Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T14:05:51.111Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Feed resources for poultry production in Asia and the Pacific. III. Animal protein sources

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

V. Ravindran
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
R. Blair
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 2A2, Canada
Get access

Abstract

Animal protein supplements are superior to plant protein supplements as sources of essential amino acids and are desirable components in poultry feed formulations. Fish meal and meat meal are widely used animal protein supplements in the Asian and Pacific regions. The nutritive value of these two ingredients and other potentially useful sources of animal protein are examined, with particular emphasis on protein quality. The value of some ‘novel’ animal protein sources is also discussed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, R.M.D. (1921) Ingredient analysis table: 1991 edition. Feedstuffs (USA) 63: 2431Google Scholar
Atkinson, J. and Carpenter, K.J. (1970a) Nutritive value of meat meals. II. Influence of raw materials and processing on meat meal quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 21: 366372CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, J. and Carpenter, K.J. (1970b) Nutritive value of meat meals. III. Value of meat meals as supplements to cereal based diets: limiting amino acids in these diets. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 21: 373376CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aitkinson, R.L., Kratzer, F.H. and Stewart, G.F. (1957) Lactose in animal and human feeding. A review. Journal of Dairy Science 50: 11141132CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Austin, P.R., Brine, C.J., Castle, J.E. and Zikakis, J.P. (1981) Chitin: new facets of research. Science 212: 749753CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, D.H., Blithenthal, R.C., Boebel, K.P., Czarnecki, G.L., Southern, L.L. and Willis, G.M. (1981) Protein-amino acid evaluation of steam-processed feather meal. Poultry Science 60: 18651872CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhargava, K.K. and O'Neil, J.B. (1975a) Evaluation of dehydrated poultry waste from cage reared broilers as a feed ingredient for broilers. Poultry Science 54: 15061511CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhargava, K.K. and O'Neil, J.B. (1975b) Composition and utilization of poultry by-products and hydrolyzed feather meal in broiler diets. Poultry Science 54: 15111518CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharya, A.N. and Taylor, J.C. (1975) Recycling animal waste as a feedstuff: a review. Journal of Animal Science 41: 14381457CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biely, J., Soong, R., Seier, L. and Pope, W.H. (1972) Dehydrated poultry waste in poultry rations. Poultry Science 51: 15021511CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blair, R. and Herron, K.M. (1982) Growth performance of broilers fed diets containing processed poultry wastes. British Poultry Science 23: 279287Google Scholar
Bristowe, W.S. (1953) Insects as food. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 12: 4448CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvert, C.C. (1977) Systems for the indirect recycling by using animal and municipal wastes as a substrate for protein production. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 4: 245264Google Scholar
Calvert, C.C. (1979) Use of animal excreta for microbial and insect protein synthesis. Journal of Animal Science 48: 178192CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvert, C.C., Martin, R.D. and Morgan, N.O. (1969) House fly pupae as food for poultry. Journal of Economic Entomology 62: 938939CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvert, C.C., Morgan, N.O. and Martin, R.D. (1970) Housefly larvae: biodegradation of hen excreta to useful products. Poultry Science 49: 588589CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Couch, J.R. (1974) Evaluation of poultry manure as a feed ingredient. World's Poultry Science Journal 30: 279289CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creswell, D.C. and Habibie, A. (1981) Studies on snail meal as a protein source for chickens. 2. Feeding value for laying hens. Poultry Science 60: 18611864CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creswell, D.C. and Kompiang, I.P. (1981) Studies on snail meal as a protein source for chickens. 1. Chemical composition, metabolizable energy and feeding values for broilers. Poultry Science 60: 18541860CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daghir, N.J. (1975) Studies on poultry by-product meals in broiler and layer rations. World's Poultry Science Journal 31: 200211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dashefsky, H.S., Anderson, D.L., Tobin, E.N. and Peters, T.M. (1976) Face fly pupae: a potential feed supplement for poultry. Environmental Entomology 5: 680682CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeFoliart, G.R., Finke, M.D. and Sunde, M.L. (1982) Potential value of the Mormon cricket (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) harvested as a high-protein feed for poultry. Journal of Economic Entomology 75: 848852CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Mello, J.F. (1988) Dietary interactions influencing amino acid utilization by poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 44: 92102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eggum, B.O. (1970) Evaluation of protein quality of feather meal under different treatments. Acta Agricultura Scandinavica 20: 230234CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Boushy, A.R. (1991) House-fly pupae as poultry manure converters for animal feed: a view. Bioresource Technology 38: 4550CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Boushy, A.R., Klassen, G.J. and Ketalaars, E.H. (1985) Biological conversion of poultry and animal wastes to a feedstuff for poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 41: 133145CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estoe, J.E. and Long, J.E. (1960) The amino acid composition of processed bones and meat meal. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 11: 8792CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagoonee, I. (1983) Possible growth factors for chickens in the silkworm pupae meal. British Poultry Science 24: 295300CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FAO (1986) The production of fish meal and oil. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. 142 (Rev. 1), Fisheries Industries Division, FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
FAO (1989) FAO Trade Yearbook. Vol. 42. FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
Finke, M.D., DeFoliart, G.R. and Benevenga, N.J. (1987) Use of a four-parameter logistic model to evaluate the protein quality of mixtures of Mormon cricket meal and corn gluten meal in rats. Journal of Nutrition 117: 17401750CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finke, M.D., Sunde, M.L. and DeFoliart, G.R. (1985) An evaluation of the protein quality of Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex Haldeman) when used as a high protein feedstuff for poultry. Poultry Science 64: 708712CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fosgate, O.T. and Babb, M.R. (1972) Biodegradation of animal waste by Lumbricus terrestris. Journal of Dairy Science 55: 870872CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gehle, M.H., Speers, G.M., Miller, D.L. and Balloun, S.L. (1967) Nutritive value of hydrolyzed hog hair as a protein source for chicks and poults. Poultry Science 46: 156164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gohl, B. (1981) Tropical Feeds. FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
Guerrero, R.D. (1983) The culture and use of Perionyx excavatus as a protein source in the Philippines. In: Earthworm Ecology — From Darwin to Vermiculture (Ed. Satcheli, J.E.). New York, Chapman and Hall, pp. 309314CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, O.M. (1973) Dried Hermetia illucens larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) as a feed additive for poultry. Journal of Georgia Entomological Society 8: 1618Google Scholar
Horie, Y. and Wanatabe, H. (1980) Recent advances in sericulture. Annual Review of Entomology 25: 4971Google Scholar
Ichhponani, J.S. and Malik, N.S. (1971) Evaluation of deoiled silkworm pupae meal and cornsteep fluid as protein sources in chick rations. British Poultry Science 12: 231234Google Scholar
Jakhmola, R.C., Kundu, S.S., Punj, M.L., Singh, K., Kamra, D.N. and Singh, R. (1988) Animal excreta as ruminant feed: scope and limitations under Indian conditions. Animal Feed Science and Technology 19: 123CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, N. and Fulton, K.B. (1971) Composition of feather and offal meal and its value as a protein supplement in the diet of broilers. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 22: 3842CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Joshi, P.S., Rao, P.V., Mitra, A. and Rao, B.S. (1980) Evaluation of deoiled silkworm pupae meal on layer performance. Indian Journal of Animal Science 50: 979982Google Scholar
Kobayashi, S. and Itoh, H. (1991) Effects of dietary chitin and chitosan on growth and abdominal fat deposition in chicks. Japanese Poultry Science 28: 8894CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koehler, H.H. and Bearse, G.E. (1975) Egg flavour quality as affected by fish meals or fish oils in laying rations. Poultry Science 54: 881889CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, D.J.W. and Blair, R. (1973) Growth of broilers fed on diets containing dried poultry manure. British Poultry Science 14: 379388CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, D.J.W. and Bolton, W. (1977) The laying performance of two strains of hens offered diets containing dried poultry manure during the laying stage. British Poultry Science 18: 17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, P.K. and Yang, Y.F. (1975) Sun-dried chicken droppings as a feed for broilers. Journal of Taiwan Livestock Research 8: 2732Google Scholar
Lee, P.K. and Yang, Y.F. (1976) Sun-dried chicken droppings as a feed for laying Leghorn hens. Journal of Taiwan Livestock Research 9: 103106Google Scholar
Lin, S., Njaa, L.R., Eggum, B.O. and Shen, H. (1983) Chemical and biological evaluation of silk worm chrysalid protein. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 34: 896900Google Scholar
