Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-xbtfd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-07T04:25:20.119Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Expressive Power of Anti-Violence Legislation

Changes in Social Norms on Violence Against Women in Mexico

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2022

Mala Htun  and
Francesca R. Jensenius
Mala Htun
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
Francesca R. Jensenius*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, and the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo, Norway
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

We know more about why laws on violence against women (vaw) were adopted than about how much and in what ways these laws affect society. The authors argue that even weakly enforced laws can contribute to positive social change. They theorize the expressive power of vaw legislation, and present evidence for a cautiously optimistic assessment of current trends on violence against women and the ways that vaw laws affect social norms. Focusing on a time of major legal change related to vaw in Mexico, this article explores trends in behavior and attitudes related to violence by analyzing four waves of the National Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relations (endireh), which include detailed interviews with thousands of Mexican women. The authors find that over this period, the share of women experiencing intimate-partner abuse declined, attitudes condoning violence shifted, reporting rates rose, and most women learned about legislation to protect their rights. These changes are consistent with the authors’ expectations about the expressive power of anti-violence legislation.

Keywords

gender equalityhuman rightsMexicopublic opinionsocial normsviolence against women
Type
Research Article
Information
World Politics , Volume 74 , Issue 1 , January 2022 , pp. 1 - 36
Copyright
Copyright © 2022 Trustees of Princeton University

