Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T17:55:36.094Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Nutritive value of corn distillers dried grains with solubles as an ingredient of poultry diets: A review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 August 2010

H.M. SALIM
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
Z.A. KRUK
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5371
B.D. LEE*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

A rapid increase in corn use in ethanol plants, and subsequent creation of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) by-products, has led to an increase in the use of DDGS in the diets of livestock. DDGS has been used all over the world as a dietary ingredient and this has necessitated more research to be conducted on its quality, nutritive values, and recommendations for feeding to poultry. Currently, there have been a limited number of research publications regarding corn DDGS as an ingredient of diets for poultry. Approximately 100 scientific papers can be found which cover a variety of topics, with various degrees of depth into each. The purpose of this review is to collate the available information to date on the application of corn DDGS as an ingredient of poultry diets that can be easily accessed by researchers and nutritionists. This review presents the current state of knowledge of nutritive values of various corn DDGS ingredients, summarizes recommendations for using DDGS in diets for laying hens, broilers and turkeys, and reports the environmental ramifications when utilizing corn DDGS in poultry feed. In spite of the great amount of variation in nutritional properties of corn DDGS originating from various sources, it has been concluded that good quality corn DDGS, especially when derived from new generation plants, can be a viable ingredient in poultry diets.

Type
Review Article
Copyright
World's Poultry Science Association 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AAFCO, (2002) Official publication of the Association of American Feed Control Officials, Inc. Oxford, IN.Google Scholar
ADEOLA, O. and ILELEJI, K.E. (2009) Comparison of two diet types in the determination of metabolizable energy content of corn distillers dried grains with soluble for broiler chickens by the regression method. Poultry Science 88: 579-585.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AFIA, (2007) The American Feed Industry Association, Arlington, VA.Google Scholar
AINES, G., KLOPFENSTEIN, T. and STOCK, R. (1986) Distillers Grains, Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension, University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension Report, MP 51. (Available online) URL: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1777&context =extensionhist (accessed September 20, 2009).Google Scholar
ALENIER, J.C. and COMBS, G.F. (1981) Effects on feed palatability of ingredients believed to contain unidentified growth factors for poultry. Poultry Science 60: 215-224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ALI, M.L., TAYLOR, J.H., JIE, L., SUN, G.L., WILLIAM, M., KASHA, K.J., REID, L.M. and PAU, K.P. (2005) Molecular mapping of QTLs for resistance to Gibberella ear rot, in corn, caused by Fusarium graminearum. Genome 48: 521-533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
APPLEGATE, T.J., TROCHE, C., JIANG, Z. and JOHNSON, T. (2009) The nutritional value of high protein corn distillers dried grains for broiler chickens and its effect on nutrient excretion. Poultry Science 88: 354-359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BABCOCK, B.A., HAYS, D.J. and LAWRENCE J.D., (2008) Using Distillers Grains in the U.S. and international livestock and poultry industry. Midwest agribusiness Trade Research and Information Center. First edition, (Ames, Iowa, USA).Google Scholar
BATAL, A.B. and DALE, N.M. (2003) Mineral Composition of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12: 400-403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BATAL, A.B. and DALE, N.M. (2004) True metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles. Poster #W18, Joint Annual Meeting abstracts pp. 317-318.Google Scholar
