Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T07:12:46.322Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Research and investment in poultry genetic resources – challenges and options for sustainable use

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

I. Hoffmann
I. Hoffmann*
Affiliation:
Animal Production Service of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The global poultry sector is divided into a large-scale commercial sub-sector dominated by international, vertically integrated companies, and a small-scale subsector that provides up to 90 percent of total poultry production in some of the least developed countries. The fast reproduction cycle, low unit costs, economies of scale in research and appropriation, and control of the produce are driving factors in the commercial sector. Private research concentrates on technologies that are likely to result in market applications and returns to investment. Private incentives for animal research are strongest where markets for improved technology are large, technical advances can be made quickly, and intellectual property can be protected. To date, technological protection strategies and contractual practices, rather than formal intellectual property rights strategies, have dominated in the commercial poultry sector. Poultry breeding companies have developed a highly successful way of protecting their intellectual property investment in superior breeds by exploiting heterosis, and the deleterious segregation of hybrid stocks in the next generation. Thus, by restricting access to the pure parent line stock (a form of trade secret) and by selling F1 generation birds, a breeding company remains the sole supplier of useful material. Patents do not yet play a role in poultry breeding, but breeding for disease resistance might change this in the future.

This paper explores the flow of poultry genetic material between developed and developing countries, investments in the poultry sector in developing countries, and economic and legal issues involved. In terms of genetic resources, the main questions concern how the division in the poultry sector affects the full portfolio of poultry genetic resources and if this division has an impact on the traditional small-scale subsector. The analysis is based on country reports to the First Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources process, studies on flow of genetic material and commercial transactions, and genetic distancing.

Keywords

genetic variabilitybreedsgenetic erosionresearch
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 61 , Issue 1 , March 2005 , pp. 57 - 70
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This paper was first presented at the XXII World's Poultry Congress, Turkey, June 8-13, 2004