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agoff, Carolina, Herrera, Cristina, and Castro, Roberto. 2007. “The Weakness of Family Ties and Their Perpetuating Effects on Gender Violence: A Qualitative Study in Mexico.” Violence Against Women 13, no. 11: 1206–20. At https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801207307800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albiston, Catherine, Tucker, Traci, Correll, Shelly, and Stevens, Christina. 2012. Law, Norms, and the Motherhood/Caretaker Penalty. SSRN Electronic Journal. At https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2109919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amengual, Matthew, and Dargent, Eduardo. 2020. “The Social Determinants of Enforcement: Inegrating Politics with Limited State Capacity.” In Brinks, Daniel M., Levitsky, Steven, and Murillo, María Victoria, eds., The Politics of Institutional Weakness in Latin America. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. 2003. “Mexico: Intolerable Killings: 10 Years of Abductions and Murders of Women in Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua: Summary Report and Appeals Cases.” At https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/AMR41/027/2003/en, accessed October 4, 2021.Google Scholar
Arias, Eric. 2019. “How Does Media Influence Social Norms? Experimental Evidence on the Role of Common Knowledge.” Political Science Research and Methods 7, no. 3: 561–78. At https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2018.1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, Erin. 2021. “The Uneven Impacts of Violence Against Women Reforms in Guatemala: Intersecting Inequalities and the Patchwork State.” Latin American Research Review 56, no. 1: 20–35. At https://doi.org/10.25222/larr.636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beer, Caroline. 2017. “Left Parties and Violence Against Women Legislation in Mexico.” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 24, no. 4: 511–37. At https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxx017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brinks, Daniel M. 2008. The Judicial Response to Police Killings in Latin America: Inequality and the Rule of Law. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brinks, Daniel M., and Botero, Sandra. 2014. “Inequality and the Rule of Law: Ineffective Rights in Latin American Democracies.” In Brinks, Daniel M., Leiras, Marcelo, and Mainwaring, Scott, eds., Reflections on Uneven Democracies: The Legacy of Guillermo O'Donnell. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Brinks, Daniel M., Levitsky, Steven, and Murillo, Maria Victoria. 2019. Understanding Institutional Weakness: Power and Design in Latin American Institutions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castro, Roberto, and Frías, Sonia M.. 2020. “Obstetric Violence in Mexico: Results from a 2016 National Household Survey.” Violence Against Women 26, no. 6–7: 555–72. At https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219836732.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chwe, Michael Suk-Young. 2013. Rational Ritual: Culture, Coordination, and Common Knowledge. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Cari Jo, Ferguson, Gemma, Shrestha, Binita, Shrestha, Prabin Nanicha, Oakes, J. Michael, Gupta, Jhumka, McGhee, Susi, Cheong, Yuk Fai, and Yount, Kathryn M. 2018. “Social Norms and Women's Risk of Intimate Partner Violence in Nepal.” Social Science & Medicine 202: 162–69. At https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.02.017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cools, Sara, and Kotsadam, Andreas. 2017. “Resources and Intimate Partner Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa.” World Development 95, July: 211–30. At https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.027.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Alwis, Rangita de Silva, and Klugman, Jeni. 2015. “Freedom from Violence and the Law: A Global Perspective in Light of Chinese Domestic Violence Law.” University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 37, no. 1: 1–53. At http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol37/iss1/2, accessed September 20, 2021.Google Scholar
de Barbieri, Teresita, and Cano, Gabriela. 1990. “Ni tanto ni tan poco: las reformas penales a la violencia sexual.” Debate Feminista 2, September: 345–56. At https://www.jstor.org/stable/42625324.Google Scholar
Durfee, Alesha. 2012. “Situational Ambiguity and Gendered Patterns of Arrest for Intimate Partner Violence.” Violence Against Women 18, no. 1: 64–84. At https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801212437017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eggers, Andrew C., Tuñón, Guadalupe, and Dafoe, Allan. 2021. “Placebo Tests for Causal Inference.” Working Paper. At https://pelg.ucsd.edu/Eggers_2021.pdf, aaccessed September 20, 2021.Google Scholar
Estados Unidos Mexicanos. 2007. “Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia.” At https://oig.cepal.org/sites/default/files/2018_mex_ref_leygralvidalibredeviolencia.pdf, accessed September 20, 2021.Google Scholar
Franceschet, Susan. 2010. “Explaining Domestic Violence Policy Outcomes in Chile and Argentina.” Latin American Politics and Society 52, no. 3: 1–29. At https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2010.00088.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frias, Sonia M. 2010. “Resisting Patriarchy within the State: Advocacy and Family Violence in Mexico.” Women's Studies International Forum 33, no. 6: 542–51. At https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2010.09.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gamlin, Jennie B., and Hawkes, Sarah J.. 2017. “Masculinities on the Continuum of Structural Violence: The Case of Mexico's Homicide Epidemic.” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 25, no. 1: 50–71 At https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxx010.Google Scholar
