Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T06:15:21.023Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Physiological and metabolic responses of broilers to heat stress - implications for protein and amino acid nutrition

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

R. Gonzalez-Esquerra  and
S. Leeson
R. Gonzalez-Esquerra
Affiliation:
Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G, 2W1, Canada
S. Leeson*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G, 2W1, Canada
*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

When broilers are necessarily subjected to conditions of constant or cycling high temperatures, there is invariably consideration of changing diet formulation. Such changes may involve substitution of specific ingredients and/or alterations to nutrient levels in the diet. Aprimary concern is often the appropriate use of protein-rich ingredients and specifically their content of crude protein and amino acids. Broilers eat less at high temperatures, in an attempt to maintain homeothermy. Logically, diets will be fortified with protein and amino acids to counterbalance reduced intake. It is unclearif amino acids needs are altered, at high environmental temperatures, yet it is clearthat any such change in level orbalance is likely to be of lessermagnitude than change in feed intake. However, there is still controversy as to the direction of change for amino acids and protein under conditions of heat stress. There are specific concerns about the balance of certain amino acids, in particular arginine:lysine and also the source of any synthetic methionine added to correct apparent deficiencies. Balance of amino acids is described relative to pathways for polyamine metabolism.

Keywords

broilertemperatureargininelysinemethionineamino acids
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 62 , Issue 2 , June 2006 , pp. 282 - 295
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ain Baziz, H., Gereart, P.A., Padilha, J.C.F. and Guillaumin, S. (1996) Chronic exposure enhances fat deposition and modifies muscle and fat partitioning in broiler carcasses. Poultry Science 75: 505–513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alleman, F. and Leclercq, B. (1997) Effect of dietary protein and environmental temperature on growth performance and water consumption of male broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 38: 607–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austic, R.E. (1985) Feeding poultry in hot and cold climates. In: Stress Physiology in Livestock: Poultry Vol. III (Yousef, M.K. ed), pp 123–136, CRC Press, Florida, United States.Google Scholar
Balnave, D. and Brake, J. (1999) Responses of broilers to sodium bicarbonate supplementation of diets containing varying arginine:lysine ratios. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 425–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balnave, D. and Brake, J. (2002) Re-evaluation of the classical dietary arginine:lysine interaction for modern poultry diets: a review. World's Poultry Science Journal 58: 275–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balnave, D. and Oliva, A.G. (1990) Responses of finishing broilers at high temperatures on dietary methionine source and supplementation levels. Australia Journal of Agricultural Research 41: 557–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balnave, D. and Oliva, A.G. (1991) The influence of NaHCO3 and sulphur amino acids on the performance of broilers at moderate and high temperatures. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42: 1385–1397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balnave, D., Hayat, J. and Brake, J. (1999) Dietary arginine:lysine ratio and methionine activity at elevated environmental temperatures. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 8: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloch, K. and Schoenheimer, R. (1941) The biological precursors of creatine. Journal of Biological Chemistry 138: 167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boorman, K.N. and Fisher, H. (1966) The arginine-lysine interaction in the chick. British Poultry Science 7: 39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borsook, H. and Dubnoff, J.W. (1945) Methylation of quanidoacetic acid by homocystine plus choline with rat liver slices. Journal of Biological Chemistry 160: 635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bottje, W.G. and Harrison, P.C. (1985) Effect of tap water, carbonated water, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium chloride on blood acid-base balance in cockerels subjected to heat stress. Poultry Science 64: 107–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brake, J., Balnave, D. and Dibner, J.J. (1998) Optimum dietary arginine:lysine ratio for broiler chickens is altered during heat stress in association with changes in intestinal uptake and dietary sodium chloride. British Poultry Science 39: 639–647.