Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T14:38:22.099Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Determination and estimation of phosphorus availability in growing poultry and their historical development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2013

Y. SHASTAK  and
M. RODEHUTSCORD
Y. SHASTAK*
Affiliation:
Institut für Tierernährung, Universität Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
M. RODEHUTSCORD
Affiliation:
Institut für Tierernährung, Universität Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The variability of phosphorus (P) availability in poultry feeds is large, primarily caused by differences in the contents of phytate and intrinsic or exogenous phytase and by differences between non-phytate sources of P. Attempts to consider this variability in feed formulations has led to the development of different approaches to determine P availability. In the past seventy years, different response criteria and descriptive terms for available P have been used. In this review, response criteria that are often used will be described, including their development over time. Focus is be given to growing poultry and to quantitative approaches based on P retention and precaecal digestibility, relative bioavailability based on bone data, and in vitro solubility tests. In conclusion, precaecal digestibility and retention are the most appropriate criteria for evaluating P sources in poultry. The use of blood inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentrations and performance data is discouraged for the purpose of evaluation. Bone response data can provide relative availability values for P sources. More research is needed to explore whether P retention data can be re-calculated from existing bone response data. Improvements in in vitro approaches for estimating P availability are suggested.

Keywords

phosphorusavailabilityevaluationapproacheshistory
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 69 , Issue 3 , September 2013 , pp. 569 - 586
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ACKERSON, C.W., BLISH, M.J. and MUSSEHL, F.E. (1925) A study of the phosphorus, calcium and alkaline reserve of the blood sera of normal and rachitic chicks. Journal of Biological Chemistry 63: 75-84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ADEOLA, O. and COWIESON, A.J. (2011) Opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminant animal production. Journal of Animal Science 89: 3189-3218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AKPE, M.P., WAIBEL, P.E., LARNTZ, K., METZ, A.L., NOLL, S.L. and WALSER, M.M. (1987) Phosphorus availability bioassay using bone ash and bone densitometry as response criteria. Poultry Science 66: 713-720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ALMEIDA PAZ, I.C.L. and BRUNO, L.D.G. (2006) Bone mineral density: review. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 8: 69-73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AMMERMAN, C.B. (1995) Methods for estimation of mineral bioavailability, in: AMMERMAN, B., BAKER, D.H. & LEWIS, A.J. (Eds) Bioavailability of Nutrients for Animals: Amino Acids, Minerals, and Vitamins, pp. 83-94 (San Diego, Academic Press).Google Scholar
AMMERMAN, C.B., DOUGLAS, C.R., DAVIS, G.K. and HARMS, R.H. (1961) Comparison of phosphorus availability assay techniques for chicks. Poultry Science 40: 548-553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AMMERMAN, C.B., NORTON, H.W. and SCOTT, H.M. (1960) Rapid assay of inorganic phosphates for chicks. Poultry Science 39: 245-250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ANGEL, R., SAYLOR, W.W., MITCHELL, A.D., POWERS, W. and APPLEGATE, T.J. (2006) Effect of dietary phosphorus, phytase, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on broiler chicken bone mineralization, litter phosphorus, and processing yields. Poultry Science 85: 1200-1211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BAIRD, F.D. and MACMILLAN, M.J. (1942) Use of toes rather than tibiae in A.O.A.C. chick method of vitamin D determination. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 25: 518-524.Google Scholar