García-Del Moral, Paulina. 2016. “Transforming Feminicidio: Framing, Institutionalization and Social Change.” Current Sociology 64, no. 7: 1017–35. At https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392115618731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García-Del Moral, Paulina, and Neumann, Pamela. 2019. “The Making and Unmaking of Feminicidio/Femicidio Laws in Mexico and Nicaragua.” Law & Society Review 53, no. 2: 452–86. At https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García-Moreno, Claudia, Pallitto, Christina, Devries, Karen, Stöckl, Heidi, Watts, Charlotte, and Abrahams, Naeema. 2013. Global and Regional Estimates of Violence Against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Partner Sexual Violence. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Glendon, Mary Ann. 1987. Abortion and Divorce in Western Law. Cambridge, Mass., and London, UK: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Goodmark, Leigh. 2017. “Should Domestic Violence Be Decriminalized.” Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 40, no. 1: 53–113. At https://harvardjlg.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2012/01/jlg-winter-5.pdf, accessed September 20, 2021.Google Scholar
Green, Donald P., Wilke, Anna M., and Cooper, Jasper. 2020. “Countering Violence Against Women by Encouraging Disclosure: A Mass Media Experiment in Rural Uganda.” Comparative Political Studies 53, no. 14: 2283–320. At https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020912275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutiérrez, Juan Pablo, Balandrán, Alejandra, Alcalá, Eduardo, and Juárez, Clara. 2013. “Evaluación de Diseño de los Modelos de Prevención, Atención, Sanción y Erradicación de la Violencia contra las Mujeres e Identificación de Mejores Prácticas.” Working Paper no. 42. Mexico City, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Mujeres. At http://web.inmujeres.gob.mx/transparencia/archivos/estudios_opiniones/cuadernos/ct42.pdf, accessed September 20, 2021.Google Scholar
Heise, Lori L. 1998. “Violence Against Women: An Integrated, Ecological Framework.” Violence Against Women 4, no. 3: 262–90. At https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801298004003002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heise, Lori, L. and Fulu, Emma. 2015. “State of the Field of Research on Violence Against Women and Girls.” What Works to Prevent Violence Against Women and Girls Evidence Reviews Paper no. 1: London, UK: What Works to Prevent Violence, United Kingdom Department for International Development. At https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/library/what-works-prevent-violence-against-women-and-girls-evidence-reviews-paper-1-state-field, accessed September 21, 2021.Google Scholar
Heise, Lori L., and Kotsadam, Andreas. 2015. “Cross-National and Multilevel Correlates of Partner Violence: An Analysis of Data from Population-Based Surveys.” Lancet Global Health 3, no. 6: E332–40. At https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00013-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoff, Karla, and Walsh, James Sonam. 2019. “The Third Function of Law is to Transform Cultural Categories.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no. 8954. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. At https://ssrn.com/abstract=3433447, accessed September 21, 2021.Google Scholar
Holland, Alisha C. 2017. Forbearance as Redistribution: The Politics of Informal Welfare in Latin America. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Jensenius, Francesca R.. 2020a. “Aspirational Laws as Weak Institutions: Legislation to Combat Violence against Women in Mexico.” In Brinks, Daniel M., Levitsky, Steven, and Murillo, Victoria, eds., The Politics of Institutional Weakness in Latin America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Jensenius, Francesca R.. 2020b. “Fighting Violence Against Women: Laws, Norms & Challenges Ahead.” Daedalus 149, no. 1: 144–59. At https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Jensenius, Francesca R.. 2022a. “Replication data for: Expressive Power of Anti-Violence Legislation: Changes in Social Norms on Violence Against Women in Mexico.” Harvard Dataverse, V1. At https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/QHCTDX.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Jensenius, Francesca R.. 2022b. “Supplementary material for: Expressive Power of Anti-Violence Legislation: Changes in Social Norms on Violence Against Women in Mexico.” At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887121000186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Htun, Mala, and Laurel Weldon, S.. 2012. “The Civic Origins of Progressive Policy Change: Combating Violence Against Women in Global Perspective, 1975–2005.” American Political Science Review 106, no. 3: 548–69. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055412000226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
INEGI. 2013. “Panorama de Violencia contra las Mujeres en los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, ENDIREH 2011.” Report. Aguascalientes, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. At http://internet.contenidos.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/productos//prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/estudios/sociodemografico/mujeresrural/2011/EUM/702825051266_1.pdf, accessed September 21, 2021.Google Scholar