BATAL, A.B. and DALE, N.M. (2006) True Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Digestibility of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 15: 89-93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BATAL, A.B. and PARSONS, C.M. (2002a) Effects of Age on Development of Digestive Organs and Performance of Chicks Fed a Corn–Soybean Meal versus a Crystalline Amino Acid Diet. Poultry Science 81: 1338-1341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BATAL, A.B. and PARSONS, C.M. (2002b) Effects of Age on Nutrient Digestibility in Chicks Fed Different Diets. Poultry Science 81: 400-407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BELYEA, R.L., RAUSCH, K.D. and TUMBLESON, M.E. (2004) Composition of corn and distillers dried grains with solubles from dry grind ethanol processing. Bioresource Technology 94: 293-298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BREGENDAHL, K., ROBERTS, S.A., KERR, B. and HOEHLER, D. (2008) Ideal Ratios of Isoleucine, Methionine, Methionine plus Cystine, Threonine, Tryptophan, and Valine Relative to Lysine for White Leghorn-Type Laying Hens of Twenty-Eight to Thirty-Four Weeks of Age. Poultry Science 87: 744-758.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CARLSON, D. and POULSEN, H.D. (2003) Phytate degradation in soaked and fermented liquid feed- effect of diet, time of soaking, heat treatment, phytase activity, pH and temperature. Animal Feed Science Technology 103: 141-154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CARPENTER, L.E. (1970) Nutrient composition of distillers feeds. Proceedings of the Distillers Feed Research Council, Cincinnati, OH. 25: 54-61.Google Scholar
CHEON, Y.J., LEE, H.L., SHIN, M.H., JANG, A., LEE, S.K., LEE, J.H., LEE, B.D. and SON, C.K. (2008) Effect of corn Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles on production and egg quality in laying hens. Asian- Australasian Journal of Animal Science 21(9): 1318-1323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHOI, H.S., LEE, H.L., SHIN, M.H., CHEORUN, J., LEE, S.K. and LEE, B.D. (2008) Nutritive and economic values of corn Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles in broiler diets. Asian- Australasian Journal of Animal Science 21(3): 414-419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CORZO, A., SCHILLING, M.W., LOAR II, R.E., JACKSON, V., KIN, S. and RADHAKRISHNAN, V. (2009) The effects of feeding distillers dried grains with soluble on broiler meat quality. Poultry Science 88: 432- 439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
COUCH J.R., , KURNICK, A.A., SVACHA, R.L. and REID, B.L. (1957) Corn distillers dried solubles in turkey feed summary and new developments. Proceedings of the Distillers Feed Research Council Conference, pp: 71-81.Google Scholar
CROMWELL, G.L., HERKELMAN, K.L. and STAHLY, T.S. (1993) Physical, chemical, and nutritional characteristics of distillers dried grains with distillers dried grains with solubles for chicks and pigs. Journal of Animal Science 71:679-686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D'ERCOLE, L.E., ESSELEN, JR. W.B. and FELLERS, C.R. (1939) The nutritive value of distillers’ by-products. Poultry Science 18: 89-95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DALE, N. and BATAL, A.B. (2003) Nutritional value of distillers dried grains and solubles for poultry. 19th Annual Carolina Nutrition Conference, Research Triangle Park, NC, pp. 1-6.Google Scholar
DALE, N. and BATAL, A.B. (2005) Distiller's Grains: Focusing on quality control. Poultry Science Department. University of Georgia. Athens, WATT poultry USA, August, 2005.Google Scholar
ERGUL, T., MARTINEZ-AMEZUCA, C., PARSONS, C.M., WALTERS, B., BRANNON, J. and NOLL, S.L. (2003) Amino acid digestibility in corn distillers dried grains with solubles. Poultry Science 82(Suppl. 1): 70. (Abstract).Google Scholar
FASTINGER, N.D., LATSHAW, J.D. and MAHAN, D.C. (2006) Amino Acid Availability and True Metabolizable Energy Content of Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles in Adult Cecectomized Roosters. Poultry Science 85: 1212-1216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FIENE, S.P., YORK, T.W. and SHASTEEN, C. (2006) Correlation of DDGS IDEA digestibility assay for poultry with cockerel true amino acid digestibility. Proceedings of the 4 thMid-Atlantic Nutrition Conference, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, pp. 82-89.Google Scholar
FONTAINE, J., ZIMMER, U., MOUGHAN, P.J. and RUTHERFURD, S.M. (2007) Effect of Heat Damage in an Autoclave on the Reactive Lysine Contents of Soy Products and Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles: Use of the Results to Check on Lysine Damage in Common Qualities of these Ingredients. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 55: 10737-10743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GOODWIN, T.W. (1984) The Biochemistry of the Carotenoids, 2nd. Edn., Vol. 2, Animals,(Chapman & Hall, London).Google Scholar