BARUAH, J.N., DAVIS, R.E., REID, B.L. and COUCH, J.R. (1960) Phosphorus availability from the ash of unidentified factor sources. Poultry Science 39: 840-842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BIRD, H.B. and CASKEY Jr., C.D. (1943) Amorphous calcium metaphosphate a phosphorus supplement for chicks. Poultry Science 22: 333-334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BIRD, H.R., MATTINGLY, J.P., TITUS, H.W., HAMMOND, J.C., KELLOGG, W.L., CLARK, T.B., WEAKLEY Jr., C.E. and VANLANDINGHAM, A.H. (1945) Nutritive evaluation of defluorinated phosphates and other phosphorus supplements. II. Defluorinated phosphates as phosphorus supplements for chicks. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists28: 118-129.Google Scholar
BUCKNER, G.D., MARTIN, J.H. and INSKO, W.M. (1929) Calcium and phosphorus requirements of the growing chick. Poultry Science 9: 235-238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CAMPBELL, J.A., MIGICOVSKY, B.B. and EMSLIE, A.R.G. (1945) Studies on the chick assay for vitamin D. I. Precision of tibia and toe ash as criteria for response. Poultry Science 24: 3-7.Google Scholar
CASWELL, L.F. (1987) Feed phosphates: relating lab solubility to turkey nutrition. Feed Management 9: 8-12.Google Scholar
COFFEY, R.D., MOONEY, K.W., CROMWELL, G.L. and AARON, D.K. (1994) Biological availability of phosphorus in defluorinated phosphates with different phosphorus solubilities in neutral ammonium citrate for chicks and pigs. Journal of Animal Science 72: 2653-2660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
COON, C., LESKE, K. and SEO, S. (2002) The availability of calcium and phosphorus in feedstuffs, in: MCNAB, J.M. & BOORMAN, K.N. (Eds) Poultry Feedstuffs: Supply, composition and nutritive value, pp. 151-179 (CAB International).Google Scholar
COON, C.N., SEO, S. and MANANGI, M.K. (2007) The determination of retainable phosphorus, relative biological availability, and relative biological value of phosphorus sources for broilers. Poultry Science 86: 857-868.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CORDELL, D., DRANGERT, J.-O. and and WHITE, S. (2009) The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought. Global Environmental Change 19: 292-305.Google Scholar
CVB DOCUMENTATIERAPPORT NR. 20., (1997) Definitief systeem opneembaar fosfor pluimvee (VAN DER KLIS, J.D. and BLOK, M.C.).Google Scholar
DAY, E.J., MCNAUGHTON, J. and DILWORTH, B.C. (1973) Chemical versus chick bioassay for phosphorus availability of feed grade sources. Poultry Science 52: 393-395.Google Scholar
DE GROOTE, G. and HUYGHEBAERT, G. (1997) The bioavailability of phosphorus from feed phosphates for broilers as influenced by bio-assay method, dietary Ca-level and feed form. Animal Feed Science and Technology 69: 329-340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DE GROOTE, G. and LIPPENS, M. (2002) Phosphorus bioavailability for poultry, in: JONGBLOED, A.W., KEMME, P.A., DE GROOTE, G., LIPPENS, M. & MESCHY, F. (Eds) Bioavailability of major and trace elements, pp. 43-48 (EMFEMA, Brussels, Belgium).Google Scholar
DIECKMANN, A. (2004) Beiträge zur Optimierung der Phosphorversorgung von wachsenden Broilern. Doctoral thesis, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.Google Scholar
EECKHOUT, W. and DE PAEPE, M. (1994) Total phosphorus, phytate-phosphorus and phytase activity in plant feedstuffs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 47: 19-29.Google Scholar
EDWARDS, H.M. and GILLIS, M.B. (1959) A chromic oxide balance method for determining phosphate availability. Poultry Science 38: 569-574.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EVANS, R.J. and CARVER, J.S. (1944) The toe ash as a measure of calcification in chicks. Poultry Science 23: 351-352.Google Scholar
FERNANDES, J.I.M., LIMA, F.R., MENDONCA Jr., C.X., MABE, I., ALBUQUERQUE, R. and LEAL, P.M. (1999) Relative bioavailability of phosphorus in feed and agricultural phosphates for poultry. Poultry Science 78: 1729-1736.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FRITZ, J.C. and ROBERTS, T. (1968) Use of toe ash as a measurement of calcification in the chick. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 51: 591-594.Google Scholar
FRITZ, J.C., ROBERTS, T., BOEHNE, J.W. and HOVE, E.L. (1969) Factors affecting the chicks requirement for phosphorus. Poultry Science 48: 307-320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GARCIA, A.R. and DALE, N. (2006) Foot ash as a means of quantifying bone mineralization in chicks. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 15: 103-109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GARDINER, E.E. (1962) The relationship between dietary phosphorus level and the level of plasma inorganic phosphorus of chicks. Poultry Science 41: 1156-1163.Google Scholar
GFE (GESELLSCHAFT FÜR ERNÄHRUNGSPHYSIOLOGIE), (1999) Energie- und Nährstoffbedarf landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere. 7. Empfehlungen zur Energie- und Nährstoffversorgung der Legehennen und Masthühner (Broiler), Frankfurt a. M., DLG-Verlag.Google Scholar
GILLIS, M.B., EDWARDS Jr., H.M. and YOUNG, R.J. (1962) Studies on the availability of calcium orthophosphates to chickens and turkeys. Journal of Nutrition 78: 155-161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GILLIS, M.B., NORRIS, L.C. and HEUSER, G.F. (1948) The utilization by the chick of phosphorus from different sources. Journal of Nutrition 35: 195-207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GILLIS, M.B., NORRIS, L.C. and HEUSER, G.F. (1954) Studies on the biological value of inorganic phosphates. Journal of Nutrition 52: 115-125.Google Scholar
GRIMBERGEN, A.H.M., CORNELISSEN, J.P. and STAPPERS, H.P. (1985) The relative availability of phosphorus in inorganic feed phosphates for young turkeys and pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 13: 117-130.Google Scholar
GROSS, M. (2010) Fears over phosphorus supplies. Current Biology 20: R386-R387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GUEGUEN, L. (1999) Determination of dietary phosphorus availability, in: COELHO, M.B. & KORNEGAY, E.T. (Eds) Phytase in Animal Nutrition and Waste Management, pp. 163-172 (BASF Reference Manual, Mount Olive, NJ).Google Scholar
HAAG, J.R. (1939) The calcium and phosphorus content of chickens of various ages. Poultry Science 18: 279-281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HARMS, R.H., WALDROUP, P.W. and DAMRON, B.L. (1967) A comparison of phosphorus assay techniques with chicks. II. Development of a calcium standard curve for monosodium phosphate. Poultry Science 46: 981-985.Google Scholar
HART, E.B., HALPIN, J.G. and STEENBOCK, H. (1922) The nutritional requirements of baby chicks. II. Further study of leg weakness in chickens. Journal of Biological Chemistry 52: 379-386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HEMME A., , SPARK, M., WOLF, P., PASCHERTZ, H. and KAMPHUES, J. (2005) Effects of different phosphorus sources in the diet on bone composition and stability (breaking strength) in broilers. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 89: 129-133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HESTER, P.Y., SCHREIWEIS, M.A., ORBAN, J.I., MAZZUCO, H., KOPKA, M.N., LEDUR, M.C. and MOODY, D.E. (2004) Assessing bone mineral density in vivo: Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Poultry Science 83: 215-221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HEUSER, G.F. and NORRIS, L.C. (1926) Rickets in chicks. I. Variations in the antirachitic potency of different brands of cod liver oil. Poultry Science 6: 9-17.Google Scholar
HEUSER, G.F. and NORRIS, L.C. (1927) Rickets in chicks. II. Variations in the antirachitic potency of different grades of cod liver oil. Poultry Science 6: 94-98.Google Scholar
HILL, W.L., REYNOLDS, D.S., HENDRICKS, S.B. and JACOBS, K.D. (1945) Nutritive evaluation of defluorinated phosphates and others phosphorus supplements. I. Preparation and properties of the samples. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 28: 105-118.Google Scholar
HURWITZ, S. (1964) Estimation of net phosphorus utilization by the slope method. Journal of Nutrition 84: 83-91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HURWITZ, S., DUBROV, D., ELSNER, U., RISENFELD, G. and BAR, A. (1978) Phosphate absorption and excretion in the young turkey as influenced by calcium intake. Journal of Nutrition 108: 1329-1335.Google Scholar
HUYGHEBAERT, G., DE GROOTE, G. and KEPPENS, L. (1980) The relative biological availability of phosphorus in feed phosphates for broilers. Annales de Zootechnie 29: 245-253.Google Scholar
IFP (Inorganic Feed Phosphates sector group of CEFIC), (2006) Evaluating feed phosphates. http://www.feedphosphates.org/guide/evaluating_feed_phosphates.html. Accessed Aug. 2011.Google Scholar
INRA (INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE AGRONOMIQUE), (2004) Tables de composition et de valeur nutritive des matières premières destinées aux animaux d’élevage: porcs, volailles, bovines, ovins, caprins, lapins, chevaux, poisons. SAUVANT D., PEREZ, J.M. and TRAN, G. 2ème édition revue et corrigée. INRA Editions, Paris, France.Google Scholar
JOHNSON, E.L., PHILLIPS, R.E. and DONOVAN, G.A. (1953) Utilization of soft phosphate with colloidal clay. Poultry Science 32(Suppl.1): 907.Google Scholar
JONGBLOED, A.W. and KEMME, P.A. (2002) Terms and Methods to assess and evaluate the bioavailability of minerals for livestock: a general introduction, in: JONGBLOED, A.W., KEMME, P.A., DE GROOTE, G., LIPPENS, M. & MESCHY, F. (Eds) Bioavailability of major and trace elements, pp. 5-16 (EMFEMA, Brussels, Belgium).Google Scholar
KETELS, E. and DE GROOTE, G. (1988) The relative bioavailability and the ileal digestibility of phosphorus in mineral and animal sources. Proceedings of the 18th World's Poultry Congress, Nagoya, Japan, pp. 873-874.Google Scholar
KORNEGAY, E.T., DENBOW, D.M. and RADCLIFFE, J.S. (1996) Relative bioavailability of phosphorus sources with different solubilities in neutral ammonium citrate (NAC) for young turkeys. Poultry Science 75(Suppl. 1): 83.Google Scholar
KORNEGAY, E.T. and YI, Z. (1999) Evaluation of response criteria for assessing biological availability of phosphorus supplements in broilers and turkeys, in: COELHO, M.B. & KORNEGAY, E.T. (Eds) Phytase in Animal Nutrition and Waste Management, pp. 145-149 (BASF Reference Manual, Mount Olive, NJ).Google Scholar
KORVER, D.R., SAUNDERS-BLADES, J.L. and NADEAU, K.L. (2004) Assessing bone mineral density in vivo: Quantitative computed tomography. Poultry Science 83: 222-229.Google Scholar
LESKE, K. and COON, C. (2002) The development of feedstuff retainable phosphorus values for broilers. Poultry Science 81: 1681-1693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LIMA, F.R., MENDONCA Jr., C.X., ALVAREZ, J.C., GARZILLO, J.M.F., GHION, E. and LEAL, P.M. (1997) Biological evaluations of commercial dicalcium phosphates as sources of available phosphorus for broiler chicks. Poultry Science 76: 1707-1713.Google Scholar
MATTERSON, L.D., SINGSEN, E.P. and SCOTT, H.M. (1945) Rock phosphates as phosphorus supplements for growing chicks. Poultry Science 24: 188-190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MENDEZ, A. and DALE, N. (1998) Foot ash as a parameter to assay bone mineralization. Poultry Science 77(Suppl. 1): 40.Google Scholar
MENDEZ, A., DALE, N. and GARCIA, M. (1998) Comparison of parameters to assay bone mineralization. Poultry Science 77(Suppl.1): S176.Google Scholar
MEYER, G.B., BABCOCK, S.W. and SUNDE, M.L. (1968) An accurate in vivo technique for measuring bone mineral mass in chickens. Journal of Nutrition 96: 195-205.Google Scholar
MILLER, W.M. and JOUKOVSKY, V.V. (1953) Availability of phosphorus from various phosphate material for chicks. Poultry Science 32: 78-81.Google Scholar
MITCHELL, H.H., CARD, L.E. and HAMILTON, T.S. (1926) The growth of white Plymouth Rock chickens. Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 278: 132-140.Google Scholar
MITCHELL, A.D., ROSEBROUGH, R.W. and CONWAY, J.M. (1997) Body composition analysis of chickens by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Poultry Science 76: 1746-1752.Google Scholar
MORAN Jr., E.T. and TODD, M.C. (1994) Continuous submarginal phosphorus with broilers and the effect of preslaughter transportation: Carcass defects, further-processing yields, and tibia-femur integrity. Poultry Science 73: 1448-1457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MORRISON, A.B., DAM, E., NORRIS, L.C. and SCOTT, M.L. (1956) Further evidence on the requirement of the chick for unidentified minerals. Journal of Nutrition 60: 283-295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MOTZOK, I., ARTHUR, D. and BRANION, H.D. (1956) Utilization of phosphorus from various phosphate supplements by chicks. Poultry Science 35: 627-649.Google Scholar
NELSON, T.S. (1967) The utilization of phytate phosphorus by poultry-A review. Poultry Science 46: 862-871.Google Scholar
NELSON, T.S., KIRBY, L.K. and JOHNSON, Z.B. (1990) The relative biological value of feed phosphates for chicks. Poultry Science 69: 113-118.Google Scholar
NELSON, T.S. and PEELER, H.T. (1961) The availability of phosphorus from single and combined phosphates to chicks. Poultry Science 40: 1321-1328.Google Scholar
NELSON, T.S. and WALKER, A.C. (1964) The biological evaluation of phosphorus compounds. Poultry Science 43: 94-98.Google Scholar
NESET, T.S. and CORDELL, D. (2011) Global phosphorus scarcity: identifying synergies for a sustainable future. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 92: 2-6.Google Scholar
NIKOLAICZUK, N., BETHKE, R.M. and SUTTON, T.S. (1949) Retention by the chick of phosphorus from organic and inorganic sources. Poultry Science 28(Suppl.): 777.Google Scholar
NRC (NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL)., (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. Ninth Revised Edition, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
NWOKOLO, E.N., BRAGG, D.B. and KITTS, W.D. (1976) A method for estimating the availability of minerals from feedstuffs. Poultry Science 55: 2217-2221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ONYANGO, E.M., HESTER, P.Y., STROSHINE, R. and ADEOLA, O. (2003) Bone densitometry as an indicator of percentage tibia ash in broiler chicks fed varying dietary calcium and phosphorus levels. Poultry Science 82: 1787-1791.Google Scholar
ORBAN, J.I. and ROLAND Sr, D.A. (1992) The effect of varying bone meal sources on phosphorus utilization by 3-week-old broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 1: 75-83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ORBAN, J.I., ROLAND, D.A., SR., , BRYANT, M.M. and WILLIAMS, J.C. (1993) Factors influencing bone mineral content, density, breaking strength, and ash as response criteria for assessing bone quality in chickens. Poultry Science 72: 437-446.Google Scholar
PEELER, H.T. (1972) Biological availability of nutrients in feeds: Availability of major mineral ions. Journal of Animal Science 35: 695-712.Google Scholar
PENSACK, J.M. (1974) Biological availability of commercial feed phosphates. Poultry Science 53: 143-148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PENSACK, J.M. and STOKSTAD, E.L.R. (1961) Studies on the biological availability of inorganic phosphates for chicks. Poultry Science 40: 1443.Google Scholar
POTCHANAKORN, M. and POTTER, L.M. (1987) Biological values of phosphorus in various sources for young turkeys. Poultry Science 66: 505-51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
POTTER, L.M. (1988) Bioavailability of phosphorus from various phosphates based on body weight and toe ash measurements. Poultry Science 67: 96-102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
POTTER, L.M., POTCHANAKORN, M., RAVINDRAN, V. and KORNEGAY, E.T. (1995) Bioavailability of phosphorus in various phosphate sources using body weight and toe ash as response criteria. Poultry Science 74: 813-820.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RAVINDRAN, V., KORNEGAY, E.T., POTTER, L.M., OGUNABAMERU, B.O., WELTEN, W.K., WILSON, J.H. and POTCHANAKORN, M. (1995) An evaluation of various response criteria in assessing biological availability of phosphorus for broilers. Poultry Science 74: 1820-1830.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
REYNOLDS, D.S., HILL, W.L. and JAKOB, K.D. (1944) Dilute hydrochloric acid as a solvent for phosphates with special reference to defluorinated phosphates and other materials used as phosphorus supplements for livestock. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 27: 559-571.Google Scholar
RODEHUTSCORD, M. (2009) Approaches and Challenges for Evaluating Phosphorus Sources for Poultry. Proceedings 17th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. 2-6.Google Scholar
RODEHUTSCORD, M. and DIECKMANN, A. (2005) Comparative studies with three-week-old chickens, turkeys, ducks, and quails on the response in phosphorus utilization to a supplementation of monobasic calcium phosphate. Poultry Science 84: 1252-1260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RODEHUTSCORD M., , DIECKMANN, A., WITZIG, M. and SHASTAK, Y. (2012) A note on sampling digesta from the ileum of broilers in phosphorus digestibility studies. Poultry Science 91: 965-971.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RODEHUTSCORD, M., TIMMLER, R. and WENDT, P. (2003) Response of growing pekin ducks to supplementation of monobasic calcium phosphate to low-phosphorus diets. Poultry Science 82: 309-319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ROWLAND Jr., L.O., HARMS, R.H., WILSON, H.R., ROSS, I.J. and FRY, J.L. (1967) Breaking strength of chick bones as an indication of dietary calcium and phosphorus adequacy. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 126: 399-401.Google Scholar
SAPIR-KOREN, R. and LIVSHITS, G. (2011) Bone mineralization and regulation of phosphate homeostasis. IBMS BoneKEy 8: 286-300.Google Scholar
SAUNDERS-BLADES, J.L., KORVER, D.R. and NADEAU, K.L. (2003) Quantitative computed tomography as a tool for assessing bone quality in poultry. Poultry Science 82(Suppl.1): 11.Google Scholar
SHASTAK, Y., WITZIG, M., HARTUNG, K., BESSEI, W. and RODEHUTSCORD, M. (2012b) Responses to supplements of mineral phosphorus sources in bone characteristics of broilers. Poultry Science 91: 2210-2220.Google Scholar
SHASTAK, Y., WITZIG, M., HARTUNG K., and RODEHUTSCORD, M. (2012a) Comparison and evaluation of bone measurements for the assessment of mineral phosphorus sources in broilers. Poultry Science 91: 2210-2220.Google Scholar
SHASTAK, Y., WITZIG, M. and RODEHUTSCORD, M. (2012c) Whole body phosphorus to tibia phosphorus ratio in broilers. European Poultry Science 76: 217-222.Google Scholar
SIBBALD, I.R. and FORTIN, A. (1982) Preparation of dry homogenates from whole and eviscerated chickens. Poultry Science 61: 589-590.Google Scholar
SIBBALD, I.R. and WOLYNETZ, M.S. (1984) Variation among aliquots of entire chicken homogenates. Poultry Science 63: 1446-1448.Google Scholar
SOARES, J.H., SWERDEL, M.R. and BOSSARD, E.H. (1978) Phosphorus availability. I. The effect of chick age and vitamin D metabolites on the availability of phosphorus in Defluorinated phosphate. Poultry Science 57: 1305-1312.Google Scholar
STEENBOCK, H., HART, E.B., JONES, J.H. and BLACK, A. (1923) Fat-soluble vitamins. XIV. The inorganic phosphorus and calcium of the blood used as criteria in the demonstration of the existence of a specific antirachitc vitamins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 58: 59-70.Google Scholar
SULLIVAN, T.W. (1966) A triple response method for determining biological value of phosphorus sources with young turkeys. Poultry Science 45: 1236-1245.Google Scholar
SULLIVAN, T.W., DOUGLAS, J.H., GONZALEZ, N.J. and BOND Jr., P.L. (1992) Correlation of biological value of feed phosphates with their solubility in water, dilute hydrogen chloride, dilute citric acid, and neutral ammonium citrate. Poultry Science 71: 2065-2074.Google Scholar
SUMMERS, J.D., SLINGER, S.J., PEPPER, W.F., MOTZOK, I. and ASHTON, C.C. (1959) Availability of phosphorus in soft phosphate and phosphoric acid and the effect of acidulation of soft phosphate. Poultry Science 38: 1168-1179.Google Scholar
TAICHER, G.Z., TINSLEY, F.C., REIDERMAN, A. and HEIMAN, M.L. (2003) Quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) method for bone and whole-body-composition analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 377: 990-1002.Google Scholar
VAN DER KLIS, J.D. and VERSTEEGH, H.A.J. (1996) Phosphorus nutrition of poultry, in: GARNSWORTHY, P.C., WISEMAN, J. & HARESIGN, W. (Eds) Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, pp. 71-83 (Nottingham, Nottingham University Press).Google Scholar
VANDEPOPULIERE, J.M., AMMERMAN, C.B. and HARMS, R.H. (1961) The relationship of calcium-phosphorus ratios to the utilization of plant and inorganic phosphorus by the chick. Poultry Science 40: 951-957.Google Scholar
VIVEROS, A., BRENES, A., ARIJA, I. and CENTENO, C. (2002) Effects of microbial phytase supplementation on mineral utilization and serum enzyme activities in broiler chicks fed different levels of phosphorus. Poultry Science 81: 1172-1183.Google Scholar
WALDROUP, P.W. (1999) Nutritional approaches to reducing phosphorus excretion by poultry. Poultry Science 78: 683-691.Google Scholar
WENDT, P. and RODEHUTSCORD, M. (2004) Investigations on the availability of inorganic phosphate from different sources with growing White Pekin ducks. Poultry Science 83: 1572-1579.Google Scholar
WILGUS, H.S. (1931) The quantitative requirement of the growing chick for calcium and phosphorus. Poultry Science 10: 107-117.Google Scholar
WOLYNETZ, M.S. and SIBBALD, I.R. (1985) Prediction of initial carcass composition in comparative slaughter experiments. Poultry Science 64: 861-687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WPSA (WORLD'S POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION), (1985) Mineral requirements and recommendations for growing birds. World's Poultry Science Journal 41: 252-258.Google Scholar
WPSA (WORLDS'S POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION WORKING GROUP 2 -NUTRITION- OF THE EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF BRANCHES), (2013) Determination of phosphorus availability in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal 69: 687-698.Google Scholar
YAN, F., KEEN, C.A., ZHANG, K.Y. and WALDROUP, P.W. (2005) Comparison of methods to evaluate bone mineralization. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 14: 492-498.Google Scholar
YOSHIDA, M. and HOSHII, H. (1977) Improvement of biological assay to determine available phosphorus with growing chicks. Japanese Poultry Science 14: 33-43.Google Scholar
YOSHIDA, M. and HOSHII, H. (1983) Relationship between ash contents of the tibia bone and the toe of chicks. Japanese Poultry Science 20: 51-54.Google Scholar
YOSHIDA, M., ISHIKAWA, M., NAKAJIMA, H. and HOTTA, S. (1979) Solubility of phosphorus in citric acid solution as an index of biological availability. Japanese Poultry Science 16: 290-292.Google Scholar