¹ Quoted from New York Tribune, April 19, 1853.

² The author has used materials in nine languages: Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Hebrew, Yiddish, English, French, German, and Russian.

³ Interview with Charles Malik, Foreign Minister of Lebanon, “How to Beat Communism in the Middle East,” U.S. News and World Report, March 29, 1957, p. 88.Google Scholar

⁴ Cf. Malik's comment: “I don't believe at all that Islam is a bulwark against Communism, any more than Greek Orthodoxy was in Russia. I don't believe it at all … the religious factor is incompetent by itself to withstand the Communist onslaught” (Ibid., p. 89).

⁵ Ibid., p. 90.

⁶ Ibid.

⁷ Quoted from Watnick, Morris, “The Appeal of Communism to the Underdeveloped Peoples,” in Hoselitz, Bert F., ed., The Progress of Underdeveloped Countries, Chicago, 1952.Google Scholar

⁸ Malik, , op.cit., p. 88.Google Scholar

⁹ Ibid., p. 92.

¹⁰ Ibid., p. 90.