HARMS, R.H., MORENO, R.S. and DAMRON, B.L. (1969) Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles in diets of laying hens. Poultry Science 48: 1652-1655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HONG E.C., , CHUNG, W.T., KANG, G.H., PARK, H.D., SUH, O.S., NA, J.C., KIM, W., NHO, W.G. and HWANGBO, J. (2008) Evaluation of True Metabolizable Energy and the Effect of Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles in the Diets on Broiler Performance and nutrient Availability. Korean Journal of Poultry Science 35(4): 381-389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IBRAHIM, M., YOUSSEF, I., WESTFAHL, C., SUNDER, A., LIEBERT, F. and KAMPHUES, J. (2008) Evaluation of dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) as a protein source for broilers. Archives of Animal Nutrition. 62(5): 404-414.Google Scholar
ISLER, O. (1971) Carotenoids: Basel, Birkhauser Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JENSEN, L.S., CHANG, C.H. and WILSON, S.P. (1978) Interior egg quality: Improvement by distillers feeds and trace elements. Poultry Science 57: 648-654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JENSEN, L.S., FALEN, L. and CHANG, C.H. (1974) Effect of distillers dried grains with solubles on reproduction and liver fat accumulation in laying hens. Poultry Science 53: 586-592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KERRER, P. and JUCKER, E. (1950) Carotenoids. Elsevier Publishing Company, INC (New York).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KIM, E.J., MARTINEZ-AMEZCUA, C., UTTERBACK, P.L. and PARSONS, C.M. (2008) Phosphorus Bioavailability, True Metabolizable Energy, and Amino Acid Digestibilities of High Protein Corn Distillers Dried Grains and Dehydrated Corn Germ. Poultry Science 87:700-705.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KLASING, K.C. and AUSTIC, R.E. (2003) Nutritional Diseases. Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed., pp. 1027-1053. (Y.M. Saif, ed. Ames, IA: Iowa State Press).Google Scholar
KROGH, P., HALD, B., GJERTSEN, P. and MYKEN, F. (1974) Fate of ochratoxin A and citrinin during malting and brewing experiments. Applied Microbiology 28: 31-34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LEESON, S. and CASTON, L. (2004) Enrichment of Eggs with Lutein. Poultry Science 83: 1709-1712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LEESON, S., DIAZ, G. and SUMMERS, J.D. (1995) Poultry Metabolic Disorders and Mycotoxins. University Books, (Guelph, Ontario, Canada).Google Scholar
LEESON, S. and SUMMERS, J.D. (2001) Nutrition of the Chicken, 4th edition, University Books, (Guelph, Ontario, Canada).Google Scholar
LEESON, S. and SUMMERS, J.D. (2005) Commercial Poultry Nutrition, 3rd edition, University Books, (Guelph, Ontario, Canada).Google Scholar
LILBURN, M.S. and JENSEN, L.S. (1984) Evaluation of corn fermentation solubles as a feed ingredient for laying hens. Poultry Science 63: 542-547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LUMPKINS, B.S. and BATAL, A.B. (2005) The Bioavailability of Lysine and Phosphorus in Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles. Poultry Science 84: 581-586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LUMPKINS, B.S., BATAL, A.B. and DALE, N.M. (2003) The effects of distiller's dried grains plus solubles fed to laying hens. Poultry Science 82(Suppl 1): 104. (Abstract).Google Scholar
LUMPKINS, B.S., BATAL, A.B. and DALE, N.M. (2004) Evaluation of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles as a Feed Ingredient for Broilers. Poultry Science 83: 1891-1896.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LUMPKINS, B.S., BATAL, A.B. and DALE, N.M. (2005) Use of Distillers Dried Grains plus Solubles in Laying Hen Diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 14: 25-31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MARTINEZ-AMEZCUA, C., PARSONS, C.M. and BAKER, D.H. (2006) Effect of Microbial Phytase and Citric Acid on Phosphorus Bioavailability, Apparent Metabolizable Energy, and Amino Acid Digestibility in Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles in Chicks. Poultry Science 85: 470-475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MARTINEZ-AMEZCUA, C., PARSONS, C.M., SINGH, V., SRINIVASAN, R. and MURTHY, G.S. (2007) Nutritional Characteristics of Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles as Affected by the Amounts of Grains versus Solubles and Different Processing Techniques. Poultry Science 86: 2624-2630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MARTINEZ-AMEZCUA, C., PARSONS, C.M. and NOLL, S.L. (2004) Content and Relative Bioavailability of Phosphorus in Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles in Chicks. Poultry Science 83: 971-976.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MARTINEZ-AMEZCUA, C. and PARSONS, C.M. (2007) Effect of Increased Heat Processing and Particle Size on Phosphorus Bioavailablility on Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles. Poultry Science 86: 331-337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MATTERSON, L.D., TLUSTOHOWICZ, J. and SINGSEN, E.P. (1966) Corn distillers dried grains with solubles in rations for high-producing hens. Poultry Science 45: 147-151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MORRISON, F.B. (1954) Feeds and Feeding: A Handbook for the Student and Stockman, 21th ed. Ithaca (New York, The Morrison Publishing Company).Google Scholar
MUNKVOLD, G.P. (2003) Cultural and genetic approaches to managing mycotoxins in corn. Annual Review Phytopathology 41: 99-116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MURTHY, G.S., TOWNSEND, D.E., MEERDINK, G.L., BARGREN, G.L., TUMBLESON, M.E. and SINGH, V. (2005) Effect of aflatoxin B1 on the dry-grind ethanol process. Cereal Chemistry 82: 302-304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th review edition (Washington, DC, National Academy Press).Google Scholar
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, (1998) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th review edition (Washington, DC, National Academy Press).Google Scholar
NELSON, T.S. (1967) The utilization of phytate phosphorus by poultry: A review. Poultry Science 46: 862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NELSON, T.S., FCRRARA, L.W. and STORER, N.L. (1968) Phytate phosphorus content of feed ingredients derived from plants. Poultry Science 47: 1372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NOLL, S.L. (2004) Optimum amino acid ratios and alternative protein sources for growing turkeys. Proceedings of the 25th Western Nutrition Conference, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. pp.179-188.Google Scholar
NOLL, S.L., STANGELAND, V., SPEERS, G. and BRANNON, J. (2001) Distillers grains in poultry diets. 62nd Minnesota Nutrition Conference and Minnesota Corn Growers Association Technical Symposium, Bloomington, MN. September 11-12, 2001.Google Scholar
NOLL, S.L., STANGELAND, V., SPEERS, G., PARSONS, C. and BRANNON, J. (2002) Utilization of Canola Meal and Distillers Grains with Solubles in Market Turkey Diets. Poultry Science 81(Suppl. 1): 92.Google Scholar
NOLL, S.L. and BRANNON, J. (2005) Influence of dietary protein level and inclusion level in DDGS on performance of market tom turkeys. Minnesota Turkey Growers Association.USA, Gobbles 62(4), 6-8.Google Scholar
NOLL, S.L., BRANNON, J. and PARSONS, C. (2007) Nutritional Value of Corn Distiller Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGs): Influence of Solubles Addition. Poultry Science 86(Suppl. 1): 68.Google Scholar
NOLL, S.L., BRANNON, J., KALBFLEISCH, J.L. and ROBERSON, K.D. (2005) Metabolizable energy value for corn distillers dried grains with solubles in turkey diets. Poultry Science 84(Suppl. 1): Abstract.Google Scholar
NOLL, S.L., BRANNON, J. and STANGELAND, V. (2004) Market tom turkey performance and inclusion level of corn distillers dried grains with soluble. Poultry Science 83(Suppl. 1): 321.Google Scholar
OLENTINE, C. (1986) Ingredient profile: distillers feed. Proceedings of the Distillers Feed Conference, Cincinnati, OH. 41:13-24.Google Scholar
PAHM, A.A., SCHERER, C.S., PETTIGREW, J.E., BAKER, D.H., PARSONS, C.M. and STEIN, H.H. (2009) Standardized amino acid digestibility in cecectomized roosters and lysine bioavailability in chicks fed distillers dried grains with soluble. Poultry Science 88: 571-578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PARSONS, C.M., BAKER, D.H. and HARTER, J.M. (1983) Distillers dried grains with solubles as a protein source for the chick. Poultry Science 62: 2445-2451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PARSONS, C.M., MARTINEZ, C., SINGH, V., RADHAKRISHMAN, S. and NOLL, S.L. (2006) Nutritional Value of Conventional and Modified DDGS for Poultry. Presented at the Multi State Poultry Nutrition and Feeding Conference, Indianapolis, IN. [Online] URL: http://www.ddgs.umn.edu/articles-poultry/2006-Parsons-%20Nutritional%20value%20of%20conventional--.pdf (accessed June, 2009).Google Scholar