References

Adegbola, A.A. (1988) The structure and problems of poultry industry in Africa. In: Proceedings, 18th World Poultry Congress, Nagoya, Japan 4–9 09 1988, p. 31–37.Google Scholar
Alders, R. and Spradbrow, P. (2001) Controlling Newcastle disease in village chickens. Afield manual. FAO http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/en/infpd/documents/manuals/ND.pdf.Google Scholar
ALL COUNTRY REPORTS (CR) quoted (and others) can be found under DAD-IS http://www.fao.org/dad-is, click State of the World, countries progress.Google Scholar
Baumung, R., Simianer, H. and Hoffmann, I. (2004) New MoDAD marker sets to be used in diversity studies for the major farm animal species: recommendations of a joint ISAG/FAO working group. 29th International Conference on Animal Genetics (ISAG 2004)Tokyo11–16 September 2004, abstract Proceedings.Google Scholar
Bessei, W. (1989) Preservation of local poultry stocks. In: Genotype X environment interactions in poultry production. Report of a meeting, Jouy-en-Josas, France, 9–11 05 1989. Colloques de l'INRA, No. 50, p. 175–188.Google Scholar
Boa-Amponsem, K., Scherf, B. and Hoffmann, I. (2004) Utilisation and conservation of poultry genetic resources: FAO Initiatives. World Poultry CongressJune 8–12IstanbulCD Proceedings.Google Scholar
Branckaert, R.D.S. (1996) From backyard to commercial poultry production: The keys of success. Proc. Workshop on Newcastle diseaseUniversity of Pretoria. 9 pp, December 1996.Google Scholar
Cornish, W.R. (1999) Intellectual property. Fourth Edition, London.Google Scholar
Crawford, R.D. (1989) Experience with in situ preservation of poultry breeds. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 80: 142–153.Google Scholar
Crawford, R.D. and Gavora, J.S. (1993) Gene resources: global view of inventory and conservation. Proceedings of the 10th lnternational Symposium on Current Problems of Avian GeneticsNitra, Slovakia7–10 June 1993, p. 131–136.Google Scholar
Delgado, C., Rosegrant, M., Steinfeld, H., Ehui, S. and Curbois, C. (1999) Livestock to 2020 – The next food revolution. Food, Agriculture and the Environment Discussion Paper 28, IPGRI, FAO, ILRI. http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/documents/lvst2020/20201.pdf.Google Scholar
Diambra, O.H. (1990) State of smallholder rural poultry production in Cote d'Ivoire. Proceedings CTA International Seminar on Smallholder Rural Poultry ProductionThessaloniki, GreeceOct. 9–13. Vol. 2, pp. 107–116.Google Scholar
Dolberg, F. (2004) Unpublished Reports of TCP/RAS 3010 national workshopsFAO.Google Scholar
El Houadfi, M. (1990) Rapport sur la production Avicole et Problèmes Liés aux Elevages Traditionnels au Maroc. Proceedings CTA International Seminar on Smallholder Rural Poultry ProductionThessaloniki, GreeceOct. 9–13. Vol. 2, pp. 161–172.Google Scholar
FAO (2001) Guidelines for the development of country reports. Preparation of the First Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources.Google Scholar
FAO (2003) Prospects for aggregate agriculture and major commodity groups. In: World agriculture: towards 2015/2030. An FAO Perspective. Pp 85–95.Google Scholar
FAO (2004) Secondary guidelines. Measurement of domestic animal diversity MoDAD. New recommended microsatellite markers. (http://dad.fao.org/en/refer/library/guidelin/marker.pdf).Google Scholar
Flock, D. and Preisinger, R. (2002) Breeding plans for poultry with emphasis on sustainability. 7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock ProductionAugust 19–23, 2002Montpellier, France.Google Scholar
Guerne-Bleich, E., Rhissa, Z. and Mack, S. (2004) The FAO Special Programme for Food Security: livestock diversification – a case study in Chad. World Poultry CongressJune 8–12IstanbulCD Proceedings.Google Scholar
Gunawan, B. (1989) Endangered breeds of poultry and ducks. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 80: 243–255.Google Scholar
Henson, E.L. (1992) In situ conservation of livestock and poultry. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 99.Google Scholar
Hillel, J., Groenen, M., Boichard, A.M., Korol, A.B., David, L., Kirzhner, V.M., Burke, T., Dirie, A.B., Crooijmans, R.P.M.A., Elo, K., Feldman, M.W., Freidlin, P.J., Maki-Tanila, A., Oortwijn, M., Thomson, P., Vignal, A., Wimmers, K. and Weigend, S. (2003) Biodiversity of 52 chicken populations assessed by microsatellite typing of DNA pools. Genetics, Selection, Evolution 35: 533–557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffmann, I., Marsan, P., Barker, A.J.S.F., Cothran, E.G., Hanotte, O., Hans Lenstra, J.A., Milan, D., Weigend, S. and Simianer, H. (2004) New MoDAD marker sets to be used in diversity studies for the major farm animal species: recommendations of a joint ISAG/FAO working group. Poster, 29th International Conference on Animal Genetics (ISAG 2004)Tokyo11–16 September 2004, abstract Proceedings.Google Scholar
Horst, P. (1988) Native fowl as reservoir for genomes and major genes with direct and indirect effects on production adaptability. In: Proceedings, 18th World Poultry CongressNagoya, Japan4–9 September 1988, p. 105.Google Scholar
Horst, P. and Mathur, P.K. (1992) Trends in economic values of selection traits for local egg production. Proceedings, 19th World Poultry Congress,Amsterdam, the Netherlands,20–24 September 1992, Vol. 2, p. 577–583.Google Scholar
Hossary, M.A. and Galal, S. (1995) Improvement and adaptation of the Fayoumi chicken. Animal Genetic Resources Information 14: 33–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A.H. (1996) Semi-scavenging model for rural poultry holding. In: Proceedings 20th World Poultry Congress, New Delhi, India, 1–5 09 1996, Vol.1 p. 61–70.Google Scholar