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Branton, S.L., Reece, F.N. and Deaton, J.W. (1986) Use of ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate in acute heat exposure of broilers. Poultry Science 65: 1659–1663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buttler, P.J. and Bishop, C.M. (2000) Flight, in: Sturkie's Avian Physiology (Causey Whitton, G. ed), pp 391–435, Academy Press, California, United States.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cahaner, A., Pichasov, Y., Nir, I. and Nistan, Z. (1995) Effects of dietary protein under high ambient temperature on body weight, breast meat yield, and abdominal fat deposition of broiler stocks differing in growth rate and fatness. Poultry Science 74: 968–975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassanovas, X., Manteca, X., Fernández, E. and Goñalons, E. (1994) Effects of temperature on in vitro palmitic acid uptake by chicken and rat intestinal tissue. Archives of International Physics Biochemistry and Biophysics 102: 233–235.Google Scholar
Chamruspollert, M. (2001) Interrelationships between dietary arginine, methionine and environmental temperature affect growth and creatine biosynthesis in young broiler chick. Ph.D. Thesis. The University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA.Google Scholar
Chen, J., Li, X., Balnave, D. and Brake, J. (2002) The influence of dietary sodium chloride and methionine activity source on apparent ileal digestibility of arginine and lysine at two different dietary arginine:lysine ratios. Poultry Science 81(Suppl. 1): 56 (Abstr.)Google Scholar
Cheng, T.K., Hambre, M.L. and Coon, C.N. (1997) Responses of broilers to dietary protein levels and amino acid supplementation to low protein diets at various environmental temperatures. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 6: 18–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corzo, A., Moran, E.T. Jr. and Hoehler, D. (2002) Lysine need of broiler males from 42 to 56 days of age reared in a summer environment. Poultry Science 81(Suppl. 1): 68 (Abstr.)Google Scholar
Dale, N.M. and Fuller, H.L. (1980) Effect of diet composition on feed intake and growth of chicks under heat stress. II. Constant vs. cycling temperatures. Poultry Science 59: 1434–1441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deyhim, F. and Teeter, R.G. (1991) Research note: sodium and potassium chloride drinking water supplementation effects on acid-base balance and plasma corticosterone in broilers reared in thermoneutral and heat-distressed environments. Poultry Science 70: 2551–2553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dibner, J.J., Atwell, C.A. and Ivery, F.J. (1992) Effect of heat stress on 2-hydroxy-4-(methilthio)butanoic acid and DL-methionine absorption measured in vitro. Poultry Science 71: 1900–1910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, H.L. and Moran, G. (1973) Effect of diet composition on heat increment, feed intake and growth of chicks subjected to heat stress. Poultry Science 52(Suppl. 1):2029 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Geraert, P.A. and Guillaumin, S. (1992) Research note: Effect of high ambient temperature on dietary metabolizable energy values in genetically lean and fat chickens. Poultry Science 71: 2113–2116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geraert, P.A., Guillaumin, S. and Leclercq, B. (1993) Are genetically lean broilers more resistant to hot climate? British Poultry Science 34: 643–653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geraert, P.A., Padilha, J.C.F. and Guillaumin, S. (1996a) Metabolic and endocrine changes induced by chronic heat exposure in broiler chickens: biological and endocrinological variables. British Journal of Nutrition 75: 205–216.Google ScholarPubMed
Geraert, P.A., Padilha, J.C.F. and Guillaumin, S. (1996b) Metabolic and endocrine changes induced by chronic heat exposure in broiler chickens: growth performance, body composition and energy retention. British Journal of Nutrition 75: 195–204.Google ScholarPubMed