PEREZ-VENDRELL, J., HERNANDEZ, M., LLAURADO, L., SCHIERLE, J. and BRUFAU, J. (2001) Influence of source and ratio of xanthophylls pigments on broiler chicken pigmentation and performance. Poultry Science 80: 320-326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PINEDA, L., ROBERTS, S., KERR, B., KWAKKEL, R., VERSTEGEN, M. and BREGENDAHL, K. (2008) Maximum Dietary Content of Corn Dried Distiller's Grains with Solubles in Diets for Laying Hens: Effects on Nitrogen Balance, Manure Excretion, Egg Production, and Egg Quality. Iowa State University Animal Industry Report 2008, A.S. Leaflet R2334. [Online] URL: http://www.ans.iastate.edu/report/air/ (accessed June 17, 2009).Google Scholar
POTTER, L.M. (1966) Studies with distillers feed in turkey rations. Proceedings of the Distinguished Feed Research Council 21: 47-51.Google Scholar
REESE, D.E. and LEWIS, A.J. (1989) Nutrient content of Nebraska corn. Nebraska Cooperation Extension Service, EC, 89-219, pp. 5-7.Google Scholar
REW, J.H., SHIN, M.H., LEE, H.R., JO, C., LEE, S.K. and LEE, B.D. (2009) Effects of Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles on Production Performance and Economics in Laying Hens. Korean Journal of Poultry Science 36(1): 15-21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ROBERSON, K.D. (2003) Use of Distiller's Grains with Solubles in Growing-Finishing Diets of Turkey Hens. International Journal of Poultry Science 2: 389-393.Google Scholar
ROBERSON, K.D., KALBFLEISCH, J.L., PAN, W. and CHARBENEAU, R.A. (2005) Effect of Corn Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles at Various Levels on Performance of Laying Hens and Egg Yolk Color. International Journal of Poultry Science 4: 44-51.Google Scholar
ROBERTS, S.A., XIN, H., KERR, B.J., RUSSELL, J.R. and BREGENDAHL, K. (2007a) Effects of Dietary Fiber and Reduced Crude Protein on Ammonia Emission from Laying-Hen Manure. Poultry Science 86: 1625-1632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ROBERTS, S.A., XIN, H., KERR, B.J., RUSSELL, J.R. and BREGENDAHL, K. (2007b) Effects of Dietary Fiber and Reduced Crude Protein on Nitrogen Balance and Egg Production in Laying Hens. Poultry Science 86: 1716-1725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RODRIGUES, I. (2008) Crucial to monitor mycotoxins in DDGS. Asian pork Magazine, January, 2008.Google Scholar
ROSENTRATER, K.A. (2005) Expanding the role of systems modeling: Considering byproduct generation from biofuel production. Ecology and Society 11(1): r2. [Online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/resp2/ (accessed December 8, 2009).Google Scholar
SCHEIDELER, S.E., MASA'DAH, M. and ROBERSON, K. (2008) Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles in Laying Hens Ration and Notes about Mycotoxins in DDGS. International Pre-Show Nutrition Symposium, Midwest Poultry Federation Convention, March 18-20, St. Paul, MN.Google Scholar
SHURSON, J. (2003) DDGS suited for swine, may help ileitis resistance. Feedstuffs 26: 11-13.Google Scholar
SHURSON, J. and ALGHAMDI, A.S. (2008) Quality and New Technologies to Produce Corn Co- Products from Ethanol Production. In: Using Distillers Grains in the U.S. and International Livestock and Poultry Industries: The Current State of Knowledge. CARD, Iowa State University, Ames. IA.Google Scholar
SINGSEN, E.P., MATTERSON, L.D. and TLUSTOHOWICZ, J.J. (1972) The biological availability of phosphorus in distillers dried grains with solubles for poultry. Proceedings of the Distillers Research Council 27: 46-49. Cincinnati, OH.Google Scholar
SLOAN, H.J. (1941) The use of distillers’ by-products in poultry rations. Poultry Science 20: 83-96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SPIEHS, M.J., WHITNEY, M.H. and SHURSON, G.C. (2002) Nutrient Database for Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles Produced from New Ethanol Plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. Journal of Animal Science 80: 2639-2645.Google ScholarPubMed
STEIN, H. (2009) Energy and Nutrient Digestibility in Four Sources of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles Produced from Corn Grown within a Narrow Geographical Area and Fed to Growing Pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 22(7): 1011-1016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