INEGI. 2017. “Encuesta Nacional sobre la Dinámica de las Relaciones en los Hogares (ENDIREH) 2016: Principales Resultados.” At https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/endireh/2016/doc/endireh2016_presentacion_ejecutiva.pdf, accessed September 20, 2021.Google Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, and Norris, Pippa. 2003. Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inglehart, Ronald, and Welzel, Christian. 2005. Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Iversen, Torben, and Rosenbluth, Frances. 2010. Women, Work, and Politics: The Political Economy of Gender Inequality. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Iyengar, Radha. 2009. “Does the Certainty of Arrest Reduce Domestic Violence? Evidence from Mandatory and Recommended Arrest Laws.” Journal of Public Economics 93, no. 1–2: 85–98. At https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.09.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Justice in Mexico. 2016. Intentional Homicides in Mexico by Municipality from 1990 to 2015. Compiled by Justice in Mexico, San Diego, Calif. At https://justiceinmexico.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2016-INEGI_Defunciones-por-homicidio-Por-municipio-por-ano-90-15.xlsx, accessed September 21, 2021.Google Scholar
King, Gary, Keohane, Robert O., and Verba, Sidney. 1994. Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotsadam, Andreas, and Jakobsson, Niklas. 2011. “Do Laws Affect Attitudes? An Assessment of the Norwegian Prostitution Law Using Longitudinal Data.” International Review of Law and Economics 31, no. 2: 103–15. At https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2011.03.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagarde, Marcela. 2006. “Del Femicidio al Femicidio.” Desde el Jardín de Freud 6: 216–25. At https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/jardin/article/view/8343, accessed September 21, 2021.Google Scholar
Lagarde y de los Ríos, Marcela. 2007. “Por los Derechos Humanos de las Mujeres: La Ley General de Acceso de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia.” Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales 49, no. 200: 143–65. At https://doi.org/10.22201/fcpys.2448492xe.2007.200.42568.Google Scholar
Lang, Miriam. 2003. “¿Todo el Poder? Políticas Públicas, Violencia de Género y Feminismo en México.” Iberoamericana 3, no. 12: 69–90. At https://doi.org/10.18441/ibam.3.2003.12.69-90.Google Scholar
Lessig, Lawrence. 1995. “The Regulation of Social Meaning.” University of Chicago Law Review 62, no. 3: 943–1045. At https://doi.org/10.2307/1600054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levi, Margaret. 1997. Consent, Dissent, and Patriotism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, and Murillo, María Victoria. 2009. “Variation in Institutional Strength.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 115–33. At https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.091106.121756.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Yu, and Fullerton, Thomas M. Jr. 2015. “Evidence from Mexico on Social Status and Violence Against Women.” Applied Economics 47, no. 40: 4260–74. At https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2015.1026588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKinnon, Catharine A. 1991. “Reflections on Sex Equality Under Law.” Yale Law Journal 100, no. 5: 1281–328. At https://doi.org/10.2307/796693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKinnon, Catharine A. 2016. “Rape Redefined.” Harvard Law & Policy Review 10, no. 2: 431–77. At https://harvardlpr.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2016/06/10.2_6_MacKinnon.pdf/, accessed September 30, 2021.Google Scholar
Manne, Kate. 2017. Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdams, Richard H. 1997. “The Origin, Development, and Regulation of Norms.” Michican Law Review 96, no. 2: 338–33. At https://doi.org/10.2307/1290070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAdams, Richard H. 2000. “An Attitudinal Theory of Expressive Law.” Oregon Law Review 79: 339–90. At https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.253331.Google Scholar
McAdams, Richard H. 2015. The Expressive Powers of Law: Theories and Limits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Menjívar, Cecilia. 2011. Enduring Violence: Ladina Women's Lives in Guatemala. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle. 2009. Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Merry, Sally Engle, and Levitt, Peggy. 2017. “The Vernacularization of Women's Human Rights.” In Hopgood, Stephen, Snyder, Jack, and Vinjamuri, Leslie, eds., Human Rights Futures. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Montoya, Celeste. 2013. From Global to Grassroots: The European Union, Transnational Advocacy, and Combating Violence Against Women. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neumann, Pamela. 2017. “When Laws are not Enough: Violence Against Women and Bureaucratic Practice in Nicaragua.” Social Forces 95, no. 3: 1105–25. At https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sow082.Google Scholar
O'Brien, Cheryl. 2015. “Transnational Issue-Specific Expert Networking: A Pathway to Local Policy Change.” Social Science & Medicine 146, December: 285–91. At https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Brien, Cheryl, and Walsh, Shannon Drysdale. 2020. “Women's Rights and Opposition: Explaining the Stunted Rise and Sudden Reversals of Progressive Violence Against Women Policies in Contentious Contexts.” Journal of Latin American Studies 52, no. 1: 107–31. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X19000956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Donnell, Guillermo. 1998. “Polyarchies and the (Un)Rule of Law in Latin America.” Paper presented at the Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, Chicago, September 1998. At http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.502.5728&rep=rep1&type=pdf, accessed September 21, 2021.Google Scholar