Lovell, R.T., Lafleur, J.R. and Hoskins, F.H. (1968) Nutritional value of freshwater crayfish waste meal. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 16: 204207CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luong, van B. and Payne, C.G. (1977) Hydrolysed feather protein as a source of amino acid for laying hens. British Poultry Science 18: 523526CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masumura, T., Horaguchi, H., Horikawa, H. and Sugahara, M. (1981) Gizzard erosion and ulceration in broilers. 3. Toxic substance(s) in fish meal. Japanese Poultry Science 18: 98104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masumura, T., Sugahara, M., Noguchi, T., Mori, K. and Naito, H. (1985) The effect of gizzerosine, a recently discovered compound in overheated fish meal, on the gastric secretion in chicken. Poultry Science 64: 356361CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McHargue, J.S. (1917) A study of the proteins of certain insects with reference to their value as food for poultry. Journal of Agricultural Research 10: 633637Google Scholar
McInroy, D.M. (1971) Evaluation of the earthworm ‘Eisinia foetida’ as food for man and domestic animals. Feedstuffs (USA) 43: 37Google Scholar
McNab, J.M., Lee, D.J.W. and Shannon, D.W. (1972) The growth of broiler chickens fed low-protein diets containing triammonium hydrogen citrate and autoclaved dried poultry manure. British Poultry Science 13: 357364CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mead, A.R. and Kemmerer, R. (1953) Amino acid content of dehydrated giant African snails. Science 117: 138139CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mekada, H., Hayashi, N., Yokota, H. and Okumura, J. (1979) Performance of growing and laying chickens fed diets containing earthworms (Eisenia foetida). Japanese Poultry Science 16: 293297CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, B.F. (1969) Biological digestion of manure by Diptera. Feedstuffs (USA) 41: 3233Google Scholar
Miller, B.F. (1977) Formulating swine, poultry rations using flash-dried blood meal. Feedstuffs (USA) 49: 2223Google Scholar
Miller, E.R. (1990) Bloodmeal: flash-dried. In: Nontraditional Feed Resources for Use in Swine Production (Eds Thacker, P.A. and Kirkwood, R.N.), Stoneham, Butterworths, pp. 5359Google Scholar
Moran, E.T. Jr., and Summers, J.D. (1968) Keratins as sources of protein for the growing chick. 4. Processing of tannery byproduct cattle hair into a nutritionally available high protein meal: metabolizable energy, amino acid composition and utilization in practical diets by the chick. Poultry Science 47: 570576CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, Z.O. (1980) Feed from animal wastes: state of knowledge. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 18, FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
Muller, Z.O. (1982) Feed from animal wastes: feeding manual. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 28, FAO, RomeGoogle Scholar
Nair, K.P.K., Devasia, P.A. and Ananthasubramanyam, C.R. (1975) Evaluation of the nutritive value of frog meal for growth in chicks. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science 6: 7682Google Scholar
NAS (1976) Urea and Other Non-protein Nitrogen Compounds in Animal Nutrition. National Academy of Sciences, WashingtonGoogle Scholar
Newton, G.L., Booram, C.V., Barker, R.W. and Hale, O.M. (1977) Dried Hermetia illucens larvae meal as a supplement for swine. Journal of Animal Science 44: 395400Google Scholar
Noble, R.C., Cocchi, M. and Turchetto, E. (1990) Egg fat – a case for concern. World's Poultry Science Journal 46: 109118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NRC (1983) Underutilized Resources as Animal Feedstuffs. National Academy Press, WashingtonGoogle Scholar
Ocio, E., Vinaras, R. and Rey, J.M. (1979) Housefly larvae meal grown on municipal organic waste as a source of protein in poultry diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 4: 227231Google Scholar
O'Neill, W.B. (1974) Animal by-product protein. In: Proceedings of Feed Protein Conference (Eds Winter, G.R. and Coffin, H.G.). The Canadian Livestock Feed Board, Quebec City, pp 231249Google Scholar
Panda, B. (1968) Silkworm pupae meal. Indian Poultry Gazette 53: 2930Google Scholar
Papadopoulos, M.C. (1985) Processed chicken feathers as feedstuff for poultry and swine. A review. Agricultural Wastes 14: 275290CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patrick, H. and Schaible, P.J. (1980) Poultry: Feeds and Nutrition, 2nd Edition, AVI Publishing Company, Westport, ConnecticutGoogle Scholar
Phelps, R.J., Struthers, J.K. and Mayo, S.J.L. (1975) Investigations into the nutritive value of Macrotermes falciger (Isoptera: Termitidae). Zoologica Africa 10: 123132CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pike, I.H. (1975) The role of fish meal in diets for poultry. Technical Bulletin No. 3, International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers, Hovels House, HertsGoogle Scholar
Pike, I.H. (1979) Unidentified growth factors in fish meal: possible nutritional explanations. Feedstuffs (USA) 51: 3233Google Scholar
Potter, L.M., Sheldon, J.R. and Parsons, C.M. (1980) The unidentified growth factor in menhaden fish meal. Poultry Science 59: 128134CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratt, L.M., Schiller, E.E., Bartlett, B.E., Garrow, C. and Crewther, W.G. (1972) Feasibility study of the utilization of processed sheepskins as a protein supplement to the diet of chickens. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 23: 923933CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raa, J. and Gildberg, A. (1982) Fish silage: a review. CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 16: 383419CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ranaweera, K.N.P., Siriwardene, J.A. De S., Manamperi, H.B., Jayawardene, K.M. and Poulter, R.G. (1979) Dried fish silage as a protein source for poultry. 1. Feeding trials with broiler chickens. Ceylon Veterinary Journal 27: 59Google Scholar
Ravindran, V. (1987) Some novel sources of animal protein in poultry feeding. Proceedings Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science 43: 6263Google Scholar
Remington, C.L. (1946) Insects as food in Japan. Entomological News 57: 119121Google Scholar
Robbins, C.T. (1983) Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Robinson, M.A. (1984) Trends and prospects in world fisheries. FAO Fisheries Circular 722, FAO, Rome, 25 ppGoogle Scholar
Sabine, J.R. (1983) Earthworms as a source of food and drugs. In: Earthworm Ecology – From Darwin to Vermiculture, (Ed. Satchell, J.E.). Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 285296CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakia, A., Das, P.C. and Sutradhar, R. (1971) Systematic study of by-products of agro-industrial origin for evolvement of economic poultry rations: layer rations. Indian Veterinary Journal 48: 941946Google Scholar
Salmon, R.E. and Szabo, T.I. (1981) Dried bee meal as a feedstuff for growing turkeys. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 61: 965968Google Scholar
Shannon, D.W., Blair, R. and Lee, D.J.W. (1973) Chemical and bacteriological composition and the metabolisable energy value of eight samples of dried poultry waste produced in the United Kingdom. Proceedings of 4th European Poultry Conference, London, pp. 487-494Google Scholar
Siddons, R.C. (1972) Effect of diet on disaccharidase activity in the chick. British Journal of Nutrition 27: 343352CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skurray, G.R. (1974) The nutritional evaluation of meat meals for poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 30: 129136Google Scholar
Skurray, G.R. and Herbert, L.S. (1974) Batch dry rendering: influence of raw materials and processing conditions on meat quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 25: 10711079CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, M.H. and Jackson, N. (1981) The nutritional value of dried skim milk in broiler diets. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 32: 7986Google Scholar
Sugimura, K., Hori, E., Kurihara, Y. and Itoh, S. (1984) Nutritional value of earthworms and grasshoppers as poultry feed. Japanese Poultry Science 21: 17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Summers, J.D. and Leeson, S. (1978) Utilization of processed pig hair in poultry diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 3: 243250Google Scholar
Summers, J.D., Slinger, S.J. and Ashton, G.C. (1964) Evaluation of meat meal as a protein supplement for the chick. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 44: 228234CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, M.Q. (1988) Insects as Food: Aboriginal Entomophagy in the Great Basin. Ballena Press, Novato, CaliforniaGoogle Scholar
Syrett, R.F. (1977) Microbial aspects of recycling manure. World's Poultry Science Journal 33: 198215Google Scholar
Tagoba, L. (1980) The nutritional value of earthworms for chickens. British Poultry Science 21: 405410Google Scholar
Taylor, R.L. (1975) Butterflies in My Stomach or: Insects in Human Nutrition. Woodbridge Press, Santa Barbara, CaliforniaGoogle Scholar
Teotia, J.S. and Miller, B.F. (1973) Fly pupae as a dietary ingredient for starting chicks. Poultry Science 52: 18301835CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teotia, J.S. and Miller, B.F. (1974) Nutritive content of house fly pupae and manure residue. British Poultry Science 15: 412417CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Umemura, Y. (1982) Studies on gizzard erosion-inducing substance in fish meal. Japanese Agricultural Research Quarterly 16: 125130Google Scholar
Venugopalan, C.K., Ramakrishnan, A. and Unni, A.K.K. (1976) A preliminary report on the use of African giant snail in chick starter rations. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science 7: 9397Google Scholar
Virk, R.S., Lodhi, G.N. and Ichhponani, J.S. (1980) Deoiled silkworm pupae meal as a substitute for fish meal in White Leghorn laying rations. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 15: 149154Google Scholar
Vogt, H. (1973) Dried poultry droppings in feeds for laying hens. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 37: 141144Google Scholar
Waibel, P.E., Cuperlovic, M., Hurrel, R.F. and Carpenter, K.J. (1977) Processing damage to lysine and other amino acids in the manufacture of blood meals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 25: 171175Google Scholar
Waldroup, P.W., Hillard, C.M., Abbot, W.W. and Luther, L.W. (1970) Hydrolysed leather meal in broiler diets. Poultry Science 49: 12591264Google Scholar
Wijayasinghe, M.S. and Rajaguru, A.S.B. (1977) Use of silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae as a protein supplement in poultry rations. Journal of National Science Council of Sri Lanka 5: 95104Google Scholar
Wisman, E.L. and Engel, R.W. (1961) Tannery by-product meal as a source of protein. Poultry Science 40: 17611764Google Scholar
Yoshida, M. and Hoshii, H. (1968) Nutritional value of poultry manure. Japanese Poultry Science 5: 3739Google Scholar
Yoshida, M. and Hoshii, H. (1978) Nutritional value of earthworms for poultry feed. Japanese Poultry Science 15: 308311Google Scholar