Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T00:02:45.589Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The management of smallholder duck flocks in Central Java, Indonesia, and potential hazards promoting the spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 July 2012

J. HENNING ,
H. WIBAWA ,
D. YULIANTO ,
T.B. USMAN ,
A. JUNAIDI  and
J. MEERS
J. HENNING*
Affiliation:
School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
H. WIBAWA
Affiliation:
School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia Disease Investigation Centre Regional IV Wates, Jl. Raya Yogya-Wates KM 27, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
D. YULIANTO
Affiliation:
Disease Investigation Centre Regional IV Wates, Jl. Raya Yogya-Wates KM 27, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
T.B. USMAN
Affiliation:
Disease Investigation Centre Regional IV Wates, Jl. Raya Yogya-Wates KM 27, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
A. JUNAIDI
Affiliation:
Disease Investigation Centre Regional IV Wates, Jl. Raya Yogya-Wates KM 27, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
J. MEERS
Affiliation:
School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Ducks are considered to play an important role in the transmission and maintenance of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus. However, there is limited information on duck management practices in countries where HPAI is endemic. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted on 96 ‘stationary’ smallholder duck farms in Indonesia to describe the management of ducks and to identify practices that could potentially promote the risk of HPAI spread. The mean flock size was 29 ducks, ranging from 1 up to 150 birds. Both the sale and the consumption of eggs were the most important purposes of duck keeping, followed by the use of droppings for fertilizer and the production of meat ducks. About 77% of duck owners allowed their ducks to scavenge. Important hazards for interspecies HPAI virus transmission related to scavenging were identified: 1) intermingling between ducks and chickens on duck farms (48%); 2) frequent contact with neighbours’ chickens (44%); 3) visits to the same paddies by duck flocks from other farms (88%); 4) in the paddies, contact between duck flock and other ducks, chickens, people and wild birds as reported by 88%, 30%, 80% and 77% of duck owners respectively; 5) the keeping of singing birds by 17% of farmers; 6) predators such as the small Asian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) (25%) and feral cats (20%) visiting the duck farms (these species are susceptible to HPAI infection and might play a role in the spread of the HPAI virus). Many duck owners associated deaths of their birds with the use of pesticides in the rice paddies, and appeared to be more concerned about pesticide toxicity, problems that inhibit scavenging ability and external parasites than about HPAI, which in general was not considered to be of high importance. Hence HPAI vaccination or preventive culling of ducks during disease outbreaks was not conducted on the study farms.

Keywords

managementduckssmallholderHPAIavian influenzaIndonesiahazard
Type
Small-Scale Family Poultry Production
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 68 , Issue 3 , September 2012 , pp. 513 - 528
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BISWAS, P.K., CHRISTENSEN, J.P., AHMED, S.S.U., BARUA, H., DAS, A., RAHMAN, M.H., GIASUDDIN, M., HANNAN, A., HABIB, A.M. and DEBNATH, N.C. (2009a) Risk factors for infection with highly pathogenic influenza A virus (H5N1) in commercial chickens in Bangladesh. Veterinary Record 164: 743-746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BISWAS, P.K., CHRISTENSEN, J.P., AHMED, S.S.U., DAS, A., RAHMAN, M.H., BARUA, H., GIASUDDIN, M., HANNAN, A., HABIB, M.A. and DEBNATH, N.C. (2009b) Risk for Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Backyard Chickens, Bangladesh. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15: 1931-1936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CARDONA, C.J., XING, Z., SANDROCK, C.E. and DAVIS, C.E. (2009) Avian influenza in birds and mammals. Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 32: 255-273.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHEN, H., DENG, G., LI, Z., TIAN, G., LI, Y., JIAO, P., ZHANG, L., LIU, Z., WEBSTER, R.G. and YU, K. (2004) The evolution of H5N1 influenza viruses in ducks in southern China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 10452-10457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CIVAS, (2006) A review of free ranging duck farming systems in Indonesia and assessment of their implication in the spreading of the highly pathogenic (H5N1) strain of avian influenza (HPAI). Report from the Center of Indonesian Veterinary Analytical Studies (CIVAS) for the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analytic Studies (CIVAS), p. 95.Google Scholar
GILBERT, M., XIAO, X.M., PFEIFFER, D.U., EPPRECHT, M., BOLES, S., CZARNECKI, C., CHAITAWEESUB, P., KALPRAVIDH, W., MINH, P.Q., OTTE, M.J., MARTIN, V. and SLINGENBERGH, J. (2008) Mapping H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza risk in Southeast Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105: 4769-4774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HENNING, J., HENNING, K.A., VU, L.T., YULIANTO, D. and MEERS, J. (2009a) The Role of moving duck flocks in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in Viet Nam and Indonesia. Conference proceedings of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics XII, 9-14 August 2009, Durban South Africa.Google Scholar
HENNING, J., PFEIFFER, D.U. and VU, L.T. (2009b) Risk factors and characteristics of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) post-vaccination outbreaks. Veterinary Research 40 2009: 15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HENNING, J., WIBAWA, H., MORTON, J., USMAN, T.B., JUNAIDI, A. and MEERS, J. (2010) Scavenging Ducks and Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Java, Indonesia. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16: 1244-1250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HENNING, K.A., HENNING, J., MORTON, J., LONG, N.T., HA, N.T. and MEERS, J. (2009c) Farm- and flock-level risk factors associated with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza outbreaks on small holder duck and chicken farms in the Mekong Delta of Viet Nam. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 91: 179-188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KETAREN, P.P. (1998) Feed and feeding of duck in Indonesia. Indonesian Agricultural Research & Development Journal 20: 51-56.Google Scholar
LOTH, L., GILBERT, M., OSMANI, M.G., KALAM, A.M. and XIAO, X.M. (2010) Risk factors and clusters of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 outbreaks in Bangladesh. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 96: 104-113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LVOV, D.K., SHCHELKANOV, M.Y., PRILIPOV, A.G., VLASOV, N.A., FEDYAKINA, I.T., DERYABIN, P.G., ALKHOVSKY, S.V., GREBENNIKOVA, I.V., ZABEREZHNY, A.D. and SUAREZ, D.L. (2010) Evolution of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus in Natural Ecosystems of Northern Eurasia (2005-08). Avian Diseases 54: 483-495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MARTIN, V., SIMS, L., LUBROTH, J., PFEIFFER, D., SLINGENBERGH, J. and DOMENECH, J. (2006) Epidemiology and ecology of highly pathogenic avian influenza with particular emphasis on South East Asia, in: SCHUDEL A. & LOMBARD, M. (Eds.), OIE/FAO International Scientific Conference on Avian Influenza, pp. 23-36.Google Scholar
SHORTRIDGE, K.F., ZHOU, N.N., GUAN, Y., GAO, P., ITO, T., KAWAOKA, Y., KODIHALLI, S., KRAUSS, S., MARKWELL, D., MURTI, K.G., NORWOOD, M., SENNE, D., SIMS, L., TAKADA, A. and WEBSTER, R.G. (1998) Characterization of avian H5N1 influenza viruses from poultry in Hong Kong. Virology 252: 331-342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SONGSERM, T., JAM-ON, R., SAE-HENG, N. and MEEMAK, N. (2006) Survival and stability of HPAI H5N1 in different environments and susceptibility to disinfectants. Developments in Biologicals (Basel) 124: 254.Google Scholar