Han, Y. and Baker, D.H. (1993) Effect of sex, heat stress, body weight, and genetic strain on the dietary lysine requirement of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 72: 701–708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Han, Y. and Baker, D.H. (1994) Digestible lysine requirement of male and female broiler chicks during the period three to six weeks post-hatching. Poultry Science 73: 1739–1745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickling, D., Guenter, W. and Jackson, M.E. (1990) The effects of dietary methionine and lysine on broiler chicken performance and breast meat yield. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 70: 673–678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howlider, M.A.R. and Rose, S.P. (1987) Temperature and the growth of broilers. World's Poultry Science Journal 43: 228–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hruby, M., Hambre, M.L. and Coon, C.N. (1995) Predicting amino acid requirements for broilers at 21.1°C and 32.2°C. Journal Applied Poultry Research 4: 395–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kawadaki, H., Israel, H.W. and Nesheim, M.C. (1976) Intracellular localization of arginase in chicken kidney. Biochemistry Biophysics Acta 437: 158–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, C.D., Wuelling, C.W., Atwell, C.A. and Dibner, J.J. (1994) Effect of intermittent periods of high environmental temperature on broiler performance responses to sources of methionine activity. Poultry Science 73: 672–639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubena, L.F., Dealton, J.W., Reece, F.N., May, D. and Vardaman, T.H. (1972) The influence of temperature and sex on the amino acid requirements of the broiler. Poultry Science 51: 1391–1396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larbier, M., Chagneau, A.M. and Geraert, P.A. (1993) Influence of ambient temperatures on true digestibility of protein and amino acids of rapeseed and soybean meals in broilers. Poultry Science 72: 289–295.Google ScholarPubMed
Leyden, M.M. and Balnave, D. (1987) Energy and amino acid studies with finishing broilers at high temperatures. Proceedings 7th Australian and Poultry Feed Convention.Sydney, Australia p. 134–136.Google Scholar
Leeson, S. (1986) Nutritional considerations of poultry during heat stress. World's Poultry Science Journal 42: 69–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leeson, S. and Summers, J.D. (2000) Scott's Nutrition of the Chicken. 4th Edition. University Books. Guelph, ON, Canada.Google Scholar
Luk, G.D., Marton, L.J. and Baylin, S.B. (1980) Ornithine decarboxylase is important in intestinal mucosal maturation and recovery from injury in rats. Science 210: 195–198.Google Scholar
Marder, J. and Arad, Z. (1989) Panting and acid-base regulation in heat stressed birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology (A) 94: 395–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marks, H.L. and Pesti, G.M. (1984) The roles of protein level and diet form in water consumption and abdominal fat pad deposition of broilers. Poultry Science 63: 1617–1625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
May, J.D., Deaton, J.W. and Branton, S.L. (1987) Body temperature of acclimated broilers during exposure to high temperature. Poultry Science 66: 378–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mcleod, M.G. (1992) Energy and nitrogen intake, expenditure and retention at 32°C in growing fowl given diets with a wide range of energy and protein contents. British Journal of Nutrition 67: 195–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mcnaughton, J.L., May, J.D., Reece, F.N. and Deaton, J.W. (1978) Lysine requirement of broilers as influenced by environmental temperatures. Poultry Science 57: 57–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendes, A.A., Watkins, S.E., England, J.A., Saleh, E.A., Waldroup, A.L. and Waldroup, P.W. (1997) Influence of dietary lysine levels and arginine:lysine ratios on performance of broilers exposed to heat or cold stress during the period of three to six weeks of age. Poultry Science 76: 472–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, M.A. and Carlisle, A. (1992) The effects of chronic exposure to elevated environmental temperature on intestinal morphology and nutrient absorption in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Comparative Biochemistry Physiology (A) 101: 137–142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, M.A., Palmer, J., Carlisle, A. and Brown, V. (1989) Absorption of hexose from the jejunum of domestic fowl: adaptations to chronic heat stress? British Poultry Science 30: 972. (Abstr.)Google Scholar
Musharaf, N.A. and LATSHAW, J.D. (1999) Heat increment as affected by protein and amino acid nutrition. World's Poultry Science Journal 55: 233–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council (1994) Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th Rev. Edition, National Academy Press, Washington, DC. U.S.A.Google Scholar