STEIN, H.H., GIBSON, M.L., PEDERSEN, C. and BOERSMA, M.G. (2006) Amino Acid and Energy Digestibility in Ten Samples of Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles Fed to Growing Pigs. Journal of Animal Science 84: 853-860.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
STEIN H.H., and SHURSON, G.C. (2009) The use and application of distillers dried grains with solubles in swine diets. Journal of Animal Science 87: 1292-1303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SWIATKIEWICZ, S. and KORELESKI, J. (2006) Effect of maize distillers dried grains with soluble and dietary enzyme supplementation on the performance of laying hens. Journal of Animal and Feed Science 5: 253-260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SWIATKIEWICZ, S. and KORELESKI, J. (2008) The use of distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) in poultry nutrition. World's Poultry Science Journal 64: 257-265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TANGENDJAJA, B. (2008) Update on DDGS quality consideration. 16th Annual ASA-IM SEA Feed Technology and Nutrition Workshop, May 26-30, The Regent, Singapore.Google Scholar
TSANG, S.T.L. and SCHAIBLE, P.J. (1960) The value of corn fermentation soluble in poultry nutrition. Poultry Science 39: 251-257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNDERWOOD, E.J. and SUTTLE, N.S. (1999) The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock. 3rd (Eds), pp. 614 (New York, CABI Publishing).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
URRIOLA, P. (2006) Prediction of in vivo amino acid digestibility in dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) from crude protein, optical density, and fluorescence. M.S. Thesis, Department of Animal Science. University Minnesota. MN.Google Scholar
WALDROUP, P.W., OWEN, J.A., RAMSEY, B.E. and WHELCHEL, D.L. (1981) The Use of High Levels of Distillers Dried Grains plus Solubles in Broiler Diets. Poultry Science 60: 1479-1484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WALDROUP, P.W., WANG, Z., COTO, C., CERRATE, S. and YAN, F. (2007) Development of a Standardized Nutrient Matrix for Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles. International Journal of Poultry Science 6: 478-783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WANG, Z., CERRATE, S., COTO, C., YAN, F. and WALDROUP, P.W. (2007a) Effect of Rapid and Multiple Changes in Level of Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles (DDGS) in Broiler Diets on Performance and Carcass Characteristics. International Journal of Poultry Science 6: 725-731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WANG, Z., CERRATE, S., COTO, C., YAN, F. and WALDROUP, P.W. (2007b) Use of Constant or Increasing Levels of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in Broiler Diets. International Journal of Poultry Science 6: 501-507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WANG, Z., CERRATE, S., COTO, C., YAN, F. and WALDROUP, P.W. (2007c) Utilization of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in Broiler Diets Using a Standardized Nutrient Matrix. International Journal of Poultry Science 6: 470-477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WANG, Z., CERRATE, S., COTO, C., YAN, F. and WALDROUP, P.W. (2008) Evaluation of High Levels of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in Broiler Diets. International Journal of Poultry Science 7(10): 990-99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WARNICK, R.E. and ANDERSON, J.O. (1968) Limiting essential amino acids in soybean meal for growing chickens and effects of heat upon availability of essential amino acids. Poultry Science 47: 281-28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WEIGEL, J.C., LOY, D. and KILMER, L. (1997) Feed Co- Products of the Dry Corn Milling Process. Renewable Fuels Association and National Corn Growers Association. Washington, D.C. and St. Louis, Missouri, USA.Google Scholar
WU, F., LIU, Y. and BHATNAGAR, D. (2008) Cost-effectiveness of aflatoxin control methods: economic incentives. Toxin Reviews 27 (3-4): 203-225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WU, F. and MUNKVOLD, G.P. (2008) Mycotoxins in ethanol co-products: modeling economic impacts on the livestock industry and management practices. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 56: 3900-3911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WYATT, R.D. (1991) Poultry, in: SMITH, J.E. & HENDERSON, R.S. (Eds) Mycotoxins and animal foods, pp. 553-606 (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press).Google Scholar