Kaiser, D. (1990) Improvement of traditional poultry keeping in Niger. In: Proceedings, CTA Seminar, 3rd International Symposium on Poultry Production in Hot ClimatesHameln Germany12 June 1987.Google Scholar
Katule, A. (1989) Studies on prospects of improving the performance of the local chicken population in Tanzania by crossbreeding. PhD Thesis, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania.Google Scholar
Katule, A.M. and Mgheni, M. (1990) Performance of crosses between exotic and local Tanzania chicken. In: Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Genetics Allied to Livestock Production, p. 62–64.Google Scholar
Kitalyi, A.J. (1998) Village chicken production systems in rural Africa. Household food security and gender issues, FAO, www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/W8989E/W8989E02.htm.Google Scholar
Mathur, P.K., El Hammady, H. and Sharara, H. (1989) Specific use of high yielding strains carrying major genes for improving performance of local fowls in the tropics (Case Study: Upper Egypt). Proceedings DLG Symposium on Poultry Production in Developing CountriesHameln, Germany,June 19–22.Google Scholar
Minga, U., Msoffe, P.L. and Gwakisa, P.S. (2004) Biodiversity (variation) in disease resistance and in pathogens within rural chicken. World Poultry CongressJune 8–12IstanbulCD Proceedings.Google Scholar
Narrod, C.A. and Fuglie, K.O. (2000) Private investment in livestock breeding with implications for public research policy. In Agribusiness: An International Journal, vol 16, No. 4, 457–470.Google Scholar
NRC (1993) Managing global genetic resources: Livestock. Committee on Managing Global Genetic Resources. Washington, DC, USA.Google Scholar
Nwosu, C.C. (1979) Characterization of the local chicken in Nigeria and its potential for egg and meat production. In: Poultry Production in Nigeria, Proceedings First National Seminar on Poultry Production, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, pp. 187–210.Google Scholar
Olori, V.E. and Sonaiya, E.B. (1991) Characterization of the Nigerian indigenous chicken: Relationship between body weight, feed intake and shank length. Paper presented at the 16th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Society for Animal ProductionUsumanu DanFodiyo UniversitySokoto, NigeriaMarch 10–14, 1991.Google Scholar
Oluyemi, J.A., Adene, D.F. and Ladoye, G.O. (1979) A comparison of the Nigerian indigenous fowl with White Rock under conditions of disease and nutritional stress. Tropical Animal Health and Production 11: 199–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinard, M-H., Van Arendonk, J.A.M., Nieuwland, M.G.B. and Van Der Zijpp, A.J. (1992) Divergent selection for immune responsiveness in chickens: Estimation of realized heritability with an animal model. Journal of Animal Science 70: 2986–2993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pingel, H. (2003) Stand und Prognose der Züchtung beim Geflügel. Züchungskunde 75(2): 144–156.Google Scholar
Poapongsakorn, N. (2004) SPS standards and the South East Asian livestock sector: A case study of Avian Influenza in Thailand. FAO Expert Consultation on the Dynamics of Sanitary and Technical Standards: Assisting the Poor to Cope. Rome, 22–24 June 2004.Google Scholar
Preisinger, R. (2004) Internationale Tendenzen der Tierzüchtung und die Rolle der Zuchtunternehmen. Züchungskunde 76(6): 395–402.Google Scholar
Safalaoh, A.C.L. (1997) Characteristics of indigenous chickens of Malawi. Animal Genetic Resources Information 22: 61–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scherf, B. (ed. 2000) World Watch List for domestic animal diversity, 3rd edn. Part 1.9 http://dad.fao.org/en/Home.htm – databases. Rome, Italy: FAO/UNDP.Google Scholar
Sonaiya, E.B., Branckaert, R.D.S. and Gueye, E.F. (1999) The scope and effect of family poultry research and development. Research and development options for family poultry. FAO, http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/en/infpd/econf_scope.html.Google Scholar
Swan, S.E.J. (1996) Training in rural poultry development. Terminal report, project TCP/ETH/4455. Rome, FAO.Google Scholar
Tadelle, D., Million, T., Alemu, Y. and Peters, K.J. (2003) Village chicken production systems in Ethiopia: 1. Flock characteristics and performance; Livestock Research for Rural Development (15) 1. Retrieved February 26, 2004, from http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd/lrrd15/1/tadea151.htm.Google Scholar
The Iowa Stater (1997) http://www.iastate.edu/IaStater/1997/may/chicken.html.Google Scholar
Tisdell, C. (2003) Socioeconomic causes of loss of animal genetic diversity: Analysis and assessment: Ecological Economics 45(3): 365–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Upton, M. (2000) The ‘Livestock Revolution’ – implications for smallholder agriculture: a case study of milk and poultry production in Kenya. Livestock Policy Discussion Paper No. 1, FAO, http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/en/publications/sector_discuss/PP_Nr1_Final.pdf.Google Scholar
Weigend, S. and Romanov, M.N. (2002) The World Watch List for Domestic Animal Diversity in the context of conservation an utilisation of poultry biodiversity. World's Poultry Science Journal 58(4): 411–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaron, Y., Hadad, Y. and Cahaner, A. (2004): Heat tolerance in featherless broilers. World Poultry CongressJune 8–12IstanbulCD Proceedings.Google Scholar