Olomu, J.M. and Offiong, S.A. (1980) The effects of different protein and energy levels and time of change from starter to finisher ration on the performance of broiler chickens in the tropics. Poultry Science 54: 828–835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osman, A.M.A. and Tanios, N.I. (1983) The effect of heat on the intestinal and pancreatic levels of amylase and maltase of laying hens and broilers. Comparative Biochemistry snf Physiology (A) 75: 563–567.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Osman, A.M.A., Tawtik, E.S., Klein, F.W. and Hebeler, W. (1989) Effect of environmental temperature on growth, carcass traits and meat quality of broilers of both sexes and different ages. 1. Report: Growth. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 53: 168–1975.Google Scholar
Richards, S.A. (1970) Physiology of thermal panting in birds. Annales Biology Animal Biophyics 10: 151–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rostagno, H.S. and Barbosa, W.A. (1995) Biological efficacy and absorption of DL-methionine hydroxyl analogue free acid compared to DL-methionine in chickens as affected by heat stress. British Poultry Science 36: 303:312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schutte, J.B. and Pack, M. (1995) Effects of dietary sulphur-containing amino acids on performance and breast meat deposition of broiler chicks during the growing and finishing phases. British Poultry Science 36: 747–762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seiler, N. (1992) The role of polyamines in cell biology, in: Chemistry of the Living Cell. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, USA.Google Scholar
Shan, A.S., Sterling, K.G., Pesti, G.M., Bakalli, R.I., Driver, J.P. and Tejedor, A.A. (2002a) The influence of temperature on the threonine requirement of young broiler chicks. Poultry Science 81(Suppl. 1): 74 (Abstr.)Google Scholar
Shan, A.S., Sterling, K.G., Pesti, G.M., Bakalli, R.I., Driver, J.P. and Tejedor, A.A. (2002b) The influence of temperature on the tryptophan requirement of young broiler chicks. Poultry Science 81(Suppl. 1): 74 (Abstr.)Google Scholar
Sibbald, I.R. (1982) Measurement of bioavailable energy in poultry feed stuffs: a review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 62: 983–1048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, H.S., Drury, L.N. and Patterson, W.C. (1974) Blood parameters in broilers grown in plastic coops and on litter at two temperatures. Poultry Science 53: 1016–1024.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinurat, A.P. and Balnave, D. (1985) Effect of dietary amino acids and metabolisable energy on the performance of broilers kept at high temperatures. British Poultry Science 26: 117–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sklan, D. and Uni, Z. (2002) Functional development of the chick small intestine: expression and activity of transporters and brush border membrane enzymes. Poultry Science 81(Suppl. 1): 23 (Abstr.)Google Scholar
Smith, M.O. (1994) Effects of electrolyte and lighting regimen on growth of heat-distressed broilers. Poultry Science 73: 350–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, M.O. and Teeter, R.G. (1987) Influence of feed intake and ambient temperature stress on the relative yield of broiler parts. Nutrition Reports International 35: 229–306.Google Scholar
Smith, R.E. (1968) Effect of arginine upon the toxicity of excess of single amino acids in chicks. Journal of Nutrition 95: 547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sonaiya, E.B., Ristic, M. and Klein, F.W. (1990) Effect of environmental temperature, dietary energy, age and sex on broiler carcass proportions and palatability. British Poultry Science 31: 121–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, K., Harasawa, R., Yoshitake, Y. and Mitsuoka, T. (1983) Effects of crowding and heat stress on intestinal flora, body weight gain, and feed efficiency of growing rats and chicks. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi. 45: 331–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swain, S. and Farrell, J.D. (1975) Effects of different temperature regimens on body composition and carry-over effects on energy metabolism of growing chickens. Poultry Science 54: 513–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swick, R.A., Creswell, D.C., Dibner, J.J. and Ivey, F.J. (1990) Impact of methionine sources on performance of broilers growing under warm and humid conditions. Poultry Science 69(Suppl. 1): 194 (Abstr.)Google Scholar
