms, R.H., Voitle, R.A., Janky, D.M. and Wilson, H.R. (1979) The influence of biotin supplementation on performance of broiler breeder hens and foot pad dermatitis in progeny. Nutritional Reports International 9: 603–606.Google Scholar
Härtel, M. (1990) Evaluation of the dietary interactions of calcium and phosphorus in the high producing laying hen. British Poultry Science 31: 473–484.Google Scholar
Hill, F.W., Scott, M.L., Norris, L.C. and Heuser, G.F. (1961) Reinvestigation of the vitamin A requirements of laying and breeding hens and their progeny. Poultry Science 40: 1245–1254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howarth, B. Jr, and Wyatt, R.D. (1976) Effect of dietary aflatoxin on fertility, hatchability, and progeny performance of broiler breeder hens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 31: 680–684.Google Scholar
Hutt, F.B. (1961) Genetic variation in the utilization of riboflavin, thiamine, and other nutrients. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 91: 659–666.Google Scholar
Jackson, D.W., Law, G.R. and Nockels, C.F. (1978) Maternal vitamin E alters passively acquired immunity of chicks. Poultry Science 57: 70–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, W.C. and Wiseman, H.G. (1974) The transmission of aflatoxin B1 into eggs. Poultry Science 53: 1743–1745.Google Scholar
Jensen, L.S. (1968) Selenium deficiency and impaired reproduction in Japanese quail. Proceedings of the Society of Experimenta1 Biology and Medicine 128: 970–972.Google Scholar
Jensen, L.S. and Mcginnis, J. (1957) Effect of different diets and unidentified factor supplements on reproduction in chickens and early chick growth. Poultry Science 36: 312–319.Google Scholar
Jiang, Z., Cherian, G., Robinson, F.E. and Sim, J.S. (1990) Effect of feeding cholesterol to laying hens and chicks on cholesterol metabolism in pre- and posthatch chicks. Poultry Science 69: 1694–1701.Google Scholar
Kienholz, E.W., Turk, D.E., Sunde, M.L. and Hoekstra, W.G. (1961) Effects of zinc deficiency in the diets of hens. Journal of Nutrition 75: 211–221.Google Scholar
Kidd, M.T., Anthony, N.B. and Lee, S.R. (1992) Progeny performance when dams and chicks are fed supplemental zinc. Poultry Science 71: 1201–1206.Google Scholar
Kidd, M.T., Anthony, N.B., Newberry, L.A. and Lee, S.R. (1993) Effect of supplemental zinc in either a corn-soybean or a milo and corn-soybean meal diet on the performance of young broiler breeders and their progeny. Poultry Science 72: 1492–1499.Google Scholar
Latshaw, J.D. (1975) Natural and selenite selenium in the hen and egg. Journal of Nutrition 105: 32–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latour, M.A., Peebles, E.D., Boyle, C.R., Doyle, S.M., Pansky, T. and Brake, J.D. (1996) Effects of breeder hen age and dietary fat on embryonic and neonatal broiler serum lipids and glucose. Poultry Science 75: 695–701.Google Scholar
Lavelle, P.A., Lloyd, Q.P., Gay, C.A. and Leach, R.M. Jr., (1994) Vitamin K deficiency does not functionally impair skeletal metabolism of laying hens and their progeny. Journal of Nutrition 124: 371–377.Google Scholar
Leeson, S., Reinhart, B.S. and Summers, J.D. (1979a) Response of White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red breeder hens to dietary deficiencies of synthetic vitamins. 1. Egg production, hatchability and chick growth. Canadian Journal ofAnima1 Science 59: 561–567.Google Scholar
Leeson, S., Reinhart, B.S. and Summers, J.D. (1979b) Response of White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red breeder hens to dietary deficiencies of synthetic vitamins. 1. Embryo mortality and abnormalities. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 59: 569–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leeson, S. and Summers, J.D. (2001) Nutrition of the Chicken University Books, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Leslie, A.J. and Summers, J.D. (1975) Influence of rapeseed products on reproductive performance of the hen and subsequent chick growth. Poultry Science 54: 916–917.Google Scholar
Loeser, R., Carlson, C.S., Tulli, H., Jerome, W.G., Miller, L. and Wallin, R. (1992) Articular-cartilage matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein. Biochemical Journal 282: 1–6.Google Scholar
Lopez, G. and Leeson, S. (1994) Egg weight and offspring performance of older broiler breeders fed low- protein diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 3: 164–170.Google Scholar
Lopez, G. and Lesson, S. (1995a) Response of broiler breeders to low-protein diets. 1. Adult breeder performance. Poultry Science 74: 685–695.Google Scholar
Lopez, G. and Lesson, S. (1995b) Response of broiler breeders to low-protein diets. 2. Offspring performance. Poultry Science 74: 696–701.Google Scholar
Machalinski, B. (1996) Concentration and distribution of fluorine in hen's eggs as an aspect of selected biological parameters. Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis 42: 25–38.Google Scholar
March, B.E., Biely, J. and Soong, R. (1972a) Rapeseed meal in the chicken breeder diet. Effects on production, mortality, hatchability and progeny. Poultry Science 51: 1589–1596.Google Scholar
March, B.E., Coates, V. and Goudie, C. (1972b) Delayed hatching time of chicks from dams fed excess vitamin A and from eggs injected with vitamin A. Poultry Science 51: 891–896.Google Scholar
Merkley, J.W. and Sexton, T.J. (1982) Reproductive performance of white leghorns provided fluoride. Poultry Science 61: 52–56.Google Scholar
Naber, E.C., Cravens, W.W., Bauman, C.A. and Bird, H.R. (1954) The effect of thiamine analogs on embryonic development and growth of the chick. Journal of Nutrition 54: 579–591.Google Scholar
Naber, E.C. and Squires, M.W. (1993) Vitamin profiles of eggs as indicators of nutritional status in the laying hen: Diet to egg transfer and commercial flock survey. Poultry Science 72: 1046–1053.Google Scholar
National Research Council(1994). Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th Revision Edition. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Neldon-Ortiz, D.L. and Qureshi, M.A. (1992) Effects of AFBl embryonic exposure on chicken mononuclear phagocytic cell functions. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 16: 187–196.Google Scholar
Olcese, O., Couch, J.R., Quisenberry, J.H. and PEARSON, P.B. (1950) Congenital anomalies in the chick due to vitamin B,, deficiency. Journal of Nutrition 41: 423–431.Google Scholar
Patel, M.B. and Mcginnis, J. (1977) The effect of levels of protein and vitamin B 12 in hen diets on egg production and hatchability of eggs and on livability and growth of chicks. Poultry Science 56: 45–53.Google Scholar
Pearson, R.A. and Herron, K.M. (1981) Effects of energy and protein allowances during lay on the reproductive performance of broiler breeder hens. British Poultry Science 22: 227–239.Google Scholar
Peebles, E.D., Pansky, T., Doyle, S.M., Smith, T.W., Boyle, C.R., Latour, M.A. and Gerard, P.D. (1998) Effects of breeder dietary fat and eggshell cuticle removal on subsequent broiler growout performance. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 7: 377–383.Google Scholar
Peebles, E.D., Doyle, S.M., Pansky, T., Gerard, P.D., Latour, M.A., Boyle, C.R. and Smith, T.W. (1999a) Effects of breeder age and dietary fat on subsequent broiler performance. 1. Growth, Mortality, and Feed Conversion. Poultry Science 78: 505–511.Google Scholar
Peebles, E.D., Doyle, S.M., Pansky, T., Gerard, P.D., Latour, M.A., Boyle, C.R. and Smith, T.W. (1999b) Effects of breeder age and dietary fat on subsequent broiler performance. 2. Slaughter Yield. Poultry Science 78: 512–515.Google Scholar
Peebles, E.D., Zumwalt, C.D., Smith, T.W., Gerard, P.D. and Latour, M.A. (2002b) Poultry fat and corn oil may be used to adjust energy in the diets of young breeder hens without affecting embryogenesis and subsequent broiler growout performance. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 11: 146–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peebles, E.D., Zumwalt, C.D., Gerard, P.D., Latour, M.A. and Smith, T.W. (2002a) Market age live weight, carcass yield, and liver characteristics of broiler offspring from breeder hens fed diets differing in fat and energy contents. Poultry Science 81: 23–29.Google Scholar
Perdomo, J.T., Harms, R.H. and Arrington, L.R. (1966) Effect of dietary iodine upon egg production, fertility and hatchability. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 122: 758–760.Google Scholar
Plack, P.A. (1963) The amount of vitamin A aldehyde, ester and alcohol and of carotenoids in hen's eggs and in day-old chicks. British Journal of Nutrition 17: 243–250.Google Scholar
Proudfoot, F.G. and Hulan, H.W. (1986) The performance of one normal and two dwarf meat maternal genotypes and their progeny as affected by rearing and adult dietary treatments. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66: 245–256.Google Scholar
Proudfoot, F.G. and Hulan, H.W. (1987) Paternal effects on performance of broiler chicken progenies. Poultry Science 66: 1119–1122.Google Scholar
Proudfoot, F.G., Hulan, H.W. and Mcrae, K.B. (1982) The effect of diets supplemented with tower and/ or candle rapeseed meals on performance of meat chicken breeders. Canadian Journal ofAnimal Science 62: 239–247.Google Scholar
Proudfoot, F.G., Hulan, H.W. and Mcrae, K.B. (1985) Effects of age at photoperiod change and dietary protein on performances of four dwarf maternal meat parent genotypes and their broiler chicken progeny. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65: 113–124.Google Scholar
Qureshi, M.A., Brake, J., Hamilton, P.B., Hagler, W.M. Jr., and Nesheim, S. (1998) Dietary exposure of broiler breeders to aflatoxin results in immune dysfunction in progeny chicks. Poultry Science 77: 812–819.Google Scholar
Rennie, J.S., Whitehead, C.C. and Montanari, A. (1990) Effects of dietary borate and aluminate on riboflavin metabolism in the breeding hen. Research in Veterinary Science 49: 253–255.Google Scholar
Richards, M.O. (1997) Trace mineral metabolism in the avian embryo. Poultry Science 76: 152–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Richards, M.O. and Steele, N.C. (1987) Trace element metabolism in the devoping avian embryo: A review. Journul of Experimental Zoology. Supplement 1: 39–51.Google Scholar
Romanoff, A.L. and Romanoff, A.J. (1972) Pathogenesis of the Avian Embryo Wiley-Interscience, New York.Google Scholar
Sell, J.L., Hajj, R., Cox, A. and Guenter, W. (1967) Effect of magnesium deficiency in the hen on egg production and hatchability of eggs. British Poultry Science 8: 55–63.Google Scholar
Sevanian, A. and Hochstein, P. (1985) Mechanisms and consequences of lipid peroxidation in biological systems. Annual Review of Nutrition 5: 365–390.Google Scholar
Singsen, E.P., Spandorf, A.H., Matterson, L.D., Serafin, J.A. and Tlustohowics, J.J. (1962) Minimal phosphorus requirements in the nutrition of the adult hen. Poultry Science 41: 1401–1414.Google Scholar
Spratt, R.S. and Leeson, S. (1987a) Effect of protein and energy intake of broiler breeder hens on performance of broiler chicken offspring. Poultry Science 66: 1489–1494.Google Scholar
Spratt, R.S. and Leeson, S. (1987b) Broiler breeder performance in response to diet protein and energy. Poultry Science 66: 683–693.Google Scholar
Stahl, J.L., Cook, M.E. and Sunde, M.L. (1986) Zinc Supplementation: Its effect on egg production, feed conversion, fertility and hatchability. Poultry Science 65: 2104–2109.Google Scholar
Stahl, J.L., Cook, M.E., Sunde, M.L. and Greger, J.L. (1989) Enhanced humoral immunity in progeny chicks from hens fed practical diets supplemented with zinc. Applied Agriculture Research 4: 86–89.Google Scholar
Stahl, J.L., Greger, J.L. and Cook, M.E. (1990) Breeding-hen and progeny performance when hens are fed excessive dietary zinc. Poultry Science 69: 259–263.Google Scholar
Sunde, M.L., Cravens, W.W., Elvehjem, C.A. and Halpin, J.G. (1950). The effect of folic acid on embryonic development of the domestic fowl. Poultry Science 29: 696–702.Google Scholar
Sunde, M.L., Turk, C.M. and Deluca, H.F. (1978) The essentiality of vitamin D metabolites for embryonic chick development. Science 200: 1067–1069.Google Scholar
Surai, P.F. (2000) Effect of selenium and vitamin E content of the maternal diet on the antioxidant system of the yolk and the developing chick. British Poultry Science 41: 235–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Surai, P.F., Gaal, T., Noble, R.C, and Speake, B.K. (1997) The relationship between the α-tocopherol content of the yolk and its accumulation in the tissues of the newly hatched chick. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 75: 212–216.Google Scholar