Palermo, Tia, Bleck, Jennifer, and Peterman, Amber. 2013. “Tip of the Iceberg: Reporting and Gender-Based Violence in Developing Countries.” American Journal of Epidemiology 179, no. 5: 602–12. At https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwt295.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paluck, Elizabeth Levy, Ball, Laurie, Poynton, Chloe, and Sieloff, Sarah. 2010. Social Norms Marketing Aimed at Gender Based Violence: A Literature Review and Critical Assessment. New York, N.Y.: International Rescue Committee.Google Scholar
Peterman, Amber, Potts, Alina, O'Donnell, Megan, Thompson, Kelly, Shah, Niyati, Oertelt-Prigione, Sabine, and van Gelder, Nicole. 2020. “Pandemics and Violence Against Women and Children.” Working Paper no. 528. Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development. At https://www.cgdev.org/publication/pandemics-and-violence-against-women-and-children, accessed September 2,1 2021.Google Scholar
Pierotti, Rachael S. 2013. “Increasing Rejection of Intimate Partner Violence: Evidence of Global Cultural Diffusion.” American Sociological Review 78, no. 2: 240–65. At https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122413480363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramírez, Karla, and Echarri, Carlos. 2010. “Mapeo de Procesos de Atención y Construcción de Indicadores sobre Casos de Violencia contra las Mujeres.” Cuaderos de Trabajo no. 17. Mexico City, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Mujeres. At http://web.inmujeres.gob.mx/transparencia/archivos/estudios_opiniones/cuadernos/ct17.pdf, accessed September 21, 2021.Google Scholar
Scott, Robert E. 2000. “The Limits of Behavioral Theories of Law and Social Norms.” Virginia Law Review 86, no. 8: 1603–47. At https://doi.org/10.2307/1073826.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Secretaría de Gobernación. 2016. “Declaratoria de Alerta de Violencia de Género contra las Mujeres. Estado de Veracruz.” Mexico City, Mexico: Government of Mexico. At https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/167570/Declaratoria_AVGM_Veracruz.pdf, accessed September 21, 2021.Google Scholar
Smulovitz, Catalina. 2015. “Legal Inequality and Federalism: Domestic Violence Laws in the Argentine Provinces.” Latin American Politics and Society 57, no. 3: 1–26. At https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2015.00277.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soss, Joe, and Schram, Sanford F.. 2007. “A Public Transformed? Welfare Reform as Policy Feedback.” American Political Science Review 101, no. 1: 111–27. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055407070049.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, Linda S. 1999. “Gender Politics in the Mexican Democratization Process: Electing Women and Legislating Sex Crimes and Affirmative Action, 1988–97.” In Domínguez, Jorge I. and Poiré, Alejandro, eds., Toward Mexico's Democratization. New York, N.Y.: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sunstein, Cass R. 1996. “On the Expressive Function of Law.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 144, no. 5: 2021–53. At https://doi.org/10.2307/3312647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tankard, Margaret E., and Paluck, Elizabeth Levy. 2016. “Norm Perception as a Vehicle for Social Change.” Social Issues and Policy Review 10, no. 1: 181–211. At https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinkler, Justine E. 2008. “‘People are Too Quick to Take Offense': The Effects of Legal Information and Beliefs on Definitions of Sexual Harassment.” Law & Social Inquiry 33, no. 2: 417–45. At https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2008.00108.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinkler, Justine E. 2012. “Resisting the Enforcement of Sexual Harassment Law.” Law & Social Inquiry 37, no. 1: 1–24. At https://www.jstor.org/stable/41349672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Towns, Ann E. 2010. Women and States: Norms and Hierarchies in International Society. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
True, Jacqui. 2012. The Political Economy of Violence Against Women. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, Tom R. 2006. Why People Obey the Law. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villarreal, Andrés. 2007. “Women's Employment Status, Coercive Control, and Intimate Partner Violence in Mexico.” Journal of Marriage and Family 69, no. 2: 418–34. At https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00374.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, Shannon Drysdale. 2008. “Engendering Justice: Constructing Institutions to Address Violence Against Women.” Studies in Social Justice 2, no. 1: 48–66. At https://doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v2i1.967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walsh, Shannon Drysdale, and Menjívar, Cecilia. 2016. “’What Guarantees Do We Have?’ Legal Tolls and Persistent Impunity for Feminicide in Guatemala.” Latin American Politics and Society 58, no. 4: 31–55. At https://doi.org/10.1111/laps.12001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, vol. 1. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Weldon, S. Laurel. 2002. Protest, Policy, and the Problem of Violence Against Women: A Cross-National Comparison. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weldon, S. Laurel. 2006. “Inclusion, Solidarity, and Social Movements: The Global Movement Against Gender Violence.” Perspectives on Politics 4, no. 1: 55–74. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592706060063.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Bank. 2012. World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: Link

Htun and Jensenius Dataset

Dataset

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/QHCTDX
Link
Supplementary material: PDF

Htun and Jensenius supplementary material

Htun and Jensenius supplementary material

Download Htun and Jensenius supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 488 KB