Swick, R.A. and Pierson, E.E.M. (1988) Effect of methionine sources and dietary acidulants on resistance of broilers to heat stress. Poultry Science 68(Suppl. 1): 208 (Abstr.)Google Scholar
Teeter, R.G. (1994) Optimizing production of heat stressed broilers. Poultry Digest 26: 10–24Google Scholar
Teeter, R.G. and Belay, T. (1996) Broiler management during heat stress. Animal Feed Science and Technology 58: 127–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teeter, R.G, Smith, M.O., Owens, F.N., Arp, S.C., Sangiah, S. and Breazile, J.E. (1985) Chronic heat stress and respiratory alkalosis: occurrence and treatment in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 64: 1060–1064.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Temim, S., Chagneau, A.M., Guillaumin, S., Michel, J., Peresson, R., Guillaumin, S. and Tesseraud, S. (1998) Muscle protein turnover in broiler chickens: effects of high ambient temperatures and dietary protein intake. Reproduction Nutrition Development 38: 190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Temim, S., Chagneau, A.M., Guillaumin, S., Michel, J., Peresson, R., Geraert, P.A. and Tesseraud, S. (1999) Effects of chronic heat exposure and protein intake on growth, performance, nitrogen retention and muscle development in broiler chickens. Reproduction Nutrition Development 39: 145–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Temim, S., Chagneau, A.M., Guillaumin, S., Michel, J., Peresson, R. and Tesseraud, S. (2000a) Does excess dietary protein improve growth performance and carcass characteristics in heat-exposed chickens? Poultry Science 79: 312–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Temim, S., Chagneau, A.M., Guillaumin, J., Peresson, R. and Tesseraud, S. (2000b) Chronic heat exposure alters protein turnover of three different skeletal muscles in finishing broiler chickens fed 20 or 25% protein diets. Journal of Nutrition 130: 813–819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tur, J.A. and Rial, R.V. (1985) The effect of temperature and relative humidity on the gastrointestinal motility of young broilers. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology (A) 80: 481–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uni, Z., Gal-Garger, O., Geyra, A., Sklan, D. and Yahav, S. (2001) Changes in growth and function of chick small intestine epithelium duo to early thermal conditioning. Poultry Science 80: 438–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldroup, P.W. (1982) Influence of environmental temperature on protein and amino acid needs of poultry. Federation Proceedings 41: 2821–2823.Google ScholarPubMed
Waldroup, P.W., Mitchell, R.J., Payne, J.R. and Hazen, K.R. (1976) Performance of chicks fed diets formulated to minimize excess levels of essential amino acids. Poultry Science 55: 243–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wallis, I.R. and Balnave, D. (1984) The influence of environmental temperature, age and sex on the digestibility of amino acids in growing broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 25: 401–407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolfenson, D. (1986) The effect of acclimatization on blood flow and its distribution in normothermic and hyperthermic domestic fowl. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology (A) 85: 739–742.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolfenson, D., Frei, Y.F., Snapir, N. and Bernam, A. (1981) Heat stress effects on capillary blood flow and its redistribution in the laying hen. Pflügers Archives 390: 86–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yahav, S.A. (2000) Domestic fowl-strategies to confront environmental conditions. Avian Poultry Biology Review 11: 81–95.Google Scholar
Yahav, S., Straschnow, A., Plavnik, I. and Hurwitz, S. (1996) Effect of diurnal cyclic versus constant temperatures on chicken growth and food intake. British Poultry Science 37: 43–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yunianto, V.D., Hayashi, K., Kaneda, S., Ohtsuka, A. and Tomita, Y. (1997) Effect of environmental temperature on muscle protein turnover and heat production in tube-fed broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition 77: 897–909.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zarate, A.J., Moran, E.T. Jr. and Burnham, D.J. (2003) Exceeding essential amino acid requirements and improving their balance as a means to minimize heat stress in broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12: 37–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar