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⁸ McClintock, , “The Ambiguity of Peru's Third Way: Costs and Benefits,” Workshop on the “Peruvian Experiment, Reconsidered” (Washington, D.C.: The Wilson Center, November 1978), 10–12.Google Scholar

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¹¹ Ibid., 124.

¹² Ibid., 166.

¹³ I take strong and serious objection to Ali Mazrui's apologetic humanization of personal tyrants and his classification of them as “traditionalizers.” That is not what Weber meant by a traditional type of authority. See Mazrui, , “Soldiers as Traditionalizers: Military Rule and Re-Africanization of Africa,” World Politics, XXVIII (January 1976), 246–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁴ On authoritarian-bureaucratic, military, and populist corporatism in Latin America, see: O'Donnell (fn. 4); Malloy, James, ed., Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977)Google Scholar, esp. the essays by Malloy, O'Donnell, Kaufman, Skidmore, Mericle, and Dietz; Schmitter (fn. 6); Cleaves, Peter, Bureaucratic Politics and Administration in Chile (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975)Google Scholar; Erickson, Kenneth, Corporatism in Brazil (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977)Google Scholar; Kaufman-Purcell (fn. 6); Collier, David, ed., The New Authoritarianism in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979)Google Scholar; Wiarda, Howard J., Corporatism and Development: The Portuguese Experience (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1977)Google Scholar; Kremmer, Helen, “The Dynamics of Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Brazil,” unpub. (LASA/ASA Conference, Houston, Texas, November 1977).Google Scholar

¹⁵ On the Peruvian military reforms see, in addition to Stepan: Middlebrook, Kevin and Palmer, David, Military Government and Political Development: Lessons from Peru, Sage Papers in Comparative Politics (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975)Google Scholar; McClintock, Cynthia, Self-Management and Political Participation in Peru 1969–1975: The Corporate Illusion (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975)Google Scholar; Collier (fn. 5); North, Lisa, “Political Conjunctures and Agrarian Reform in Peru,” Latin American Workshop, Institute for International Cooperation (University of Ottawa, February 1977).Google Scholar

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¹⁷ Ibid., 20.

¹⁸ Philip (fn. 9), 43.

¹⁹ For other works on Nigeria, see Luckham, Robin, The Nigerian Military (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1971)Google Scholar; Dudley, B. J., “The Military and Politics in Nigeria: Some Reflections,” in Van Doorn, J., ed., Military Professions and Military Regimes (The Hague: Mouton, 1969), 203–18Google Scholar; Dudley, , Instability and Political Order (Ibadan: University of Nigeria Press, 1974)Google Scholar; Peil, Margaret, “A Civilian Appraisal of Military Rule in Nigeria,” Armed Forces and Society, 11 (November 1975), 34–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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²¹ Ibid., 31–32.

²² The literature on Nasser's (and Sadat's) military rule is very extensive. Among the few works that deal specifically with their military regimes are Be'eri, Eliezer, Army Officers in Arab Politics and Society (New York: Praeger, 1971)Google Scholar; Vatikiotis, P. J., The Egyptian Army in Politics (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1966)Google Scholar; Dekmejian (fn. 5); Perlmutter, Amos, Egypt, the Praetorian State (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Press, 1974)Google Scholar; Binder, Leonard, In a Moment of Enthusiasm: Political Power and the Second Stratum in Egypt (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).Google Scholar

²³ Cooper (fn. 5).

²⁴ On Cuba, see Dominguez, Jorge I., Cuba: Order and Liberation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978)Google Scholar; Dominguez, , “The Armed Forces and Foreign Relations,” in Blaiser, Cole and Lago, Carmelo-Mesa, eds., Cuba in the World (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1978), 53–86Google Scholar; Gonzalez, Edward, Cuba Under Castro: The Limits of Charisma (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1974).Google Scholar

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It is remarkable how little has been written that is concrete and reliable about Iraq. For a general synopsis (based on meager information), see Hudson, Michael, Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), 274–80.Google Scholar On party-army relationships, see Rouleau's, Eric articles in Le Monde, July 21, 22, and 24, 1973Google Scholar (certainly outdated); al-Qazazz, Ayad, “The Changing Pattern of the Iraqi Army,” in Janowitz, Morris and Van Doorn, J., eds., On Military Intervention (Rotterdam: University of Rotterdam Press, 1971)Google Scholar, which is not only trite, but highly unreliable as well; Dawisha, A. I., “The Transnational Party in Regional Politics: The Arab Baath Party,” Asian Affairs, Vol. 61 (February 1974), 23–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Edith, & Pen-rose, E. F., Iraq: International Relations and National Development (London: Benn and Westview, 1975).Google Scholar

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²⁹ Ibid., 270–71.

³⁰ Ibid., 285.

³¹ Dawisha (fn. 24).

³² Reinhard Selten and I have analyzed 56 military coups in the Middle East between 1936 and 1973, and have found that military-party coups are the most durable ones. See Perlmutter, , The Military and Politics in Modern Times (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), 165.Google Scholar Jackman, Robert corroborates Selten-Perlmutter in “The Predictability of Coups d'État: A Model with African Data,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 72 (December 1978), 1273CrossRefGoogle Scholar: “The results [of this study] show that party dominance is stabilizing.”

³³ Starr, Chester, A History of the Ancient World, 2d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 212–13.Google Scholar

³⁴ Andreski, Stanislav, The African Predicament (London: Michael Joseph, 1968), 110–33.Google Scholar

³⁵ Jackman, , “Politicians in Uniform: Military Governments and Social Change in the Third World,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 70 (December 1976), 1078–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar, at 1096. See also Perlmutter, , “The Arab Military Elite,” World Politics, XXII (January 1970), 269–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³⁸ Fitch, John S., “Radical Military Regimes in Latin America: Revolution, Rhetoric, and Reality in Peru and Ecuador,” unpub., American Political Science Association Convention (Washington, D.C., September 1977), 31.Google Scholar

³⁹ Ibid., 32.