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³ Eckstein, Harry, “The Etiology of Internal War,” History and Theory, iv, No. 2 (1965), 133–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Oberschall, Anthony, “Rising Expectations and Political Turmoil,” Journal of Development Studies, vi (October 1969), 5–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Muller, Edward N., “A Test of a Partial Theory of Potential for Political Violence,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 66 (September 1972), 928–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Salert, Barbara, Revolutions and Revolutionaries: Four Theories (New York: Elsevier, 1976)Google Scholar; Skocpol, Theda, “Explaining Revolutions: In Quest of a Social-Structural Approach,” in Coser, Lewis and Larsen, Otto N., eds., The Uses of Controversy in Sociology (New York: Free Press, 1976), 155–75Google Scholar. A more recent and comprehensive critique of several second-generation theories can be found in Aya, Roderick, “Theories of Revolution Reconsidered,” Theory and Society, VII (July 1979), 39–99CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴ Since Professor Eisenstadt is some 25 years senior to the other members of this group, to label all of them as a single “generation” is not quite correct chronologically. However, Eisenstadt's writings on revolution have appeared at the same time, and, more importantly, share a similar outlook and structure, with the work of his younger contemporaries; I therefore wish to treat all these theorists as forming a single “generation” of writers on revolutions in order to stress their collective departure from the outlook and models of earlier writers.

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⁶ This division follows Skocpol (fn. 3).

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¹⁰ Gurr, in particular, offers an extremely complex version of this analysis—with coercion, past violence, legitimation, institutions, and other factors all influencing the psychological deprivation-revolutionary situation nexus. Nonetheless, psychological deprivation remains the driving force of his analysis; other factors are added primarily to moderate the way in which changes in the critical variable lead to political violence.

¹¹ Eisenstadt, S. N., “Sociological Theory and an Analysis of the Dynamics of Civilizations and of Revolutions,” Daedalus, Vol. 106 (Fall 1977), 59–78Google Scholar.

¹² Eckstein (fn. 3).

¹³ Muller (fn. 3); Oberschall (fn. 3).

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¹⁵ Tilly's latest work, From Mobilization to Revolution (fn. 2), defines revolutions in terms of both the level of political violence and the extent of displacement of the political elite. Though Tilly has not yet done any empirical work based on this slightly revised definition, the problem remains. That is, even with this refinement, such violent but non-revolutionary episodes as the War of the Roses and various wars of succession would still be classed as revolutions by Tilly's measures.

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³⁰ Stone (fn. 5), 175–76.