Surai, P.F., Ionov, I.A., Kuklenko, T.V., Kostjuk, LA., Macpherson, A., Speake, B.K., Sparks, N.H.C. (1998) Effect of supplementing the hen's diet with vitamin A on the accumulation of vitamins A and E, ascorbic acid and carotenoids in the egg yolk and in the embryonic liver. British Poultry Science 39: 257–263.Google Scholar
Surai, P.F., Noble, R.C. and Speake, B.K. (1999) Relationship between vitamin E content and susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in tissues of the newly hatched chick. British Poultry Science 40: 406–410.Google Scholar
Surai, P.F. and Sparks, N.H.C. (2001) Comparative evaluation of the effect of two maternal diets on fatty acids, vitamin E and carotenoids in the chick embryo. British Poultry Science 42: 525–259.Google Scholar
Taylor, T.G. (1965) Dietary phosphorus and egg shell thickness in the domestic fowl. British Poultry Science 6: 79–87.Google Scholar
Tonkinson, L.V., Gleaves, E.W., Dunkelgod, K.E., Thayer, R.H., Sirny, R.J. and Morrison, R.D. (1965) Fatty acid digestibility in laying hens fed yeast culture. Poultry Science 44: 159–164.Google Scholar
Thompson, J.N., (1969) Vitamin A in development of the embryo. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 22: 1063–1069.Google Scholar
Triyuwanta, C.L., Leterrier, C. and Nys, Y. (1992) Dietary phosphorus and food allowance of dwarf breeders affect reproductive performance of hens and bone development of their progeny. British Poultry Science 33: 363–379.Google Scholar
Trucksess, M.W., Stoloff, L., Young, K., Wyatt, R.D. and Miller, B.L. (1983) Aflatoxicicol and aflatoxin B, and M, in eggs and tissues of laying hens consuming aflatoxin-contaminated feed. Poultry Science 62: 2176–2182.Google Scholar
Tuite, P.J. and Austic, R.E (1974) Studies on a possible interaction between riboflavin and vitamin B 12 as it affects hatchability of the hen's egg. Poultry Science 53: 2125–2136.Google Scholar
Turk, D.E., Sunde, M.Land Hoekstra, W.G. (1959) Zinc deficiency experiments with poultry. Poultry Science 38: 1256.Google Scholar
Utno, L and Klieste, E. (1971) The influence of D- and DL-pantothenate on the hen productivity chick hatching rate and viability. Latvijas PSR Zinahu akademijas vestis izdevums 6: 72–79.Google Scholar
Van Toledo, B. and Combs, G.F Jr., (1984) Fluorosis in the laying hen. Poultry Science 63: 1543–1552.Google Scholar
Virden, W.S., Yeatman, J.B., Barber, S.J., Zumwalt, C.D., Ward, T.L., Johnson, A.B. and Kidd, M.T. (2003) Hen mineral nutrition impacts progeny livability. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12: (in press)Google Scholar
Vruwink, K.G., Keen, C.L., Gershwin, M.E., Mareschi, J.P. and Hurley, L.S. (1993)The effect of experimental zinc deficiency on the development of the immune system. Nutrient Modulation of the Immune respanse (Cunningham-Rundles, S. Ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, pp. 263–279.Google Scholar
Wedekind, K.J., Hortin, A.E. and Baker, D.H. (1992) Methodology for assessing zinc bioavailability: Efficacy estimates for zinc-methionine, zinc sulfate, and zinc oxide. Journal of Anima1 Science 70: 178–187.Google Scholar
Whitehead, C.C. (1984) Biotin intake and transfer to the egg and chick in broiler breeder hens housed on litter or in cages. British Poultry Science 25: 287–292.Google Scholar
Whitehead, C.C., Pearson, R.A. and Herron, K.M. (1985) Biotin requirements of broiler breeders fed diets of different protein content and effect of insufficient biotin on the viability of progeny. British Poultry Science 26: 73–82.Google Scholar
Whitehead, C.C. and Portsmouth, J.J. (1989) Vitamin requirements and allowances for poultry. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (Haresign, W, and Cole, D.J.A., Eds.). Butterworths, London, pp. 35–86.Google Scholar
Whitehead, C.C., Rennie, J.S., Mccormack, A. and Hocking, P.M. (1993) Defective down syndrome in chicks is not caused by riboflavin deficiency in breeders. British Poultry Science 34: 619–623.Google Scholar
Wilson, H.R., (1997) Effects of maternal nutrition on hatchability. Poultry Science 76: 134–143.Google Scholar
Wilson, H.R. and Harms, R.H. (1984) Evaluation of nutrient specifications for broiler breeders. Poultry Science 63: 1400–1406.Google Scholar